Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/Makefile =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/Makefile (revision 39919) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/Makefile (revision 39920) @@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ PSLATEX = env TEXINPUTS=.:LaTeX:$(TEXINPUTS): latex -SUBDIRS = ps1.mission ps1.analysis ps1.calibration ps1.dataproducts ps1.detrend ps1.MDfields +SUBDIRS = ps1.mission ps1.analysis ps1.datasystem ps1.calibration ps1.dataproducts ps1.detrend ps1.MDfields help: Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/Makefile.Common =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/Makefile.Common (revision 39919) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/Makefile.Common (revision 39920) @@ -1,18 +1,29 @@ # $Id: Makefile,v 1.16 2006-01-16 01:11:40 eugene Exp $ -PDFLATEX = env TEXINPUTS=.:..:inputs:../inputs:LaTeX:$(TEXINPUTS): pdflatex -PSLATEX = env TEXINPUTS=.:..:inputs:../inputs:LaTeX:$(TEXINPUTS): latex +PDFLATEX = env TEXINPUTS=.:../inputs: pdflatex +PSLATEX = env TEXINPUTS=.:../inputs: latex +BIBTEX = env BIBINPUTS=.:../inputs BSTINPUTS=.:../inputs bibtex PS2PDF_OPTS = "-dAutoFilterColorImages=false -dColorImageFilter=/FlateEncode" +ifeq ($(DO_PDFLATEX),1) + MY_LATEX = $(PDFLATEX) +else + MY_LATEX = $(PSLATEX) +endif + %.pdf: %.tex - $(PSLATEX) $*.tex - $(PSLATEX) $*.tex + $(MY_LATEX) $*.tex + if [ $(DO_BIBTEX) -eq 1 ]; then $(BIBTEX) $*; fi + $(MY_LATEX) $*.tex + if [ $(DO_BIBTEX) -eq 1 ]; then $(MY_LATEX) $*.tex; fi # thumbpdf --modes=dvips $*.pdf -# $(PSLATEX) $*.tex - dvips -z -t letter -o $*.ps $*.dvi - ps2pdf $(PS2PSF_OPT) $*.ps $*.pdf +# $(MY_LATEX) $*.tex + if [ $(DO_PDFLATEX) -eq 0 ]; then dvips -z -t letter -o $*.ps $*.dvi; fi + if [ $(DO_PDFLATEX) -eq 0 ]; then ps2pdf $(PS2PDF_OPTS) $*.ps $*.pdf; fi # @rm -f $*.ps $*.dvi $*.aux $*.log $*.tbr $*.tbd $*.toc $*.tpm $*.lof body.tmp head.tmp +%.tgz: + tar --transform 's%inputs/%%' -zcf $@ $(FILES) $*.bbl clean : $(RM) *.bib *.log *.dvi *.aux *.toc *.tbd *.tbr *.tpm *.lof *.out *~ core body.tmp head.tmp @@ -22,2 +33,8 @@ empty: clean + +foo: + @echo all: $^ + @echo 1st: $< + @echo file: $@ + @echo word: $* Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/apj.bst =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/apj.bst (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/apj.bst (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,1618 @@ + +%% 1998/08/12 J Baker +%% Tweaked by hand to get correct results for ApJ. Added functions from +%% astrobib. + +%% $Log: apj.bst,v $ +%% Revision 1.1 2016/12/14 03:18:02 watersc1 +%% Fuck bibtex +%% +%% Revision 1.3 2000/04/20 22:17:50 jbaker +%% Fixed INBOOK bug, now works essentially like BOOK. +%% +%% Revision 1.2 1998/08/30 22:35:45 jbaker +%% Added RCS keywords. +%% + +%% +%% This is file `apj.bst', +%% generated with the docstrip utility. +%% +%% The original source files were: +%% +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `,ay,nat,nm-rev,nmdash,dt-beg,yr-per,note-yr,atit-u,jtit-x,jttl-rm,thtit-a,vnum-x,volp-com,jpg-1,pp-last,btit-rm,add-pub,pub-par,pre-edn,edby,edbyx,blk-com,fin-bare,ppx,ed,abr,ord,jabr,amper,em-x') +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** Bibliographic Style for ApJ *** +%% + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % The original source file contains the following version information: + % \ProvidesFile{merlin.mbs}[1998/02/25 3.85a (PWD)] + % + % NOTICE: + % This file may be used for non-profit purposes. + % It may not be distributed in exchange for money, + % other than distribution costs. + % + % The author provides it `as is' and does not guarantee it in any way. + % + % Copyright (C) 1994-98 Patrick W. Daly + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH + % This is an author-year citation style bibliography. As such, it is + % non-standard LaTeX, and requires a special package file to function properly. + % Such a package is natbib.sty by Patrick W. Daly + % The form of the \bibitem entries is + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)]{key}... + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)Jones, Baker, and Smith]{key}... + % The essential feature is that the label (the part in brackets) consists + % of the author names, as they should appear in the citation, with the year + % in parentheses following. There must be no space before the opening + % parenthesis! + % With natbib v5.3, a full list of authors may also follow the year. + % In natbib.sty, it is possible to define the type of enclosures that is + % really wanted (brackets or parentheses), but in either case, there must + % be parentheses in the label. + % The \cite command functions as follows: + % \citet{key} ==>> Jones et al. (1990) + % \citet*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith (1990) + % \citep{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep*{key} ==>> (Jones, Baker, and Smith, 1990) + % \citep[chap. 2]{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2) + % \citep[e.g.][]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep[e.g.][p. 32]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., p. 32) + % \citeauthor{key} ==>> Jones et al. + % \citeauthor*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith + % \citeyear{key} ==>> 1990 + %--------------------------------------------------------------------- + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + edition + editor + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label extra.label sort.label short.list } + +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } + +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} + +STRINGS { s t } + +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} + +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'write$ + if$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {add.blank} +{ " " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {date.block} +{ + skip$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ skip$ } + +FUNCTION {capitalize} +{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ } + +FUNCTION {space.word} +{ " " swap$ * " " * } + + % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words. + % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word. + % The language selected here is ENGLISH +FUNCTION {bbl.and} +{ "and"} + +FUNCTION {bbl.editors} +{ "eds." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editor} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edby} +{ "edited by" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edition} +{ "edn." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.volume} +{ "Vol." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.of} +{ "of" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.number} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nr} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.in} +{ "in" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.pages} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.page} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.chapter} +{ "Ch." } +%{ "chap." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.techrep} +{ "Tech. Rep." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis} +{ "Master's thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis} +{ "PhD thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.first} +{ "1st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.second} +{ "2nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.third} +{ "3rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fourth} +{ "4th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fifth} +{ "5th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.st} +{ "st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nd} +{ "nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.rd} +{ "rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.th} +{ "th" } + +MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} + +MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} + +MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} + +MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"Jun."} + +MACRO {jul} {"Jul."} + +MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} + +MACRO {sep} {"Sep."} + +MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} + +MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} + +MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} + +FUNCTION {eng.ord} +{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ * + #-2 #1 substring$ "1" = + { bbl.th * } + { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "1" = + { pop$ bbl.st * } + { duplicate$ "2" = + { pop$ bbl.nd * } + { "3" = + { bbl.rd * } + { bbl.th * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integrated Circuits"} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."} + +MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."} + +MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Programming"} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Gr."} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Prog. Lang. Syst."} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Comput. Sci."} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " {et~al.}" * + } + { " \& " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.names.ed} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" + format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " {et~al.}" * + } + { " \& " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.key} +{ empty$ + { key field.or.null } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author empty$ + { "" } + { author format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names + editor num.names$ #1 > + { ", " * bbl.editors * } + { ", " * bbl.editor * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names.ed + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ note empty$ + { "" } + { note #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "{" = + 'skip$ + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "u" } + if$ + change.case$ + } + if$ + note #2 global.max$ substring$ * + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title empty$ + { "" } + { title + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.full.names} +{'s := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " {et~al.}" * + } + { " \& " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.full} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.full.names} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.full + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.full + 'author.key.full + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem[{" write$ + label write$ + ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list = + { pop$ } + { * } + if$ + "}]{" * write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ + 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {word.in} +{ bbl.in + " " * } + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year duplicate$ empty$ + { "empty year in " cite$ * "; set to ????" * warning$ + pop$ "????" } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label * + before.all 'output.state := + after.sentence 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title +} + +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ * * +} + +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + 'skip$ + { bbl.of space.word * series emphasize * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { bbl.number } + { bbl.number capitalize } + if$ + number tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } + { bbl.in space.word * series * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {is.num} +{ chr.to.int$ + duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not + swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and +} + +FUNCTION {extract.num} +{ duplicate$ 't := + "" 's := + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + duplicate$ is.num + { s swap$ * 's := } + { pop$ "" 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + s empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ s } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {convert.edition} +{ edition extract.num "l" change.case$ 's := + s "first" = s "1" = or + { bbl.first 't := } + { s "second" = s "2" = or + { bbl.second 't := } + { s "third" = s "3" = or + { bbl.third 't := } + { s "fourth" = s "4" = or + { bbl.fourth 't := } + { s "fifth" = s "5" = or + { bbl.fifth 't := } + { s #1 #1 substring$ is.num + { s eng.ord 't := } + { edition 't := } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + t +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition empty$ + { "" } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { convert.edition "l" change.case$ " " * bbl.edition * } + { convert.edition "t" change.case$ " " * bbl.edition * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { multiresult } + +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} + +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages empty$ + { "" } + { pages multi.page.check +% { bbl.pages pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } +% { bbl.page pages tie.or.space.connect } + { pages n.dashify } + { pages } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {first.page} +{ 't := + "" + { t empty$ not t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = not and } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.journal.pages} +{ pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ format.pages } + { + ", " * + pages first.page * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + { "" } + { type empty$ + { bbl.chapter } + { type "l" change.case$ } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.connect + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { editor empty$ + { word.in booktitle emphasize * } + { word.in booktitle emphasize * + ", " * + editor num.names$ #1 > + { bbl.editors } + { bbl.editor } + if$ + * " " * + format.in.editors * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ + type "t" change.case$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ type empty$ + { bbl.techrep } + 'type + if$ + number empty$ + { "t" change.case$ } + { number tie.or.space.connect } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + word.in + } + { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.connect + bbl.of space.word * + } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.publisher} +{ publisher empty$ + { "empty publisher in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + "" + address empty$ publisher empty$ and + 'skip$ + { + add.blank "(" * + address empty$ + 'skip$ + { address * } + if$ + publisher empty$ + 'skip$ + { address empty$ + 'skip$ + { ": " * } + if$ + publisher * + } + if$ + ")" * + } + if$ + output +} + +STRINGS {oldname} + +FUNCTION {name.or.dash} +{ 's := + oldname empty$ + { s 'oldname := s } + { s oldname = + { "---" } + { s 'oldname := s } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +%%%%%%%% Functions added from astrobib + +FUNCTION {format.edn.btitle} % Title should be on stack. +{ duplicate$ empty$ edition empty$ or + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.edition * } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.ed.booktitle} % The title should be on the stack. +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { "no book title in " cite$ * warning$ "" pop$ } + { editor empty$ + author empty$ or % Empty author means editor already given. + 'format.edn.btitle + { format.edn.btitle ", " * bbl.editor * " " * format.in.editors * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.full.book.spec} % The title should be on the stack. +{ series empty$ + { format.ed.booktitle + volume empty$ + { number empty$ + 'skip$ + { " there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ + " No." number tie.or.space.connect * } + if$ + } + { ", Vol." volume tie.or.space.connect * + number empty$ + 'skip$ + {"Both volume and number fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { volume empty$ + { format.ed.booktitle ", " * series * + number empty$ + 'skip$ + { " No." number tie.or.space.connect * } + if$ + } + { series ", Vol." volume tie.or.space.connect * + ", " * swap$ format.ed.booktitle * + number empty$ + 'skip$ + {"Both volume and number fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +%%%%%%% End of functions from astrobib + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + crossref missing$ + { journal + "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.journal.pages + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + name.or.dash + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + name.or.dash + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + title format.full.book.spec output +% format.btitle "title" output.check +% crossref missing$ +% { format.bvolume output +% format.number.series output +% format.edition output + format.publisher +% } +% { +% format.book.crossref output.nonnull +% } +% if$ + format.pages output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished output + address output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + name.or.dash + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + name.or.dash + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + title format.full.book.spec output +% format.btitle "title" output.check +% crossref missing$ +% { +% format.bvolume output +% format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check +% format.number.series output +% format.edition output + format.publisher +% } +% { +% format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check +% format.book.crossref output.nonnull +% } +% if$ + format.pages "pages" output.check + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + bbl.in " " * booktitle format.full.book.spec * output +% crossref missing$ +% { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check +% format.bvolume output +% format.number.series output +% format.edition output +% format.chapter.pages output + format.publisher +% } +% { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull +% format.chapter.pages output +% } +% if$ + format.pages "pages" output.check + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output % added + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + bbl.in " " * booktitle format.full.book.spec * output +% crossref missing$ +% { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check +% format.bvolume output +% format.number.series output + publisher empty$ + { organization output + address output + } + { organization output + format.publisher + } + if$ +% } +% { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull +% } +% if$ + format.pages output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } + +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.edition output + organization output + address output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block +% format.title "title" output.check + bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title output + howpublished output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block +% format.title "title" output.check + bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + editor empty$ + { organization output + organization format.key output } + { format.editors output } + if$ +% format.editors output +% editor format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + title format.full.book.spec output +% format.btitle "title" output.check +% format.bvolume output +% format.number.series output + publisher empty$ not % No need for warning if no pub. + { format.publisher } + { editor empty$ % For empty editor, organization was already given. + 'skip$ + { organization output } + if$ + address output + } + if$ +% address output +% organization output +% publisher output + format.pages output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" output.check + address output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block +% format.title "title" output.check + format.note "note" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } + +READ + +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} + +INTEGERS { len } + +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.lab.names} +{ 's := + s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + s num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ + " {et~al.}" * + } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { + " {et~al.}" * + } + { " \& " * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.short.authors} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + 'short.list := +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ calc.short.authors + short.list + "(" + * + year duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "????" } + 'skip$ + if$ + * + 'label := +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + " " * + namesleft #1 = t "others" = and + { "zzzzz" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {presort} +{ calc.label + label sortify + " " + * + type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.label := + sort.label + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} + +SORT + +STRINGS { last.label next.extra } + +INTEGERS { last.extra.num number.label } + +FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := + #0 'number.label := +} + +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.label label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + label 'last.label := + } + if$ + number.label #1 + 'number.label := +} + +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := + extra.label + duplicate$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * } + if$ + 'extra.label := + label extra.label * 'label := +} + +EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} + +ITERATE {forward.pass} + +REVERSE {reverse.pass} + +FUNCTION {bib.sort.order} +{ sort.label + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {bib.sort.order} + +SORT + +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * + write$ newline$ + "\expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi" + write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {begin.bib} + +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} + +ITERATE {call.type$} + +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {end.bib} +%% End of customized bst file +%% +%% End of file `apj.bst'. Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/astro.sty =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/astro.sty (revision 39919) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/astro.sty (revision 39920) @@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ \newcommand\TPS{$3\pi$ Survey} \newcommand\PSONE{Pan-STARRS\,1} + +% CZW: I used these in my paper. +%\newcommand{\ippprog}[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +%\newcommand{\ippstage}[1]{\textsc{#1}} \def\arev#1#2{\acite{ARA\&A}{#1}{#2}} @@ -49,4 +53,7 @@ \newcommand\tbr[1]{\textbf{\color{blue}#1 (TBR)}} \newcommand\TBD[1]{\par\tbd{#1}\par} + +\newcommand{\ippprog}[1]{\textbf{\code{#1}}} +\newcommand{\ippstage}[1]{\textsc{#1}} \def\lesssim{\mathrel{\hbox{\rlap{\hbox{% @@ -319,26 +326,26 @@ % -\def\uncatcodespecials{\def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12}\dospecials}% -{\catcode`\`=\active\gdef`{\relax\lq}}% this line inhibits Spanish - % ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font -\def\setupc@de % see TeX Book, p. 381 - {\tt % - \spaceskip=0pt \xspaceskip=0pt % just in case... - \catcode`\`=\active - \uncatcodespecials \obeyspaces - \catcode`\{=1\catcode`\}=2 - }% -\def\SETUPC@DE % see TeX Book, p. 381 - {\tt % - \spaceskip=0pt \xspaceskip=0pt % just in case... - \catcode`\`=\active - \uncatcodespecials \obeyspaces - }% - -\def\d@code#1{#1\endgroup}% -\def\D@CODE#1{\def\next##1#1{##1\endgroup}\next}% - -% broken: \def\code{\begingroup\setupc@de\d@code}% -% broken: \def\CODE{\begingroup\SETUPC@DE\D@CODE}% +%% \def\uncatcodespecials{\def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12}\dospecials}% +%% {\catcode`\`=\active\gdef`{\relax\lq}}% this line inhibits Spanish +%% % ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font +%% \def\setupc@de % see TeX Book, p. 381 +%% {\tt % +%% \spaceskip=0pt \xspaceskip=0pt % just in case... +%% \catcode`\`=\active +%% \uncatcodespecials \obeyspaces +%% \catcode`\{=1\catcode`\}=2 +%% }% +%% \def\SETUPC@DE % see TeX Book, p. 381 +%% {\tt % +%% \spaceskip=0pt \xspaceskip=0pt % just in case... +%% \catcode`\`=\active +%% \uncatcodespecials \obeyspaces +%% }% +%% +%% \def\d@code#1{#1\endgroup}% +%% \def\D@CODE#1{\def\next##1#1{##1\endgroup}\next}% +%% +%% \def\code{\begingroup\setupc@de\d@code}% +%% \def\CODE{\begingroup\SETUPC@DE\D@CODE}% \newcommand{\code}[1]{{\tt #1}} Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/code.sty =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/code.sty (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/code.sty (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +\def\uncatcodespecials{\def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12}\dospecials}% +{\catcode`\`=\active\gdef`{\relax\lq}}% this line inhibits Spanish + % ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font +\def\setupc@de % see TeX Book, p. 381 + {\tt % + \spaceskip=0pt \xspaceskip=0pt % just in case... + \catcode`\`=\active + \uncatcodespecials \obeyspaces + \catcode`\{=1\catcode`\}=2 + }% +\def\SETUPC@DE % see TeX Book, p. 381 + {\tt % + \spaceskip=0pt \xspaceskip=0pt % just in case... + \catcode`\`=\active + \uncatcodespecials \obeyspaces + }% + +\def\d@code#1{#1\endgroup}% +\def\D@CODE#1{\def\next##1#1{##1\endgroup}\next}% + +\def\code{\begingroup\setupc@de\d@code}% +\def\CODE{\begingroup\SETUPC@DE\D@CODE}% + Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/lib.bib =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/lib.bib (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/inputs/lib.bib (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,16039 @@ +@ARTICLE{chambers2017, + author = {{Chambers}, K.~C. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Metcalfe}, N. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={1612.05560}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{magnier2017a, + author = {{Magnier}, E.~A. and {Schlafly}, E.~F. and {Finkbeiner}, D.~P. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Goldman}, B. and {R{\"o}ser}, S. and {Schilbach}, E. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Flewelling}, H.~A. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Waters}, C.~Z. and + {Denneau}, L. and {Draper}, P. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Jedicke}, R. and + {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and + {Wainscoast}, R.~J.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS Photometric and Astrometric Calibration}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1612.05242}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics}, + year = 2016, + month = dec, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv161205242M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{waters2017, + author = {{Waters}, C.~Z. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Draper}, P. and {Flewelling}, H.~A. and + {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Kaiser}, N. and + {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Lupton}, R.~H. and {Metcalfe}, N. and + {Rest}, A. and {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and {Builders}, P.}, + title = "{Pan-Starrs Pixel Processing: Detrending, Warping, Stacking}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1612.05245}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics}, + year = 2016, + month = dec, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv161205245W}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{magnier2017b, + author = {{Magnier}, E.~A. and {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Flewelling}, H.~A. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Waters}, C.~Z. and {Denneau}, L. and {Draper}, P. and {Jedicke}, R. and + {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Metcalfe}, N. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Wainscoast}, R.~J.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection $\backslash${\amp} Characterization}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1612.05244}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics}, + year = 2016, + month = dec, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv161205244M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{magnier2017c, + author = {{Magnier}, E.~A. and {Schlafly}, E.~F. and {Finkbeiner}, D.~P. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={1612.05242}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{flewelling2017, + author = {{Flewelling}, H.~A. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Holmberg}, C. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Waters}, C.~Z. and {Chen}, T. and {Farrow}, D. and {Hasinger}, G. and + {Henderson}, R. and {Long}, K.~S. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Nieto-Santisteban}, M.~A. and + {Norberg}, P. and {Saglia}, R.~P. and {Szalay}, A. and {Rest}, A. and + {Thakar}, A.~R. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Valenti}, J. and {Werner}, S. and + {White}, R. and {Denneau}, L. and {Draper}, P.~W. and {Jedicke}, R. and + {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Chastel}, S. and + {McClean}, B. and {Postman}, M. and {Shiao}, B.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS1 Database and Data Products}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1612.05243}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics}, + year = 2016, + month = dec, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv161205243F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{price2017, + author = {{Price}, P.~A. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{huber2017, + author = {{Huber}, M. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@manual{chambers_k_c_2006_199843, + title = {Mission Concept Statement for PS1}, + author = {Chambers, K. C.}, + month = sep, + year = 2006, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.199843}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.199843} +} + + +@manual{chambers_k_c_2007_199832, + title = {PS1 Science Goals Statement}, + author = {Chambers, K. C.}, + month = feb, + year = 2007, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.199832}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.199832} +} + + + +@manual{chambers_k_c_2008_199860, + title = {PS1 Design Reference Mission}, + author = {Chambers, K. C. and + Denneau, Larry Jr.}, + month = apr, + year = 2008, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.199860}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.199860} +} + +@ARTICLE{1997PASP..109.1154T, + author = {{Tonry}, J. and {Burke}, B.~E. and {Schechter}, P.~L.}, + title = "{The Orthogonal Transfer CCD}", + journal = {\pasp}, + keywords = {INSTRUMENTATION: CAMERAS}, + year = 1997, + month = oct, + volume = 109, + pages = {1154-1164}, + doi = {10.1086/133989}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109.1154T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2002SPIE.4836..206T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Luppino}, G.~A. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Burke}, B.~E. and + {Jacoby}, G.~H.}, + title = "{Rubber Focal Plane for Sky Surveys}", +booktitle = {Survey and Other Telescope Technologies and Discoveries}, + year = 2002, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 4836, + editor = {{Tyson}, J.~A. and {Wolff}, S.}, + month = dec, + pages = {206-216}, + doi = {10.1117/12.461350}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SPIE.4836..206T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000PASP..112..768K, + author = {{Kaiser}, N. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Luppino}, G.~A.}, + title = "{A New Strategy for Deep Wide-Field High-Resolution Optical Imaging}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9912181}, + keywords = {Atmospheric Effects, Instrumentation: Adaptive Optics, Instrumentation: Detectors, Telescopes}, + year = 2000, + month = jun, + volume = 112, + pages = {768-800}, + doi = {10.1086/316578}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PASP..112..768K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2008SPIE.7014E..0DO, + author = {{Onaka}, P. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Isani}, S. and {Lee}, A. and + {Uyeshiro}, R. and {Rae}, C. and {Robertson}, L. and {Ching}, G. + }, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Gigapixel Camera \#1 and STARGRASP controller results and performance}", +booktitle = {Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy II}, + year = 2008, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 7014, + month = jul, + eid = {70140D}, + pages = {70140D}, + doi = {10.1117/12.788093}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7014E..0DO}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJS..191..376S, + author = {{Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Doherty}, P. and {Cramer}, C. and {Narayan}, G. and + {Brown}, Y.~J. and {Lykke}, K.~R. and {Woodward}, J.~T. and + {Tonry}, J.~L.}, + title = "{Precise Throughput Determination of the PanSTARRS Telescope and the Gigapixel Imager Using a Calibrated Silicon Photodiode and a Tunable Laser: Initial Results}", + journal = {\apjs}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1003.3465}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {instrumentation: detectors, instrumentation: photometers, surveys, techniques: photometric}, + year = 2010, + month = dec, + volume = 191, + pages = {376-388}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/191/2/376}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJS..191..376S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{2007PASP..119.1163S, + author = {{Stubbs}, C.~W. and {High}, F.~W. and {George}, M.~R. and {DeRose}, K.~L. and + {Blondin}, S. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Granett}, B.~R. and + {Burke}, D.~L. and {Smith}, R.~C.}, + title = "{Toward More Precise Survey Photometry for PanSTARRS and LSST: Measuring Directly the Optical Transmission Spectrum of the Atmosphere}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0708.1364}, + keywords = {Astronomical Phenomena and Seeing}, + year = 2007, + month = oct, + volume = 119, + pages = {1163-1178}, + doi = {10.1086/522208}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PASP..119.1163S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1983ApJ...266..713O, + author = {{Oke}, J.~B. and {Gunn}, J.~E.}, + title = "{Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry}", + journal = {\apj}, + keywords = {Reference Stars, Spectral Energy Distribution, Stellar Spectrophotometry, Subdwarf Stars, Calibrating, Line Spectra}, + year = 1983, + month = mar, + volume = 266, + pages = {713-717}, + doi = {10.1086/160817}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...266..713O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...815..117S, + author = {{Scolnic}, D. and {Casertano}, S. and {Riess}, A. and {Rest}, A. and + {Schlafly}, E. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Finkbeiner}, D. and {Tang}, C. and + {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Draper}, P.~W. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Stubbs}, C.~W.}, + title = "{Supercal: Cross-calibration of Multiple Photometric Systems to Improve Cosmological Measurements with Type Ia Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1508.05361}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {dark energy, supernovae: general, surveys}, + year = 2015, + month = dec, + volume = 815, + eid = {117}, + pages = {117}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/117}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...815..117S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2015IAUGA..2251124W, + author = {{Wainscoat}, R. and {Weryk}, R. and {Schunova}, E. and {Carter Chambers}, K. + }, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS search for Near Earth Objects}", + journal = {IAU General Assembly}, + year = 2015, + month = aug, + volume = 22, + eid = {2251124}, + pages = {2251124}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IAUGA..2251124W}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...797...22L, + author = {{Lee}, C.-H. and {Koppenhoefer}, J. and {Seitz}, S. and {Bender}, R. and + {Riffeser}, A. and {Kodric}, M. and {Hopp}, U. and {Snigula}, J. and + {G{\"o}ssl}, C. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Burgett}, W. and + {Chambers}, K. and {Hodapp}, K. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Waters}, C. + }, + title = "{Properties of M31. V. 298 Eclipsing Binaries from PAndromeda}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1411.1115}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {binaries: eclipsing, galaxies: individual: M31, stars: distances, stars: fundamental parameters}, + year = 2014, + month = dec, + volume = 797, + eid = {22}, + pages = {22}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/797/1/22}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...797...22L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...785...11L, + author = {{Lee}, C.-H. and {Seitz}, S. and {Kodric}, M. and {Riffeser}, A. and + {Koppenhoefer}, J. and {Bender}, R. and {Snigula}, J. and {Hopp}, U. and + {G{\"o}ssl}, C. and {Bianchi}, L. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Burgett}, W. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Draper}, P.~W. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A.}, + title = "{Properties of M31. IV. Candidate Luminous Blue Variables from PAndromeda}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1403.6859}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M31, stars: early-type, stars: evolution, stars: massive}, + year = 2014, + month = apr, + volume = 785, + eid = {11}, + pages = {11}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/11}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...785...11L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...777...35L, + author = {{Lee}, C.-H. and {Kodric}, M. and {Seitz}, S. and {Riffeser}, A. and + {Koppenhoefer}, J. and {Bender}, R. and {Hopp}, U. and {G{\"o}ssl}, C. and + {Snigula}, J. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{Properties of M31. III. Candidate Beat Cepheids from PS1 PAndromeda Data and Their Implication on Metallicity Gradient}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.6576}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.GA", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M31, stars: variables: Cepheids }, + year = 2013, + month = nov, + volume = 777, + eid = {35}, + pages = {35}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/777/1/35}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...777...35L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013AJ....145..106K, + author = {{Kodric}, M. and {Riffeser}, A. and {Hopp}, U. and {Seitz}, S. and + {Koppenhoefer}, J. and {Bender}, R. and {Goessl}, C. and {Snigula}, J. and + {Lee}, C.-H. and {Ngeow}, C.-C. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P.}, + title = "{Properties of M31. II. A Cepheid Disk Sample Derived from the First Year of PS1 PAndromeda Data}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1301.6170}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {catalogs, distance scale, galaxies: individual: M31 NGC 224, galaxies: star formation, Local Group, stars: variables: Cepheids}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 145, + eid = {106}, + pages = {106}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/145/4/106}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AJ....145..106K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012AJ....143...89L, + author = {{Lee}, C.-H. and {Riffeser}, A. and {Koppenhoefer}, J. and {Seitz}, S. and + {Bender}, R. and {Hopp}, U. and {G{\"o}ssl}, C. and {Saglia}, R.~P. and + {Snigula}, J. and {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Grav}, T. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{PAndromeda{\mdash}First Results from the High-cadence Monitoring of M31 with Pan-STARRS 1}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.6320}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.GA", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M31, gravitational lensing: micro, stars: variables: Cepheids}, + year = 2012, + month = apr, + volume = 143, + eid = {89}, + pages = {89}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/143/4/89}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AJ....143...89L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...777L..20L, + author = {{Liu}, M.~C. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Deacon}, N.~R. and {Allers}, K.~N. and + {Dupuy}, T.~J. and {Kotson}, M.~C. and {Aller}, K.~M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Draper}, P.~W. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Jedicke}, R. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Metcalfe}, N. and + {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. + }, + title = "{The Extremely Red, Young L Dwarf PSO J318.5338-22.8603: A Free-floating Planetary-mass Analog to Directly Imaged Young Gas-giant Planets}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.0457}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.EP", + keywords = {brown dwarfs, parallaxes, planets and satellites: atmospheres, proper motions, solar neighborhood, surveys}, + year = 2013, + month = nov, + volume = 777, + eid = {L20}, + pages = {L20}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/777/2/L20}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...777L..20L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011AJ....142...77D, + author = {{Deacon}, N.~R. and {Liu}, M.~C. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Bowler}, B.~P. and + {Goldman}, B. and {Redstone}, J.~A. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Kaiser}, N. and + {Lupton}, R.~H. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W.~E. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Four New T Dwarfs Identified in Pan-STARRS 1 Commissioning Data}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.3105}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {brown dwarfs, stars: low-mass, surveys}, + year = 2011, + month = sep, + volume = 142, + eid = {77}, + pages = {77}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/77}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AJ....142...77D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2008SPIE.7021E..05T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Burke}, B.~E. and {Isani}, S. and {Onaka}, P.~M. and + {Cooper}, M.~J.}, + title = "{Results from the Pan-STARRS Orthogonal Transfer Array (OTA)}", +booktitle = {High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy III}, + year = 2008, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 7021, + month = jul, + eid = {702105}, + pages = {702105}, + doi = {10.1117/12.789617}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7021E..05T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2006amos.confE..47T, + author = {{Tonry}, J. and {Onaka}, P. and {Luppino}, G. and {Isani}, S. + }, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Gigapixel Camera}", +booktitle = {The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 2006, + pages = {E47}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006amos.confE..47T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2007AAS...210.6206C, + author = {{Chambers}, K. and {Pan-STARRS Telescope No.~1} and {PS1 Science Consortium} + }, + title = "{The PS1 Sky Surveys and Science Mission}", +booktitle = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts \#210}, + year = 2007, + series = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society}, + volume = 39, + month = may, + eid = {62.06}, + pages = {171}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AAS...210.6206C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2006amos.confE..39C, + author = {{Chambers}, K.}, + title = "{PS1 and the PS1 Science Mission}", +booktitle = {The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 2006, + pages = {E39}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006amos.confE..39C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2012SPIE.8444E..0HM, + author = {{Morgan}, J.~S. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Moreau}, V. and {Anderson}, D. and + {Burgett}, W.}, + title = "{Design differences between the Pan-STARRS PS1 and PS2 telescopes}", +booktitle = {Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes IV}, + year = 2012, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 8444, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.2513}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + month = sep, + eid = {84440H}, + pages = {84440H}, + doi = {10.1117/12.926646}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8444E..0HM}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2008AIPC.1082..352H, + author = {{Heasley}, J.~N.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Data Processing and Science Analysis Software Systems}", + keywords = {X- and gamma-ray telescopes and instrumentation, Astronomical catalogs atlases sky surveys databases retrieval systems archives etc., Cosmology}, +booktitle = {American Institute of Physics Conference Series}, + year = 2008, + series = {American Institute of Physics Conference Series}, + volume = 1082, + editor = {{Bailer-Jones}, C.~A.~L.}, + month = dec, + pages = {352-358}, + doi = {10.1063/1.3059075}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AIPC.1082..352H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2006amos.confE..50M, + author = {{Magnier}, E.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS PS1 Image Processing Pipeline}", +booktitle = {The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 2006, + pages = {E50}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006amos.confE..50M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{1973egfs.conf..433C, + author = {{Carter}, W.~E. and {Williams}, J.~D.}, + title = "{University of Hawaii LURE Observatory}", +booktitle = {The Earth's Gravitational Field and Secular Variations in Position}, + year = 1973, + editor = {{Angus-Leppan}, P.~V. and {Bomford}, A.~G. and {Dooley}, J.~C. and + {Mather}, R.~S.}, + pages = {433}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973egfs.conf..433C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2004AN....325..636H, + author = {{Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Aussel}, H. and {Burgett}, W. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Chun}, M. and {Dombeck}, T. and {Douglas}, A. and + {Hafner}, D. and {Heasley}, J. and {Hoblitt}, J. and {Hude}, C. and + {Isani}, S. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Jewitt}, D. and {Laux}, U. and + {Luppino}, G.~A. and {Lupton}, R. and {Maberry}, M. and {Magnier}, E. and + {Mannery}, E. and {Monet}, D. and {Morgan}, J. and {Onaka}, P. and + {Price}, P. and {Ryan}, A. and {Siegmund}, W. and {Szapudi}, I. and + {Tonry}, J. and {Wainscoat}, R. and {Waterson}, M.}, + title = "{Design of the Pan-STARRS telescopes}", + journal = {Astronomische Nachrichten}, + keywords = {survey telescope, optical design}, + year = 2004, + month = oct, + volume = 325, + pages = {636-642}, + doi = {10.1002/asna.200410300}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AN....325..636H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2004SPIE.5489..667H, + author = {{Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Siegmund}, W.~A. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Laux}, U. and {Morgan}, J. and {Mannery}, E.}, + title = "{Optical design of the Pan-STARRS telescopes}", +booktitle = {Ground-based Telescopes}, + year = 2004, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 5489, + editor = {{Oschmann}, Jr., J.~M.}, + month = oct, + pages = {667-678}, + doi = {10.1117/12.550179}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004SPIE.5489..667H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2008SPIE.7012E..1KM, + author = {{Morgan}, J.~S. and {Kaiser}, N.}, + title = "{Alignment of the Pan-STARRS PS1 prototype telescope optics}", +booktitle = {Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes II}, + year = 2008, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 7012, + month = jul, + eid = {70121K}, + pages = {70121K}, + doi = {10.1117/12.788426}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7012E..1KM}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2009ApJS..185..124S, + author = {{Stalder}, B. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Vacca}, W.~D.}, + title = "{58 Radio Sources Near Bright Natural Guide Stars}", + journal = {\apjs}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0909.1566}, + keywords = {galaxies: evolution, galaxies: formation, galaxies: fundamental parameters, galaxies: high-redshift}, + year = 2009, + month = nov, + volume = 185, + pages = {124-155}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/185/1/124}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJS..185..124S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2012SPIE.8453E..0KO, + author = {{Onaka}, P. and {Rae}, C. and {Isani}, S. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Lee}, A. and {Uyeshiro}, R. and {Robertson}, L. and {Ching}, G. + }, + title = "{GPC1 and GPC2: the Pan-STARRS 1.4 gigapixel mosaic focal plane CCD cameras with an on-sky on-CCD tip-tilt image compensation}", +booktitle = {High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy V}, + year = 2012, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 8453, + month = jul, + eid = {84530K}, + pages = {84530K}, + doi = {10.1117/12.925830}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8453E..0KO}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999AJ....118.1406L, + author = {{Lupton}, R.~H. and {Gunn}, J.~E. and {Szalay}, A.~S.}, + title = "{A Modified Magnitude System that Produces Well-Behaved Magnitudes, Colors, and Errors Even for Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Measurements}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9903081}, + keywords = {CATALOGS, METHODS: STATISTICAL, TECHNIQUES: PHOTOMETRIC}, + year = 1999, + month = sep, + volume = 118, + pages = {1406-1410}, + doi = {10.1086/301004}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....118.1406L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160203842A, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{The Rate of Binary Black Hole Mergers Inferred from Advanced LIGO Observations Surrounding GW150914}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.03842}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{amos2006, + author = {{Chambers}, K.}, + title = "{PS1 and the PS1 Science Mission}", +booktitle = {The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 2006, + pages = {E39}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006amos.confE..39C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2009AAS...21330107C, + author = {{Chambers}, K.~C.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS Telescope \#1 Status and Science Mission}", +booktitle = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts \#213}, + year = 2009, + series = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society}, + volume = 41, + month = jan, + eid = {301.07}, + pages = {270}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AAS...21330107C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2007AAS...21114206C, + author = {{Chambers}, K.~C.}, + title = "{The PS1 System and Science Mission}", +booktitle = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts}, + year = 2007, + series = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society}, + volume = 39, + month = dec, + eid = {142.06}, + pages = {995}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AAS...21114206C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2002SPIE.4836..154K, + author = {{Kaiser}, N. and {Aussel}, H. and {Burke}, B.~E. and {Boesgaard}, H. and + {Chambers}, K. and {Chun}, M.~R. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Hodapp}, K.-W. and + {Hunt}, B. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Jewitt}, D. and {Kudritzki}, R. and + {Luppino}, G.~A. and {Maberry}, M. and {Magnier}, E. and {Monet}, D.~G. and + {Onaka}, P.~M. and {Pickles}, A.~J. and 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author = {{Venemans}, B.~P. and {Ba{\~n}ados}, E. and {Decarli}, R. and + {Farina}, E.~P. and {Walter}, F. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Fan}, X. and + {Rix}, H.-W. and {Schlafly}, E. and {McMahon}, R.~G. and {Simcoe}, R. and + {Stern}, D. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Draper}, P.~W. and {Flewelling}, H. and + {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Metcalfe}, N. and + {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Waters}, C. and + {AlSayyad}, Y. and {Banerji}, M. and {Chen}, S.~S. and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Solares}, E.~A. and + {Greiner}, J. and {Mazzucchelli}, C. and {McGreer}, I. and {Miller}, D.~R. and + {Reed}, S. and {Sullivan}, P.~W.}, + title = "{The Identification of Z-dropouts in Pan-STARRS1: Three Quasars at 6.5$\lt$ z$\lt$ 6.7}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1502.01927}, + keywords = {cosmology: observations, galaxies: active, galaxies: individual: PSO J036.5078+03.0498, PSO J167.6415-13.4960, PSO J338.2298+29.5089, quasars: 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observations, quasars: emission lines, quasars: general, surveys}, + year = 2014, + month = jul, + volume = 148, + eid = {14}, + pages = {14}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/14}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....148...14B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012AJ....143..142M, + author = {{Morganson}, E. and {De Rosa}, G. and {Decarli}, R. and {Walter}, F. and + {Chambers}, K. and {McGreer}, I. and {Fan}, X. and {Burgett}, W. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Greiner}, J. and {Hodapp}, K. and {Kaiser}, N. and + {Magnier}, E. and {Price}, P. and {Rix}, H.-W. and {Sweeney}, B. and + {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{The First High-redshift Quasar from Pan-STARRS}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.6241}, + keywords = {early Universe, quasars: individual: PSO J215.1512-16.0417, surveys}, + year = 2012, + month = jun, + volume = 143, + eid = {142}, + pages = {142}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/143/6/142}, + 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and {Lin}, K.-Y. and +{Liu}, H.~B. and {Merson}, A. and {Baugh}, C. and {Huang}, J.-S. and +{Chen}, C.-W. and {Foucaud}, S. and {Murphy}, D.~N.~A. and {Cole}, S. and +{Burgett}, W. and {Kaiser}, N.}, + title = "{Probability Friends-of-Friends (PFOF) Group Finder: Performance Study and Observational Data Applications on Photometric Surveys}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1305.1891}, + keywords = {galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: groups: general, large-scale structure of universe, methods: data analysis}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + volume = 788, + eid = {109}, + pages = {109}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/788/2/109}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...788..109J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{Lin14, + author = {{Lin}, L. and {Jian}, H.-Y. and {Foucaud}, S. and {Norberg}, P. and +{Bower}, R.~G. and {Cole}, S. and {Arnalte-Mur}, P. and {Chen}, C.-W. and +{Coupon}, J. and {Hsieh}, 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+@ARTICLE{Liu15, + author = {{Liu}, J. and {Hennig}, C. and {Desai}, S. and {Hoyle}, B. and +{Koppenhoefer}, J. and {Mohr}, J.~J. and {Paech}, K. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and +{Chambers}, K.~C. and {Cole}, S. and {Draper}, P.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and +{Metcalfe}, N. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and +{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Optical confirmation and redshift estimation of the Planck cluster candidates overlapping the Pan-STARRS Survey}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1407.6001}, + keywords = {catalogues, galaxies: clusters: general, large-scale structure of Universe}, + year = 2015, + month = jun, + volume = 449, + pages = {3370-3380}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv458}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449.3370L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Szapudi15, + author = {{Szapudi}, I. and {Kov{\'a}cs}, A. and {Granett}, B.~R. and +{Frei}, Z. and {Silk}, J. and {Burgett}, W. and {Cole}, S. and +{Draper}, P.~W. and {Farrow}, D.~J. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and +{Metcalfe}, N. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P. and {Tonry}, J. and +{Wainscoat}, R.}, + title = "{Detection of a supervoid aligned with the cold spot of the cosmic microwave background}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1405.1566}, + keywords = {surveys, cosmic background radiation, cosmology: observations, large-scale structure of Universe}, + year = 2015, + month = jun, + volume = 450, + pages = {288-294}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv488}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.450..288S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{theprizepaper, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger}", + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.03837}, + primaryClass = "gr-qc", + year = 2016, + month = jan, + volume = 116, + number = 6, + eid = {061102}, + pages = {061102}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvL.116f1102A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{gw151226, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{GW151226}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {8888.99999}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, + year = 2016, + month = jun, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016ApJ...818L..22A, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{Astrophysical Implications of the Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.03846}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gravitational waves, stars: black holes, stars: massive}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + volume = 818, + eid = {L22}, + pages = {L22}, + doi = {10.3847/2041-8205/818/2/L22}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...818L..22A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160203842A, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. 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+archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.08492}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160208492A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160203840T, + author = {{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration} and {the Virgo Collaboration} + }, + title = "{Properties of the binary black hole merger GW150914}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.03840}, + primaryClass = "gr-qc", + keywords = {General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203840T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160400439T, + author = {{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration} 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Phys.}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1509.08458}, + year = 2016, + month = mar, + volume = 3, + eid = {031}, + pages = {031}, + doi = {10.1088/1475-7516/2016/03/031}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JCAP...03..031L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160204156S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Smith}, K.~W. and + {Huber}, M.~E. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Wright}, D.~E. and + {Coughlin}, M. and {Schultz}, A.~S.~B. and {Denneau}, L. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Heinze}, A. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Primak}, N. and + {Rest}, A. and {Sherstyuk}, A. and {Stalder}, B. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and + {Tonry}, J. and {Waters}, C. and {Willman}, M. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and + {Baltay}, C. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Campbell}, H. and + {Dennefeld}, M. and {Chen}, T.-W. and {Della Valle}, M. and + {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Fraser}, M. and {Inserra}, C. and {Kankare}, E. and + {Kotak}, R. 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+ volume = 18330, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GCN..17421...1S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{GCN18858, + author = {{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration} and {the Virgo Collaboration} + }, + title = "{GCN18858}", + journal = {GRB Coordinates Network}, + year = 2015, + volume = 18858, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GCN..17421...1S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{GCN18371, + author = {{Steele}, I.~S. and {Copperwheat}, C.M. and {Piascik}, A.S.}, + title = "{GCN18371}", + journal = {GRB Coordinates Network}, + year = 2015, + volume = 18371, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GCN..17421...1S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{GCN18811, + author = {{Chambers}, K.~C. and {Chen}, T.W. and {Smartt}, S.J. and et al..}, + title = "{18811}", + journal = {GRB Coordinates Network}, + year = 2016, + volume = 18811, + 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keywords = {Supernovae, Transient}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + volume = 8680, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ATel.8680....1T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160405205C, + author = {{Coughlin}, M.~W. and {Stubbs}, C.~W.}, + title = "{Maximizing the Probability of Detecting an Electromagnetic Counterpart of Gravitational-wave Events}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1604.05205}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics}, + year = 2016, + month = apr, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160405205C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2015NatCo...6E7323Y, + author = {{Yang}, B. and {Jin}, Z.-P. and {Li}, X. and {Covino}, S. and + {Zheng}, X.-Z. and {Hotokezaka}, K. and {Fan}, Y.-Z. and {Piran}, T. and + {Wei}, D.-M.}, + title = "{A possible 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Transitional Type Ibn supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1502.04946}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2010al, supernovae: individual: SN 2011hw, supernovae: individual: SN 2006jc, supernovae: individual: SN 2005la, supernovae: individual: SN 2000er}, + year = 2015, + month = may, + volume = 449, + pages = {1921-1940}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu2745}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449.1921P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2007Natur.447..829P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Mattila}, S. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and + {Young}, D. and {Itagaki}, K. and {Yamaoka}, H. and {Navasardyan}, H. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Patat}, F. and {Agnoletto}, I. and {Augusteijn}, T. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Boles}, T. and {Bonnet-Bidaud}, J.-M. and + {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Bufano}, F. and {Cao}, C. and {Deng}, J. and + {Dennefeld}, M. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Keenan}, F.~P. and {Iijima}, T. and {Lorenzi}, V. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Meng}, X. and {Nakano}, S. and {Nielsen}, T.~B. and {Smoker}, J.~V. and + {Stanishev}, V. and {Turatto}, M. and {Xu}, D. and {Zampieri}, L. + }, + title = "{A giant outburst two years before the core-collapse of a massive star}", + journal = {\nat}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0703663}, + year = 2007, + month = jun, + volume = 447, + pages = {829-832}, + doi = {10.1038/nature05825}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..829P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..113P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Mattila}, S. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Della Valle}, M. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Agnoletto}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Branch}, D. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Dennefeld}, M. and + {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Hunter}, I. and {Kjeldsen}, H. and {Lipkin}, Y. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Milne}, P. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Pian}, E. and + {Shemmer}, O. and {Spiro}, S. and {Stathakis}, R.~A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Yamaoka}, H.}, + title = "{Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - I. Type Ibn (SN 2006jc-like) events}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0801.2277}, + keywords = {supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2006jc , supernovae: individual: SN 1999cq , supernovae: individual: SN 2000er , supernovae: individual: SN 2002ao , supernovae: individual: SN 1885A}, + year = 2008, + month = sep, + volume = 389, + pages = {113-130}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13602.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..113P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2011PASP..123...58T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L.}, + title = "{An Early Warning System for Asteroid Impact}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1011.1028}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + year = 2011, + month = jan, + volume = 123, + pages = {58-73}, + doi = {10.1086/657997}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PASP..123...58T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015A&A...584A..62C, + author = {{Cappellaro}, E. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Pignata}, G. and + {Grado}, A. and {Greggio}, L. and {Limatola}, L. and {Vaccari}, M. and + {Baruffolo}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and {Capaccioli}, M. and + {Cascone}, E. and {Covone}, G. and {De Cicco}, D. and {Falocco}, S. and + {Della Valle}, M. and {Jarvis}, M. and {Marchetti}, L. and {Napolitano}, N.~R. and + {Paolillo}, M. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Radovich}, M. and {Schipani}, P. and + {Spiro}, S. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{Supernova rates from the SUDARE VST-OmegaCAM search. I. Rates per unit volume}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1509.04496}, + keywords = {supernovae: general, galaxies: star formation, Galaxy: stellar content, surveys}, + year = 2015, + month = dec, + volume = 584, + eid = {A62}, + pages = {A62}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201526712}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A&A...584A..62C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + + + +@ARTICLE{2009MNRAS.397..677T, + author = {{Taubenberger}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Della Valle}, M. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Hachinger}, S. and + {Hillebrandt}, W. and {Maeda}, K. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Patat}, F. and {Sim}, S.~A. and {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{Nebular emission-line profiles of Type Ib/c supernovae - probing the ejecta asphericity}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0904.4632}, + keywords = {line: profiles , techniques: spectroscopic , supernovae: general}, + year = 2009, + month = aug, + volume = 397, + pages = {677-694}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15003.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.397..677T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2008Sci...319.1220M, + author = {{Maeda}, K. and {Kawabata}, K. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Tanaka}, M. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Hattori}, T. and {Deng}, J. and + {Pian}, E. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Iye}, M. and {Matheson}, T. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Aoki}, K. and {Kosugi}, G. and {Ohyama}, Y. and + {Sasaki}, T. and {Takata}, T.}, + title = "{Asphericity in Supernova Explosions from Late-Time Spectroscopy}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0801.1100}, + year = 2008, + month = feb, + volume = 319, + pages = {1220}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1149437}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1220M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...761...63P, + author = {{Piro}, A.~L. and {Thrane}, E.}, + title = "{Gravitational Waves from Fallback Accretion onto Neutron Stars}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.3805}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {black hole physics, gravitational waves, stars: neutron, supernovae: general }, + year = 2012, + month = dec, + volume = 761, + eid = {63}, + pages = {63}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/761/1/63}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...761...63P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015arXiv151201214F, + author = {{Finkbeiner}, D.~P. and {Schlafly}, E.~F. and {Schlegel}, D.~J. and + {Padmanabhan}, N. and {Juric}, M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Denneau}, L. and {Draper}, P.~W. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Tonry}, J.~L.}, + title = "{Hypercalibration: A Pan-STARRS1-based recalibration of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1512.01214}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics}, + year = 2015, + month = dec, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv151201214F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...806...52S, + author = {{Singer}, L.~P. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Perley}, D.~A. and {Anderson}, G.~E. and {Anupama}, G.~C. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Bhalerao}, V. and {Bue}, B.~D. and {Cao}, Y. and + {Connaughton}, V. and {Corsi}, A. and {Cucchiara}, A. and {Fender}, R.~P. and + {Fox}, D.~B. and {Gehrels}, N. and {Goldstein}, A. and {Gorosabel}, J. and + {Horesh}, A. and {Hurley}, K. and {Johansson}, J. and {Kann}, D.~A. and + {Kouveliotou}, C. and {Huang}, K. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and + {Masci}, F. and {Nugent}, P. and {Rau}, A. and {Rebbapragada}, U.~D. and + {Staley}, T.~D. and {Svinkin}, D. and {Th{\"o}ne}, C.~C. and + {de Ugarte Postigo}, A. and {Urata}, Y. and {Weinstein}, A.}, + title = "{The Needle in the 100 deg$^{2}$ Haystack: Uncovering Afterglows of Fermi GRBs with the Palomar Transient Factory}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1501.00495}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gamma-ray burst: individual: GRB 130702A, GRB 140606B, gravitational waves, methods: observational, supernovae: general, surveys}, + year = 2015, + month = jun, + volume = 806, + eid = {52}, + pages = {52}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/52}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...806...52S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160201736P, + author = {{Prentice}, S.~J. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Pian}, E. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Rubin}, A. and {Corsi}, A. and {Fremling}, C. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Yaron}, O. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Zheng}, W. and + {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Filippenko}, V.~V. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Cao}, Y. and {Nugent}, P.}, + title = "{The bolometric light curves and physical parameters of stripped-envelope supernovae}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.01736}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160201736P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2015arXiv151200733R, + author = {{Rubin}, A. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {De Cia}, A. and {Horesh}, A. and + {Khazov}, D. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Arcavi}, I. and + {Manulis}, I. and {Yaron}, O. and {Vreeswijk}, P. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Perley}, D.~A. and {Cao}, Y. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Rebbapragada}, U.~D. and {Wo{\'z}niak}, P.~R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Pan}, Y.-C. and {Badenes}, C. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Valenti}, S. and {Sand}, D. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Johansson}, J. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and {Horst}, J.~C. and + {Armen}, S.~F. and {Fedrow}, J.~M. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Mazzali}, P. and + {Pian}, E. and {Sternberg}, A. and {Matheson}, T. and {Sullivan}, M. and + {Maguire}, K. and {Lazarevic}, S.}, + title = "{Type II supernova energetics and comparison of light curves to shock-cooling models}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1512.00733}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics}, + year = 2015, + month = nov, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv151200733R}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...650..510A, + author = {{Aldering}, G. and {Antilogus}, P. and {Bailey}, S. and {Baltay}, C. and + {Bauer}, A. and {Blanc}, N. and {Bongard}, S. and {Copin}, Y. and + {Gangler}, E. and {Gilles}, S. and {Kessler}, R. and {Kocevski}, D. and + {Lee}, B.~C. and {Loken}, S. and {Nugent}, P. and {Pain}, R. and + {P{\'e}contal}, E. and {Pereira}, R. and {Perlmutter}, S. and + {Rabinowitz}, D. and {Rigaudier}, G. and {Scalzo}, R. and {Smadja}, G. and + {Thomas}, R.~C. and {Wang}, L. and {Weaver}, B.~A. and {Nearby Supernova Factory} + }, + title = "{Nearby Supernova Factory Observations of SN 2005gj: Another Type Ia Supernova in a Massive Circumstellar Envelope}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0606499}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Abundances, Stars: Winds, Outflows, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2005gj), Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 2002ic}, + year = 2006, + month = oct, + volume = 650, + pages = {510-527}, + doi = {10.1086/507020}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...650..510A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2001MNRAS.326...23B, + author = {{Bacon}, R. and {Copin}, Y. and {Monnet}, G. and {Miller}, B.~W. and + {Allington-Smith}, J.~R. and {Bureau}, M. and {Carollo}, C.~M. and + {Davies}, R.~L. and {Emsellem}, E. and {Kuntschner}, H. and + {Peletier}, R.~F. and {Verolme}, E.~K. and {de Zeeuw}, P.~T. + }, + title = "{The SAURON project - 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The panoramic integral-field spectrograph}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0103451}, + keywords = {INSTRUMENTATION: SPECTROGRAPHS, GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR, CD, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 3377, GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS, GALAXIES: SPIRAL, GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT}, + year = 2001, + month = sep, + volume = 326, + pages = {23-35}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04612.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.326...23B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...775..113T, + author = {{Tanaka}, M. and {Hotokezaka}, K.}, + title = "{Radiative Transfer Simulations of Neutron Star Merger Ejecta}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1306.3742}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gamma-ray burst: general, gravitational waves, nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances, radiative transfer, supernovae: general}, + year = 2013, + month = oct, + volume = 775, + eid 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{Fern{\'a}ndez}, R. and {Metzger}, B.~D.}, + title = "{Kilonova light curves from the disc wind outflows of compact object mergers}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1411.3726}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gravitational waves, hydrodynamics, nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances, opacity, radiative transfer, gamma-ray burst: general}, + year = 2015, + month = jun, + volume = 450, + pages = {1777-1786}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv721}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.450.1777K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2015MNRAS.452.3869N, + author = {{Nicholl}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Sim}, S.~A. and {Chen}, T.-W. and {Benetti}, S. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Kankare}, E. and {Maguire}, K. and {Smith}, K. and + {Sullivan}, M. and {Valenti}, S. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Baltay}, C. and + {Bauer}, F.~E. and {Baumont}, 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System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2015A&A...582A...3G, + author = {{Gall}, E.~E.~E. and {Polshaw}, J. and {Kotak}, R. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and + {Leibundgut}, B. and {Rabinowitz}, D. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Sullivan}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Baltay}, C. and {Feindt}, U. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Gonz{\'a}lez-Gait{\'a}n}, S. and {Inserra}, C. and {Maguire}, K. and + {McKinnon}, R. and {Valenti}, S. and {Young}, D.}, + title = "{A comparative study of Type II-P and II-L supernova rise times as exemplified by the case of LSQ13cuw}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1502.06034}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: LSQ13cuw, methods: analytical}, + year = 2015, + month = oct, + volume = 582, + eid = {A3}, + pages = {A3}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201525868}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A&A...582A...3G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015MNRAS.451.2212G, + author = {{Gonz{\'a}lez-Gait{\'a}n}, S. and {Tominaga}, N. and {Molina}, J. and + {Galbany}, L. and {Bufano}, F. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Gutierrez}, C. and + {F{\"o}rster}, F. and {Pignata}, G. and {Bersten}, M. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Sullivan}, M. and {Carlberg}, R. and {de Jaeger}, T. and {Hamuy}, M. and + {Baklanov}, P.~V. and {Blinnikov}, S.~I.}, + title = "{The rise-time of Type II supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1505.02988}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supergiants, supernoave: general}, + year = 2015, + month = aug, + volume = 451, + pages = {2212-2229}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv1097}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.451.2212G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2013A&A...555A.142I, + author = {{Inserra}, C. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Turatto}, M. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and + {Benetti}, S. and 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and + {Betancourt}, M. and {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Challis}, P. and {Drout}, M. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Lunnan}, R. and + {Marion}, G.~H. and {Margutti}, R. and {McKinnon}, R. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and + {Narayan}, G. and {Rest}, A. and {Kankare}, E. and {Mattila}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Draper}, P.~W. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Toward Characterization of the Type IIP Supernova Progenitor Population: A Statistical Sample of Light Curves from Pan-STARRS1}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1404.2004}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, surveys}, + year = 2015, + month = feb, + volume = 799, + eid = {208}, + pages = {208}, + doi = 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year = 2011, + month = sep, + volume = 738, + eid = {154}, + pages = {154}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/738/2/154}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...738..154H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...713.1026D, + author = {{Dilday}, B. and {Smith}, M. and {Bassett}, B. and {Becker}, A. and + {Bender}, R. and {Castander}, F. and {Cinabro}, D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Frieman}, J.~A. and {Galbany}, L. and {Garnavich}, P.~M. and + {Goobar}, A. and {Hopp}, U. and {Ihara}, Y. and {Jha}, S.~W. and + {Kessler}, R. and {Lampeitl}, H. and {Marriner}, J. and {Miquel}, R. and + {Moll{\'a}}, M. and {Nichol}, R.~C. and {Nordin}, J. and {Riess}, A.~G. and + {Sako}, M. and {Schneider}, D.~P. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. and + {{\"O}stman}, L. and {Bizyaev}, D. and {Brewington}, H. and + {Malanushenko}, E. and {Malanushenko}, V. and {Oravetz}, D. and + {Pan}, K. and {Simmons}, A. and {Snedden}, S.}, + title = 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+@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...804...28G, + author = {{Gezari}, S. and {Jones}, D.~O. and {Sanders}, N.~E. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and + {Hung}, T. and {Heinis}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Rest}, A. and + {Scolnic}, D. and {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Huber}, M.~E. and {Price}, P. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Riess}, A.~G. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Smith}, K. and {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and + {Schiminovich}, D. and {Martin}, D.~C. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Kaiser}, N. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.}, + title = "{GALEX Detection of Shock Breakout in Type IIP Supernova PS1-13arp: Implications for the Progenitor Star Wind}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1502.06964}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: individual: PS1-13arp, surveys, ultraviolet: general}, + year = 2015, + month = may, + volume = 804, + eid = {28}, + pages = {28}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/28}, + 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{Scotti}, J.~V.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Moving Object Processing System}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.7281}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astronomical Instrumentation}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 125, + pages = {357-395}, + doi = {10.1086/670337}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PASP..125..357D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...746..128S, + author = {{Saglia}, R.~P. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Bender}, R. and {Greisel}, N. and + {Seitz}, S. and {Senger}, R. and {Snigula}, J. and {Phleps}, S. and + {Wilman}, D. and {Bailer-Jones}, C.~A.~L. and {Klement}, R.~J. and + {Rix}, H.-W. and {Smith}, K. and {Green}, P.~J. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Kaiser}, N. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{The Photometric Classification Server for Pan-STARRS1}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.5080}, + keywords = {galaxies: active, galaxies: distances and redshifts, stars: general, surveys}, + year = 2012, + month = feb, + volume = 746, + eid = {128}, + pages = {128}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/128}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...746..128S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015MNRAS.449..451W, + author = {{Wright}, D.~E. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Smith}, K.~W. and {Miller}, P. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Rest}, A. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Huber}, M. and {Jedicke}, R. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Machine learning for transient discovery in Pan-STARRS1 difference imaging}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1501.05470}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {methods: data analysis, methods: statistical, techniques: image processing, surveys, supernovae: general}, + year = 2015, + month = may, + volume = 449, + pages = {451-466}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv292}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449..451W}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2009A&A...494..707K, + author = {{Koppenhoefer}, J. and {Afonso}, C. and {Saglia}, R.~P. and + {Henning}, T.}, + title = "{Investigating the potential of the Pan-Planets project using Monte Carlo simulations}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0812.1559}, + keywords = {stars: planetary systems, methods: statistical, techniques: photometric}, + year = 2009, + month = feb, + volume = 494, + pages = {707-717}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:200810754}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A&A...494..707K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2007ASPC..366..326A, + author = {{Afonso}, C. and {Henning}, T.}, + title = "{The Pan-Planets Project}", +booktitle = {Transiting Extrapolar Planets Workshop}, + year = 2007, + series = {Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series}, + volume = 366, + editor = {{Afonso}, C. and {Weldrake}, D. and {Henning}, T.}, + month = jul, + pages = {326}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ASPC..366..326A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2016A&A...587A..49O, + author = {{Obermeier}, C. and {Koppenhoefer}, J. and {Saglia}, R.~P. and + {Henning}, T. and {Bender}, R. and {Kodric}, M. and {Deacon}, N. and + {Riffeser}, A. and {Burgett}, W. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Draper}, P.~W. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Pan-Planets: Searching for hot Jupiters around cool dwarfs}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1512.07259}, +primaryClass = "astro-ph.EP", +keywords = {techniques: image processing, techniques: photometric, stars: low-mass, planetary systems}, + year = 2016, + month = mar, + volume = 587, + eid = {A49}, + pages = {A49}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201527633}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A&A...587A..49O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2016ApJ...825..140M, + author = {{Morganson}, E. and {Conn}, B. and {Rix}, H.-W. and {Bell}, E.~F. and + {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K. and {Dolphin}, A. and {Draper}, P.~W. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Martin}, N.~F. and {Martinez-Delgado}, D. and {Metcalfe}, N. and + {Schlafly}, E.~F. and {Slater}, C.~T. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C.~Z.}, + title = "{Mapping the Monoceros Ring in 3D with Pan-STARRS1}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1604.07501}, + keywords = {Galaxy: disk}, + year = 2016, + month = jul, + volume = 825, + eid = {140}, + pages = {140}, + doi = {10.3847/0004-637X/825/2/140}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...825..140M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016ApJ...831..144L, + author = {{Lunnan}, R. and {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and + {Jones}, D.~O. and {Rest}, A. and {Fong}, W. and {Fransson}, C. and + {Margutti}, R. and {Drout}, M.~R. and {Blanchard}, P.~K. and + {Challis}, P. and {Cowperthwaite}, P.~S. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Morrell}, N. and {Riess}, A.~G. and {Roth}, K.~C. and + {Scolnic}, D. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Smith}, K.~W. and {Villar}, V.~A. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Draper}, P.~W. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{PS1-14bj: A Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernova With a Long Rise and Slow Decay}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1605.05235}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-14bj, LSQ14an}, + year = 2016, + month = nov, + volume = 831, + eid = {144}, + pages = {144}, + doi = {10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/144}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...831..144L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...745...42T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Kilic}, M. and {Flewelling}, H.~A. and + {Deacon}, N.~R. and {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{First Results from Pan-STARRS1: Faint, High Proper Motion White Dwarfs in the Medium-Deep Fields}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1110.0060}, + keywords = {Galaxy: evolution, proper motions, surveys, white dwarfs}, + year = 2012, + month = jan, + volume = 745, + eid = {42}, + pages = {42}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/745/1/42}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...745...42T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...774L..23B, + author = {{Berger}, E. and {Fong}, W. and {Chornock}, R.}, + title = "{An r-process Kilonova Associated with the Short-hard GRB 130603B}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1306.3960}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gamma-ray burst: general, gamma-ray burst: individual: 130603B}, + year = 2013, + month = sep, + volume = 774, + eid = {L23}, + pages = {L23}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/774/2/L23}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...774L..23B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011CQGra..28h5016W, + author = {{White}, D.~J. and {Daw}, E.~J. and {Dhillon}, V.~S.}, + title = "{A list of galaxies for gravitational wave searches}", + journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1103.0695}, + year = 2011, + month = apr, + volume = 28, + number = 8, + eid = {085016}, + pages = {085016}, + doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/28/8/085016}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CQGra..28h5016W}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2015arXiv150900055C, + author = {{Chen}, H.-Y. and {Holz}, D.~E.}, + title = "{Facilitating follow-up of LIGO-Virgo events using rapid sky localization}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1509.00055}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, + year = 2015, + month = aug, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150900055C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015CQGra..32m5012C, + author = {{Cornish}, N.~J. and {Littenberg}, T.~B.}, + title = "{Bayeswave: Bayesian inference for gravitational wave bursts and instrument glitches}", + journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1410.3835}, + primaryClass = "gr-qc", + year = 2015, + month = jul, + volume = 32, + number = 13, + eid = {135012}, + pages = {135012}, + doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/32/13/135012}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CQGra..32m5012C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...800...81E, + author = {{Essick}, R. and {Vitale}, S. and {Katsavounidis}, E. and {Vedovato}, G. and + {Klimenko}, S.}, + title = "{Localization of Short Duration Gravitational-wave Transients with the Early Advanced LIGO and Virgo Detectors}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1409.2435}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gravitational waves, methods: data analysis }, + year = 2015, + month = feb, + volume = 800, + eid = {81}, + pages = {81}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/81}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...800...81E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...804..114B, + author = {{Berry}, C.~P.~L. and {Mandel}, I. and {Middleton}, H. and {Singer}, L.~P. and + {Urban}, A.~L. and {Vecchio}, A. and {Vitale}, S. and {Cannon}, K. and + {Farr}, B. and {Farr}, W.~M. and {Graff}, P.~B. and {Hanna}, C. and + {Haster}, C.-J. and {Mohapatra}, S. and {Pankow}, C. and {Price}, L.~R. and + {Sidery}, T. and {Veitch}, J.}, + title = "{Parameter Estimation for Binary Neutron-star Coalescences with Realistic Noise during the Advanced LIGO Era}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = 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{Corsi}, A. and + {Fox}, D.~B. and {Carpenter}, J. and {Frail}, D.~A. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and + {Perley}, D.~A. and {Gruber}, D. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Groot}, P.~J. and + {Hallinan}, G. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Rau}, A. and {MacLeod}, C.~L. and + {Miller}, A.~A. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Law}, N.~M. and {Morgan}, A.~N. and {Polishook}, D. and + {Poznanski}, D. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Sesar}, B. and {Shen}, K.~J. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Sternberg}, A.}, + title = "{Discovery of a Cosmological, Relativistic Outburst via its Rapidly Fading Optical Emission}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1304.4236}, + keywords = {gamma-ray burst: general, stars: flare, supernovae: general}, + year = 2013, + month = jun, + volume = 769, + eid = {130}, + pages = {130}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/769/2/130}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...769..130C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...806...52S, + author = {{Singer}, L.~P. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Perley}, D.~A. and {Anderson}, G.~E. and {Anupama}, G.~C. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Bhalerao}, V. and {Bue}, B.~D. and {Cao}, Y. and + {Connaughton}, V. and {Corsi}, A. and {Cucchiara}, A. and {Fender}, R.~P. and + {Fox}, D.~B. and {Gehrels}, N. and {Goldstein}, A. and {Gorosabel}, J. and + {Horesh}, A. and {Hurley}, K. and {Johansson}, J. and {Kann}, D.~A. and + {Kouveliotou}, C. and {Huang}, K. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and + {Masci}, F. and {Nugent}, P. and {Rau}, A. and {Rebbapragada}, U.~D. and + {Staley}, T.~D. and {Svinkin}, D. and {Th{\"o}ne}, C.~C. and + {de Ugarte Postigo}, A. and {Urata}, Y. and {Weinstein}, A.}, + title = "{The Needle in the 100 deg$^{2}$ Haystack: Uncovering Afterglows of Fermi GRBs with the Palomar Transient Factory}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1501.00495}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gamma-ray burst: individual: GRB 130702A, GRB 140606B, gravitational waves, methods: observational, supernovae: general, surveys}, + year = 2015, + month = jun, + volume = 806, + eid = {52}, + pages = {52}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/52}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...806...52S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...811...52A, + author = {{Aartsen}, M.~G. and {Abraham}, K. and {Ackermann}, M. and {Adams}, J. and + {Aguilar}, J.~A. and {Ahlers}, M. and {Ahrens}, M. and {Altmann}, D. and + {Anderson}, T. and {Archinger}, M. and et al.}, + title = "{The Detection of a Type IIn Supernova in Optical Follow-up Observations of IceCube Neutrino Events}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1506.03115}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2015, + month = sep, + volume = 811, + eid = {52}, + pages = {52}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/52}, + adsurl = 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volume = 470, + pages = {172}, + doi = {10.1086/177858}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...470..172S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJS..172....1S, + author = {{Scoville}, N. and {Aussel}, H. and {Brusa}, M. and {Capak}, P. and + {Carollo}, C.~M. and {Elvis}, M. and {Giavalisco}, M. and {Guzzo}, L. and + {Hasinger}, G. and {Impey}, C. and {Kneib}, J.-P. and {LeFevre}, O. and + {Lilly}, S.~J. and {Mobasher}, B. and {Renzini}, A. and {Rich}, R.~M. and + {Sanders}, D.~B. and {Schinnerer}, E. and {Schminovich}, D. and + {Shopbell}, P. and {Taniguchi}, Y. and {Tyson}, N.~D.}, + title = "{The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS): Overview}", + journal = {\apjs}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0612305}, + keywords = {Cosmology: Observations, Cosmology: Dark Matter, Galaxies: Evolution, Galaxies: Formation, Cosmology: Large-Scale Structure of Universe, Surveys}, + year = 2007, + month = sep, + volume = 172, + pages = {1-8}, + doi = 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Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...789L...5K, + author = {{Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Nissanke}, S.}, + title = "{On Discovering Electromagnetic Emission from Neutron Star Mergers: The Early Years of Two Gravitational Wave Detectors}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1309.1554}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {binaries: close, catalogs, gravitational waves, stars: neutron, surveys}, + year = 2014, + month = jul, + volume = 789, + eid = {L5}, + pages = {L5}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/789/1/L5}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...789L...5K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJS..211....7A, + author = {{Aasi}, J. and {Abadie}, J. and {Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and + {Abbott}, T. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and {Accadia}, T. and {Acernese}, F. and + {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and et al.}, + title = "{First Searches for Optical Counterparts to Gravitational-wave Candidate Events}", 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author = {{Abadie}, J. and {Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abernathy}, M. and + {Accadia}, T. and {Acernese}, F. and {Adams}, C. and {Adhikari}, R. and + {Ajith}, P. and {Allen}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{TOPICAL REVIEW: Predictions for the rates of compact binary coalescences observable by ground-based gravitational-wave detectors}", + journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1003.2480}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2010, + month = sep, + volume = 27, + number = 17, + eid = {173001}, + pages = {173001}, + doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/27/17/173001}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q3001A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012arXiv1203.2674T, + author = {{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration} and {The Virgo Collaboration} + }, + title = "{Sensitivity Achieved by the LIGO and Virgo Gravitational Wave Detectors during LIGO's Sixth and Virgo's Second and Third Science 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System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015CQGra..32b4001A, + author = {{Acernese}, F. and {Agathos}, M. and {Agatsuma}, K. and {Aisa}, D. and + {Allemandou}, N. and {Allocca}, A. and {Amarni}, J. and {Astone}, P. and + {Balestri}, G. and {Ballardin}, G. and et al.}, + title = "{Advanced Virgo: a second-generation interferometric gravitational wave detector}", + journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1408.3978}, + primaryClass = "gr-qc", + year = 2015, + month = jan, + volume = 32, + number = 2, + eid = {024001}, + pages = {024001}, + doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/32/2/024001}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CQGra..32b4001A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJS..211....7A, + author = {{Aasi}, J. and {Abadie}, J. and {Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and + {Abbott}, T. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and {Accadia}, T. and {Acernese}, F. and + {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and et al.}, + title = "{First Searches for Optical Counterparts to Gravitational-wave Candidate Events}", + journal = {\apjs}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.2314}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {binaries: close, catalogs, gravitational waves, stars: neutron, surveys}, + year = 2014, + month = mar, + volume = 211, + eid = {7}, + pages = {7}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/7}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJS..211....7A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015A&A...579A..40S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Fraser}, M. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Young}, D.~R. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Knapic}, C. and {Molinaro}, M. and {Smareglia}, R. and + {Smith}, K.~W. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Yaron}, O. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and + {Ashall}, C. and {Balland}, C. and {Baltay}, C. and {Barbarino}, C. and + {Bauer}, F.~E. and {Baumont}, S. and {Bersier}, D. and 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title = "{Selecting superluminous supernovae in faint galaxies from the first year of the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1402.1631}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-10pm, supernovae: individual: PS1-10ahf}, + year = 2015, + month = apr, + volume = 448, + pages = {1206-1231}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv034}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.448.1206M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015MNRAS.449..451W, + author = {{Wright}, D.~E. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Smith}, K.~W. and {Miller}, P. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Rest}, A. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Huber}, M. and {Jedicke}, R. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Machine learning for transient 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Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1111.7316}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {hydrodynamics, ISM: individual objects: Cassiopeia A, ISM: supernova remnants, X-rays: ISM}, + year = 2012, + month = feb, + volume = 746, + eid = {130}, + pages = {130}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/130}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...746..130H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2012MNRAS.419.2054W, + author = {{Walmswell}, J.~J. and {Eldridge}, J.~J.}, + title = "{Circumstellar dust as a solution to the red supergiant supernova progenitor problem}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.4637}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, supergiants, supernovae: general}, + year = 2012, + month = jan, + volume = 419, + pages = {2054-2062}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19860.x}, + adsurl = 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doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20064995}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...456.1131M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008A&A...479..541H, + author = {{Hunter}, I. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Sim{\'o}n-D{\'{\i}}az}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Evans}, C.~J.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: atmospheric parameters and rotational velocity distributions for B-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0711.2264}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: rotation, stars: evolution, galaxies: Magellanic Clouds}, + year = 2008, + month = feb, + volume = 479, + pages = {541-555}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20078511}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...479..541H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009Natur.459..674V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Manteca}, J. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Ferrando}, R. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Hentunen}, V.~P. and {Nissinen}, M. and {Pian}, E. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{A low-energy core-collapse supernova without a hydrogen envelope}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0901.2074}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + year = 2009, + month = jun, + volume = 459, + pages = {674-677}, + doi = {10.1038/nature08023}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..674V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008Sci...321.1185M, + author = {{Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Valenti}, S. and {Della Valle}, M. and + {Chincarini}, G. and {Sauer}, D.~N. and {Benetti}, S. and {Pian}, E. and + {Piran}, T. and {D'Elia}, V. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Margutti}, R. and + 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+ {Mobberley}, M. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Ries}, C. and {Stanishev}, V. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Trundle}, C. and {Turatto}, M. and {Volkov}, I.~M. + }, + title = "{SN 2008S: an electron-capture SN from a super-AGB progenitor?}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0903.1286}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: AGB and post-AGB , stars: general , supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2008S , supernovae: individual: NGC300 OT2008-1 , supernovae: individual: M85 OT2006-1}, + year = 2009, + month = sep, + volume = 398, + pages = {1041-1068}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15082.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.398.1041B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009A&A...496..841H, + author = {{Hunter}, I. and {Brott}, I. and {Langer}, N. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Howarth}, I.~D. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Trundle}, C. and {Evans}, C.~J. and {de Koter}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. + }, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: constraints on stellar evolution from the chemical compositions of rapidly rotating Galactic and Magellanic Cloud B-type stars}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0901.3853}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: rotation, stars: abundances, stars: evolution, galaxies: Magellanic Clouds}, + year = 2009, + month = mar, + volume = 496, + pages = {841-853}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200809925}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A&A...496..841H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008A&A...483L..47T, + author = {{Trundle}, C. and {Kotak}, R. and {Vink}, J.~S. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. + }, + title = "{SN 2005 gj: evidence for LBV supernovae progenitors?}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0804.2392}, + keywords = {stars: supernovae: general, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2005gj, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2002ic, stars: circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, stars: winds, outflow}, + year = 2008, + month = jun, + volume = 483, + pages = {L47-L50}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:200809755}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...483L..47T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007A&A...471..625T, + author = {{Trundle}, C. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Hunter}, I. and {Evans}, C.~J. and + {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: evolution of surface N abundances and effective temperature scales in the Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0706.1731}, + keywords = {stars: atmospheres, stars: early-type, galaxies: abundances, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: evolution}, + year = 2007, + month = aug, + volume = 471, + pages = {625-643}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20077838}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...471..625T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005MNRAS.364L..33M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Danziger}, I.~J.}, + title = "{The progenitor of SN 2005cs in the Whirlpool Galaxy}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0507502}, + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2005cs, galaxies: individual: M51}, + year = 2005, + month = nov, + volume = 364, + pages = {L33-L37}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00100.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.364L..33M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005MNRAS.359..906H, + author = {{Hendry}, M.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Benetti}, S. and {Turatto}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Kotak}, R. and {Irwin}, M.~J. and {Jonker}, P.~G. and + {Vermaas}, L. and {Peletier}, R.~F. and {van Woerden}, H. and + {Exter}, K.~M. and {Pollacco}, D.~L. and {Leon}, S. and {Verley}, S. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Pignata}, G.}, + title = "{A study of the Type II-P supernova 2003gd in M74}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0501341}, + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2003gd, galaxies: distances and redshifts, galaxies: individual: M74}, + year = 2005, + month = may, + volume = 359, + pages = {906-926}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08928.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.359..906H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010A&A...512A..70Y, + author = {{Young}, D.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Benn}, C.~R. and {Bersier}, D. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Corradi}, R.~L.~M. and {Harutyunyan}, A.~H. and {Hrudkova}, M. and + {Hunter}, I. and {Mattila}, S. and {de Mooij}, E.~J.~W. and + {Navasardyan}, H. and {Snellen}, I.~A.~G. and {Tanvir}, N.~R. and + {Zampieri}, L.}, + title = "{Two type Ic supernovae in low-metallicity, dwarf galaxies: diversity of explosions}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0910.2248}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2007bg, galaxies: dwarf, Galaxy: abundances, supernovae: individual: SN 2007bi}, + year = 2010, + month = mar, + volume = 512, + eid = {A70}, + pages = {A70}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200913004}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A&A...512A..70Y}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005A&A...443..911C, + author = {{Calchi Novati}, S. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and {An}, J. and + {Baillon}, P. and {Belokurov}, V. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and + {Evans}, N.~W. and {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and + {Hewett}, P. and {Jetzer}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stalin}, C.~S. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Weston}, M.~J. and + {Point-Agape Collaboration}}, + title = "{POINT-AGAPE pixel lensing survey of M 31. Evidence for a MACHO contribution to galactic halos}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0504188}, + keywords = {galaxies: halos, gravitational lensing, dark matter, galaxies: individual: M 31}, + year = 2005, + month = dec, + volume = 443, + pages = {911-928}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20053135}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...443..911C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000MNRAS.318.1093F, + author = {{Fassia}, A. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Vacca}, W.~D. and {Kemp}, S.~N. and + {Walton}, N.~A. and {Pollacco}, D.~L. and {Smartt}, S. and {Oscoz}, A. and + {Arag{\'o}n-Salamanca}, A. and {Bennett}, S. and {Hawarden}, T.~G. and + {Alonso}, A. and {Alcalde}, D. and {Pedrosa}, A. and {Telting}, J. and + {Arevalo}, M.~J. and {Deeg}, H.~J. and {Garz{\'o}n}, F. and + {G{\'o}mez-Rold{\'a}n}, A. and {G{\'o}mez}, G. and {Guti{\'e}rrez}, C. and + {L{\'o}pez}, S. and {Rozas}, M. and {Serra-Ricart}, M. and {Zapatero-Osorio}, M.~R. + }, + title = "{Optical and infrared photometry of the Type IIn SN 1998S: days 11-146}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0006080}, + keywords = {CIRCUMSTELLAR MATTER, SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 19985, INFRARED: STARS}, + year = 2000, + month = nov, + volume = 318, + pages = {1093-1104}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03797.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MNRAS.318.1093F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...724L..16P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Maguire}, K. and {Fraser}, M. and {Smith}, K. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Magill}, L. and {Valenti}, S. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Gezari}, S. and + {Bresolin}, F. and {Kudritzki}, R. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Rest}, A. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Mattila}, S. and {Kankare}, E. and {Huang}, K.~Y. and + {Urata}, Y. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Dombeck}, T. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Grav}, T. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Luppino}, G.~A. and {Lupton}, R.~H. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Monet}, D.~G. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Onaka}, P.~M. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Rhoads}, P.~H. and {Siegmund}, W.~A. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and + {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waterson}, M.~F. and {Waters}, C. and {Wynn-Williams}, C.~G. + }, + title = "{Ultra-bright Optical Transients are Linked with Type Ic Supernovae}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1008.2674}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2010gx SCP-06F6 SN 2005ap}, + year = 2010, + month = nov, + volume = 724, + pages = {L16-L21}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/724/1/L16}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...724L..16P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...739L..37M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Fraser}, M. and {Ergon}, M. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and {Kotak}, R. and {Magill}, L. and + {Stephens}, A.~W. and {Valenti}, S.}, + title = "{The Yellow Supergiant Progenitor of the Type II Supernova 2011dh in M51}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.2565}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2011dh}, + year = 2011, + month = oct, + volume = 739, + eid = {L37}, + pages = {L37}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/L37}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...739L..37M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002A&A...395..519T, + author = {{Trundle}, C. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Urbaneja}, M.~A.}, + title = "{Chemical composition of B-type supergiants in the OB 8, OB 10, OB 48, OB 78 associations of M 31}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0207198}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M 31}, + year = 2002, + month = nov, + volume = 395, + pages = {519-533}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20021044}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&A...395..519T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012Natur.485..217G, + author = {{Gezari}, S. and {Chornock}, R. and {Rest}, A. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Forster}, K. and {Berger}, E. and {Challis}, P.~J. and {Neill}, J.~D. and + {Martin}, D.~C. and {Heckman}, T. and {Lawrence}, A. and {Norman}, C. and + {Narayan}, G. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Marion}, G.~H. and {Scolnic}, D. and + {Chomiuk}, L. and {Soderberg}, A. and {Smith}, K. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Riess}, A.~G. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Grav}, T. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A.}, + title = "{An ultraviolet-optical flare from the tidal disruption of a helium-rich stellar core}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1205.0252}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + year = 2012, + month = may, + volume = 485, + pages = {217-220}, + doi = {10.1038/nature10990}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485..217G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.391L...5C, + author = {{Crockett}, R.~M. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Fox}, D.~B. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Mattila}, S. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Stephens}, A.~W. and + {Danziger}, I.~J.}, + title = "{The type IIb SN 2008ax: the nature of the progenitor}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0805.1913}, + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2008ax, galaxies: individual: NGC 4490}, + year = 2008, + month = nov, + volume = 391, + pages = {L5-L9}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00540.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.391L...5C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007AJ....133...58K, + author = {{Krisciunas}, K. and {Garnavich}, P.~M. and {Stanishev}, V. and + {Suntzeff}, N.~B. and {Prieto}, J.~L. and {Espinoza}, J. and + {Gonzalez}, D. and {Salvo}, M.~E. and {Elias de la Rosa}, N. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P.}, + title = "{The Type Ia Supernova 2004S, a Clone of SN 2001el, and the Optimal Photometric Bands for Extinction Estimation}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0609268}, + keywords = {dust, extinction, supernovae: individual: SN 2004S: SN 2001el, techniques: photometric}, + year = 2007, + month = jan, + volume = 133, + pages = {58-72}, + doi = {10.1086/509126}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133...58K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003A&A...405...15P, + author = {{Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and {Baillon}, P. and {Bouquet}, A. and + {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and {Evans}, N.~W. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and {Le Du}, Y. and {Melchior}, A.-L. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valls-Gabaud}, D. and {POINT-AGAPE Collaboration} + }, + title = "{The POINT-AGAPE survey: 4 high signal-to-noise microlensing candidates detected towards M 31}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0207025}, + keywords = {galaxies: halo, galaxies: individual: M 31, gravitational lensing, dark matter}, + year = 2003, + month = jul, + volume = 405, + pages = {15-21}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20030519}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A&A...405...15P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006A&A...457..265D, + author = {{Dufton}, P.~L. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Lee}, J.~K. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Hunter}, I. and {Evans}, C.~J. and {Herrero}, A. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Irwin}, M.~J. and {Kaufer}, A.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: stellar parameters and rotational velocities in NGC 3293, NGC 4755 and NGC 6611}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0606409}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: rotation, Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) and C-M diagrams, stars: evolution}, + year = 2006, + month = oct, + volume = 457, + pages = {265-280}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20065392}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...457..265D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..955P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Arbour}, R. and {Itagaki}, K. and {Kaspi}, S. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Griffith}, R. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Seymour}, N. and {Stern}, D. and {Wiethoff}, W. + }, + title = "{The Type IIb SN 2008ax: spectral and light curve evolution}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0805.1914}, + keywords = {supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2008ax , supernovae: individual: SN 1993J , galaxies: individual: NGC 4490}, + year = 2008, + month = sep, + volume = 389, + pages = {955-966}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13618.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..955P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001MNRAS.323...13K, + author = {{Kerins}, E. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Lastennet}, E. and {Le Du}, Y. and {Melchior}, A.-L. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Valls-Gabaud}, D.}, + title = "{Theory of pixel lensing towards M31 - I. The density contribution and mass of MACHOs}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0002256}, + keywords = {GRAVITATIONAL LENSING, GALAXY: HALO, GALAXIES: HALOES, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: M31, DARK MATTER}, + year = 2001, + month = may, + volume = 323, + pages = {13-33}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04088.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.323...13K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005MNRAS.360..288M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the progenitor sites of six nearby core-collapse supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0501323}, + keywords = {supernovae: individual: 1999an, supernovae: individual: 1999br, supernovae: individual: 1999ev, supernovae: individual: 2000ds, supernovae: individual: 2000ew, supernovae: individual: 2001B}, + year = 2005, + month = jun, + volume = 360, + pages = {288-304}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09034.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.360..288M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000Natur.403...57H, + author = {{Hodgkin}, S.~T. and {Oppenheimer}, B.~R. and {Hambly}, N.~C. and + {Jameson}, R.~F. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Steele}, I.~A.}, + title = "{Infrared spectrum of an extremely cool white-dwarf star}", + journal = {\nat}, + year = 2000, + month = jan, + volume = 403, + pages = {57-59}, + doi = {10.1038/47431}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.403...57H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005ApJ...635..311U, + author = {{Urbaneja}, M.~A. and {Herrero}, A. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Najarro}, F. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Puls}, J. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Corral}, L.~J.}, + title = "{Blue Luminous Stars in Nearby Galaxies: Quantitative Spectral Analysis of M33 B-Type Supergiant Stars}", + journal = {\apj}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Abundances, Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M33, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 598, Galaxies: ISM, Stars: Abundances, Stars: Atmospheres, Stars: Fundamental Parameters}, + year = 2005, + month = dec, + volume = 635, + pages = {311-335}, + doi = {10.1086/497528}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...635..311U}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003AJ....126.1326V, + author = {{Venn}, K.~A. and {Tolstoy}, E. and {Kaufer}, A. and {Skillman}, E.~D. and + {Clarkson}, S.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Kudritzki}, R.~P.}, + title = "{The Chemical Composition of Two Supergiants in the Dwarf Irregular Galaxy WLM}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0306160}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Abundances, Galaxies: Dwarf, Galaxies: Individual: Alphanumeric: WLM, Stars: Abundances}, + year = 2003, + month = sep, + volume = 126, + pages = {1326-1345}, + doi = {10.1086/377345}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....126.1326V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001ApJ...553L.137A, + author = {{Auri{\`e}re}, M. and {Baillon}, P. and {Bouquet}, A. and {Carr}, B.~J. and + {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and + {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P.~C. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and + {Lastennet}, E. and {Le Du}, Y. and {Melchior}, A.-L. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valls-Gabaud}, D.}, + title = "{A Short-Timescale Candidate Microlensing Event in the POINT-AGAPE Pixel Lensing Survey of M31}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0102080}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Halos, Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M31, Cosmology: Gravitational Lensing, Stars: Variables: Other}, + year = 2001, + month = jun, + volume = 553, + pages = {L137-L140}, + doi = {10.1086/320681}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...553L.137A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001A&A...367...86S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Venn}, K.~A. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Rolleston}, W.~R.~J. and {Keenan}, F.~P.}, + title = "{Chemical abundances in the inner 5 kpc of the Galactic disk}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0009157}, + keywords = {STARS: EARLY-TYPE, STARS: ATMOSPHERES, STARS: ABUNDANCES, GALAXY: EVOLUTION, GALAXY: CENTER, GALAXY: ABUNDANCES}, + year = 2001, + month = feb, + volume = 367, + pages = {86-105}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20000479}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&A...367...86S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...743..114C, + author = {{Chomiuk}, L. and {Chornock}, R. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and + {Berger}, E. and {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Narayan}, G. and {Rest}, A. and {Gezari}, S. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Riess}, A. and {Rodney}, S.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Czekala}, I. and {Flewelling}, H. and + {Forster}, K. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Martin}, D.~C. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Neill}, J.~D. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Roth}, K.~C. and {Sanders}, N.~E. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS1 Discovery of Two Ultraluminous Supernovae at z {\ap} 0.9}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1107.3552}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: magnetars, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-10ky PS1-10awh}, + year = 2011, + month = dec, + volume = 743, + eid = {114}, + pages = {114}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/114}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...743..114C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...767....1P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Benitez}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brimacombe}, J. and {Bufano}, F. and {Cellier-Holzem}, F. and + {Costado}, M.~T. and {Cupani}, G. and {Curtis}, I. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Fynbo}, J.~P.~U. and {Hambsch}, F.-J. and {Hamuy}, M. and + {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Ivarson}, K.~M. and {Kankare}, E. and + {Martin}, J.~C. and {Kotak}, R. and {LaCluyze}, A.~P. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Maza}, J. and {McCrum}, M. and {Miluzio}, M. and + {Norgaard-Nielsen}, H.~U. and {Nysewander}, M.~C. and {Ochner}, P. and + {Pan}, Y.-C. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Reichart}, D.~E. and {Tan}, T.~G. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Wright}, D.}, + title = "{Interacting Supernovae and Supernova Impostors: SN 2009ip, is this the End?}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.3568}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 7259, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip SN 2000ch}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 767, + eid = {1}, + pages = {1}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/1}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...767....1P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001MNRAS.325..257S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Crowther}, P.~A. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and + {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Herrero}, A. and + {McCarthy}, J.~K. and {Bresolin}, F.}, + title = "{Chemical abundances and winds of massive stars in M31: a B-type supergiant and a WC star in OB 10}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0009156}, + keywords = {STARS: ABUNDANCES, STARS: EARLY-TYPE, STARS: WINDS, OUTFLOWS, STARS: WOLF-RAYET, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: M31}, + year = 2001, + month = jul, + volume = 325, + pages = {257-272}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04415.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.325..257S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.355..178P, + author = {{Pignata}, G. and {Patat}, F. and {Benetti}, S. and {Blinnikov}, S. and + {Hillebrandt}, W. and {Kotak}, R. and {Leibundgut}, B. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Meikle}, P. and {Qiu}, Y. and {Ruiz-Lapuente}, P. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Sorokina}, E. and {Stritzinger}, M. and {Stehle}, M. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Marsh}, T. and {Martin-Luis}, F. and {McBride}, N. and {Mendez}, J. and + {Morales-Rueda}, L. and {Narbutis}, D. and {Street}, R.}, + title = "{Photometric observations of the Type Ia SN 2002er in UGC 10743}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0408234}, + keywords = {techniques: photometric, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2002er}, + year = 2004, + month = nov, + volume = 355, + pages = {178-190}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08308.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.355..178P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009A&A...508..371H, + author = {{Hunter}, D.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Stanishev}, V. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Trundle}, C. and {Arkharov}, A.~A. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Di Carlo}, E. and {Dolci}, M. and + {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Frandsen}, S. and {Fynbo}, J.~U. and {Hopp}, U. and + {Larionov}, V.~M. and {Laursen}, P. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Navasardyan}, H. and + {Ries}, C. and {Riffeser}, A. and {Rizzi}, L. and {Tsvetkov}, D.~Y. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Wilke}, S.}, + title = "{Extensive optical and near-infrared observations of the nearby, narrow-lined type Ic SN 2007gr: days 5 to 415}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0909.3780}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2007gr, techniques: miscellaneous, supernovae: individual: SN 2002ap, supernovae: general}, + year = 2009, + month = dec, + volume = 508, + pages = {371-389}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200912896}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A&A...508..371H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369..257D, + author = {{Darnley}, M.~J. and {Bode}, M.~F. and {Kerins}, E. and {Newsam}, A.~M. and + {An}, J. and {Baillon}, P. and {Belokurov}, V. and {Calchi Novati}, S. and + {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and {Evans}, N.~W. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Jetzer}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Weston}, M.}, + title = "{Classical novae from the POINT-AGAPE microlensing survey of M31 - II. Rate and statistical characteristics of the nova population}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0509493}, + keywords = {novae, cataclysmic variables: galaxies: individual: M31, cataclysmic variables, galaxies: individual: M31}, + year = 2006, + month = jun, + volume = 369, + pages = {257-271}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10297.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.369..257D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000MNRAS.319..223H, + author = {{Hernandez}, M. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Aparicio}, A. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Burleigh}, M.~R. and {Chrysostomou}, A.~C. and + {Fernandes}, A.~J.~L. and {Geballe}, T.~R. and {Hammersley}, P.~L. and + {Iglesias-Paramo}, J. and {James}, D.~J. and {James}, P.~A. and + {Kemp}, S.~N. and {Lister}, T.~A. and {Martinez-Delgado}, D. and + {Oscoz}, A. and {Pollacco}, D.~L. and {Rozas}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Sorensen}, P. and {Swaters}, R.~A. and {Telting}, J.~H. and + {Vacca}, W.~D. and {Walton}, N.~A. and {Zapatero-Osorio}, M.~R. + }, + title = "{An early-time infrared and optical study of the Type Ia Supernova 1998bu in M96}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0007022}, + keywords = {SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 1998BU}, + year = 2000, + month = nov, + volume = 319, + pages = {223-234}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03841.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MNRAS.319..223H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..141M, + author = {{Mattila}, S. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Lundqvist}, P. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Kotak}, R. and {Eldridge}, J. and {Smartt}, S. and + {Adamson}, A. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {Rizzi}, L. and {Stephens}, A.~W. and + {van Dyk}, S.~D.}, + title = "{Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - III. SN 2006jc: infrared echoes from new and old dust in the progenitor CSM}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0803.2145}, + keywords = {circumstellar matter , supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2006jc , dust, extinction}, + year = 2008, + month = sep, + volume = 389, + pages = {141-155}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13516.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..141M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003A&A...404..483C, + author = {{Crowther}, P.~A. and {Drissen}, L. and {Abbott}, J.~B. and + {Royer}, P. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{Gemini observations of Wolf-Rayet stars in the Local Group starburst galaxy IC 10}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0302475}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: IC 10, galaxies: starburst, stars: evolution, stars: Wolf-Rayet}, + year = 2003, + month = jun, + volume = 404, + pages = {483-493}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20030503}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A&A...404..483C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010MNRAS.404..981M, + author = {{Maguire}, K. and {Di Carlo}, E. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Tsvetkov}, D.~Y. and {Benetti}, S. and {Spiro}, S. and {Arkharov}, A.~A. and + {Beccari}, G. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Cristallo}, S. and {Dolci}, M. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Fiaschi}, M. and + {Gorshanov}, D. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Larionov}, V.~M. and + {Navasardyan}, H. and {Pietrinferni}, A. and {Raimondo}, G. and + {di Rico}, G. and {Valenti}, S. and {Valentini}, G. and {Zampieri}, L. + }, + title = "{Optical and near-infrared coverage of SN 2004et: physical parameters and comparison with other Type IIP supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.3111}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2004et, supernovae: individual: 2004A, supernovae: individual: 2006my}, + year = 2010, + month = may, + volume = 404, + pages = {981-1004}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16332.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.404..981M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009Sci...324..486M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{The Disappearance of the Progenitors of Supernovae 1993J and 2003gd}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0903.3772}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + year = 2009, + month = apr, + volume = 324, + pages = {486-}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1170198}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..486M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..113P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Mattila}, S. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Della Valle}, M. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Agnoletto}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Branch}, D. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Dennefeld}, M. and + {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Hunter}, I. and {Kjeldsen}, H. and {Lipkin}, Y. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Milne}, P. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Pian}, E. and + {Shemmer}, O. and {Spiro}, S. and {Stathakis}, R.~A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Yamaoka}, H.}, + title = "{Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - I. Type Ibn (SN 2006jc-like) events}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0801.2277}, + keywords = {supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2006jc , supernovae: individual: SN 1999cq , supernovae: individual: SN 2000er , supernovae: individual: SN 2002ao , supernovae: individual: SN 1885A}, + year = 2008, + month = sep, + volume = 389, + pages = {113-130}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13602.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..113P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369.1303H, + author = {{Hendry}, M.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and + {Maund}, J.~R. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Moon}, D.-S. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Fox}, D.~W. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Benn}, C.~R. and {{\O}stensen}, R. + }, + title = "{SN 2004A: another Type II-P supernova with a red supergiant progenitor}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603670}, + keywords = {stars: evolution , supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2004A , galaxies: distances and redshifts , galaxies: individual: NGC 6207}, + year = 2006, + month = jul, + volume = 369, + pages = {1303-1320}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10374.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.369.1303H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003MNRAS.343..735S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and + {Tout}, C.~A. and {Kilkenny}, D. and {Benetti}, S.}, + title = "{Mass limits for the progenitor star of supernova 2001du and other Type II-P supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0301324}, + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 1999em, supernovae: individual: SN 1999gi, supernovae: individual: SN 2001du, galaxies: individual: NGC 1365}, + year = 2003, + month = aug, + volume = 343, + pages = {735-749}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06718.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.343..735S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...688L..91M, + author = {{Mattila}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and + {Maund}, J.~R. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Danziger}, I.~J.}, + title = "{VLT Detection of a Red Supergiant Progenitor of the Type II-P Supernova 2008bk}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0809.0206}, + keywords = {Stars: Evolution, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2008bk)}, + year = 2008, + month = dec, + volume = 688, + pages = {L91-L94}, + doi = {10.1086/595587}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...688L..91M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007Natur.449E...1P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Patat}, F. and {Spiro}, S. and {Turatto}, M. and {Valenti}, S. + }, + title = "{A very faint core-collapse supernova in M85}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0710.3753}, + year = 2007, + month = oct, + volume = 449, + pages = {1}, + doi = {10.1038/nature06282}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449E...1P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369..390M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Nelemans}, G. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Patat}, F. and + {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Faint supernovae and supernova impostors: case studies of SN 2002kg/NGC 2403-V37 and SN 2003gm}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603056}, + keywords = {stars: individual: NGC 2403-V37: supernovae: general: supernovae: individual: 2002kg: supernovae: individual: 2003gm: stars: variables: other: galaxies: individual: NGC 5334, stars: individual: NGC 2403-V37, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2002kg, supernovae: individual: 2003gm, stars: variables: other, galaxies: individual: NGC 5334}, + year = 2006, + month = jun, + volume = 369, + pages = {390-406}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10308.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.369..390M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJ...565.1089S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Tout}, C.~A. and {Hodgkin}, S.~T. + }, + title = "{The Nature of the Progenitor of the Type II-P Supernova 1999em}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0107499}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual (NGC 1637), Stars: Evolution, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1999em)}, + year = 2002, + month = feb, + volume = 565, + pages = {1089-1100}, + doi = {10.1086/324690}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...565.1089S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011MNRAS.417.1417F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Ergon}, M. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Agnoletto}, I. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Campillay}, A. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Maguire}, K. and {Mattila}, S. and + {Maund}, J.~R. and {Salgado}, F. and {Stephens}, A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{SN 2009md: another faint supernova from a low-mass progenitor}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1011.6558}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, stars: massive, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009md, galaxies: individual: NGC 3389}, + year = 2011, + month = oct, + volume = 417, + pages = {1417-1433}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19370.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.417.1417F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005A&A...436.1021K, + author = {{Kotak}, R. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Pignata}, G. and {Stehle}, M. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Benetti}, S. and {Hillebrandt}, W. and + {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Patat}, F. and {Turatto}, M. + }, + title = "{Spectroscopy of the type Ia supernova SN 2002er: Days -11 to +215}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0503339}, + keywords = {stars: supernovae: general, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2002er, methods: observational, techniques: spectroscopic}, + year = 2005, + month = jun, + volume = 436, + pages = {1021-1031}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20052756}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...436.1021K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1997ApJ...489L.157H, + author = {{Hambly}, N.~C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Hodgkin}, S.~T.}, + title = "{WD 0346+246: A Very Low Luminosity, Cool Degenerate in Taurus}", + journal = {\apjl}, + keywords = {GALAXY: STELLAR CONTENT, STARS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: WD 0346+246, STARS: WHITE DWARFS}, + year = 1997, + month = nov, + volume = 489, + pages = {L157}, + doi = {10.1086/316797}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...489L.157H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011MNRAS.416.3138V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Fraser}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and {Pignata}, G. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Inserra}, C. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ergon}, M. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brimacombe}, J. and {Bufano}, F. and {Crockett}, M. and {Eder}, I. and + {Fugazza}, D. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Ivarsen}, K.~M. and {Kankare}, E. and {Kotak}, R. and {Lacluyze}, A.~P. and + {Magill}, L. and {Mattila}, S. and {Maza}, J. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Reichart}, D.~E. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Zampieri}, L.}, + title = "{SN 2009jf: a slow-evolving stripped-envelope core-collapse supernova}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.3030}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009jf, galaxies: individual: NGC 7479}, + year = 2011, + month = oct, + volume = 416, + pages = {3138-3159}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19262.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.416.3138V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...783...10S, + author = {{Sukhbold}, T. and {Woosley}, S.~E.}, + title = "{The Compactness of Presupernova Stellar Cores}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1311.6546}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {convection, nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances, stars: evolution, stars: interiors, stars: neutron, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = mar, + volume = 783, + eid = {10}, + pages = {10}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/10}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...783...10S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436..774E, + author = {{Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and + {Crockett}, R.~M.}, + title = "{The death of massive stars - II. Observational constraints on the progenitors of Type Ibc supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1301.1975}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {binaries: general, stars: evolution, supergiants, supernovae: general, stars: Wolf-Rayet}, + year = 2013, + month = nov, + volume = 436, + pages = {774-795}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1612}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436..774E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...795...44R, + author = {{Rest}, A. and {Scolnic}, D. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Chornock}, R. and {Narayan}, G. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Berger}, E. and + {Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Riess}, A. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Schlafly}, E. and {Rodney}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brout}, D. and {Challis}, P. and {Czekala}, I. and {Drout}, M. and + {Hudson}, M.~J. and {Kotak}, R. and {Leibler}, C. and {Lunnan}, R. and + {Marion}, G.~H. and {McCrum}, M. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Sanders}, N.~E. and {Smith}, K. and {Stafford}, E. and + {Thilker}, D. and {Valenti}, S. and {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and + {Zheng}, Z. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Denneau}, L. and + {Draper}, P.~W. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W. and {Wainscoat}, R. and + {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Cosmological Constraints from Measurements of Type{\nbsp}Ia Supernovae Discovered during the First 1.5{\nbsp}yr of the Pan-STARRS1 Survey}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.3828}, + keywords = {cosmological parameters, cosmology: observations, dark energy, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = nov, + volume = 795, + eid = {44}, + pages = {44}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/795/1/44}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...795...44R}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJ...572L.147S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Vreeswijk}, P.~M. and {Ramirez-Ruiz}, E. and + {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Ferguson}, A.~M.~N. and + {Knapen}, J.~H.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor of the Type Ic Supernova 2002ap}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0205241}, + keywords = {Stars: Binaries: Close, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 628, Gamma Rays: Bursts, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Wolf-Rayet, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 2002ap}, + year = 2002, + month = jun, + volume = 572, + pages = {L147-L151}, + doi = {10.1086/341747}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...572L.147S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...672L..99C, + author = {{Crockett}, R.~M. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Smoker}, J. and {Stephens}, A.~W. and + {Fynbo}, J. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and + {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{The Birth Place of the Type Ic Supernova 2007gr}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0709.2354}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1058, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (2007gr)}, + year = 2008, + month = jan, + volume = 672, + pages = {L99-L102}, + doi = {10.1086/527299}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...672L..99C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007MNRAS.381..835C, + author = {{Crockett}, R.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Maund}, J.~R. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Skillen}, I.}, + title = "{A deeper search for the progenitor of the Type Ic supernova 2002ap}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0706.0500}, + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2002ap, galaxies: individual: M 74}, + year = 2007, + month = oct, + volume = 381, + pages = {835-850}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12283.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.381..835C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.353..571D, + author = {{Darnley}, M.~J. and {Bode}, M.~F. and {Kerins}, E. and {Newsam}, A.~M. and + {An}, J. and {Baillon}, P. and {Novati}, S.~C. and {Carr}, B.~J. and + {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and + {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P. and {Jetzer}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and + {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stalin}, C.~S. and + {Tsapras}, Y.}, + title = "{Classical novae from the POINT-AGAPE microlensing survey of M31 - I. The nova catalogue}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0403447}, + keywords = {novae, cataclysmic variables, galaxies: individual: M31}, + year = 2004, + month = sep, + volume = 353, + pages = {571-588}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08087.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.353..571D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012A&A...537A.132B, + author = {{Botticella}, M.~T. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kennicutt}, R.~C. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Sereno}, M. and {Lee}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A comparison between star formation rate diagnostics and rate of core collapse supernovae within 11 Mpc}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1111.1692}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {stars: massive, supernovae: general, galaxies: star formation}, + year = 2012, + month = jan, + volume = 537, + eid = {A132}, + pages = {A132}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201117343}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...537A.132B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.351.1071A, + author = {{An}, J.~H. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Hewett}, P. and {Baillon}, P. and + {Calchi Novati}, S. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Jetzer}, P. and + {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stalin}, C.~S. and {Tsapras}, Y.}, + title = "{The POINT-AGAPE Survey - I. The variable stars in M31}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0401374}, + keywords = {gravitational lensing: Cepheids: stars: variables: others: galaxies: individual: M31: dark matter}, + year = 2004, + month = jul, + volume = 351, + pages = {1071-1098}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07853.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.351.1071A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001ApJ...556L..29S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Trentham}, N. and + {Tout}, C.~A. and {Frayn}, C.~M.}, + title = "{An Upper Mass Limit for the Progenitor of the Type II-P Supernova SN 1999gi}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0105453}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3184, Stars: Supernovae: General, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1999gi}, + year = 2001, + month = jul, + volume = 556, + pages = {L29-L32}, + doi = {10.1086/322868}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...556L..29S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...770..128I, + author = {{Inserra}, C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Wright}, D. and {Smith}, K. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Nicholl}, M. and {Bresolin}, F. and + {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Ergon}, M. and {Flewelling}, H. and + {Fynbo}, J.~P.~U. and {Geier}, S. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Huber}, M. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Magill}, L. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {McCrum}, M.~G. and {Metcalfe}, N. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Rest}, A. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C. and {Young}, D.}, + title = "{Super-luminous Type Ic Supernovae: Catching a Magnetar by the Tail}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1304.3320}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: magnetars, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PTF10hgi PTF11rks SN 2011ke SN 2011kf SN 2012il}, + year = 2013, + month = jun, + volume = 770, + eid = {128}, + pages = {128}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/128}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...770..128I}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010MNRAS.408..181P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Mattila}, S. and {Kankare}, E. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Duszanowicz}, G. and {Hermansson}, L. and + {Beckman}, J.~E. and {Bufano}, F. and {Fraser}, M. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Navasardyan}, H. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Vink}, J.~S. and {Wagner}, R.~M.}, + title = "{Multiple major outbursts from a restless luminous blue variable in NGC 3432}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1006.0504}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2000ch, galaxies: individual: NGC 3432}, + year = 2010, + month = oct, + volume = 408, + pages = {181-198}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17142.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.408..181P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1967AcA....17..355P, + author = {{Paczy{\'n}ski}, B.}, + title = "{Evolution of Close Binaries. 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The Evolution of Massive Binaries and the Formation of the Wolf-Rayet Stars}", + journal = {\actaa}, + year = 1967, + volume = 17, + pages = {355}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967AcA....17..355P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{1998A&ARv...9...63V, + author = {{Vanbeveren}, D. and {De Loore}, C. and {Van Rensbergen}, W. + }, + title = "{Massive stars}", + journal = {\aapr}, + keywords = {massive singlet stars, massive close binaries, massive star population synthesis}, + year = 1998, + volume = 9, + pages = {63-152}, + doi = {10.1007/s001590050015}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A&ARv...9...63V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2007MNRAS.376L..52E, + author = {{Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Mattila}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{Ruling out a massive asymptotic giant-branch star as the progenitor of supernova 2005cs}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0701152}, + keywords = {stars: AGB and post-AGB, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2005cs, infrared: stars}, + year = 2007, + month = mar, + volume = 376, + pages = {L52-L56}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00285.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.376L..52E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002A&A...391..979S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and + {Rosales}, F. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and {Wright}, N.}, + title = "{The evolutionary status of Sher 25 - implications for blue supergiants and the progenitor of SN 1987A}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0205242}, + keywords = {stars: supernovae, stars: individual (Sher 25), stars: supergiants, stars: abundances, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2002, + month = sep, + volume = 391, + pages = {979-991}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20020829}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&A...391..979S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003A&A...397..285G, + author = {{Garc{\'{\i}}a-Alvarez}, D. and {Foing}, B.~H. and {Montes}, D. and + {Oliveira}, J. and {Doyle}, J.~G. and {Messina}, S. and {Lanza}, A.~F. and + {Rodon{\`o}}, M. and {Abbott}, J. and {Ash}, T.~D.~C. and {Baldry}, I.~K. and + {Bedding}, T.~R. and {Buckley}, D.~A.~H. and {Cami}, J. and + {Cao}, H. and {Catala}, C. and {Cheng}, K.~P. and {Domiciano de Souza}, Jr., A. and + {Donati}, J.-F. and {Hubert}, A.-M. and {Janot-Pacheco}, E. and + {Hao}, J.~X. and {Kaper}, L. and {Kaufer}, A. and {Leister}, N.~V. and + {Neff}, J.~E. and {Neiner}, C. and {Orlando}, S. and {O'Toole}, S.~J. and + {Sch{\"a}fer}, D. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stahl}, O. and {Telting}, J. and + {Tubbesing}, S.}, + title = "{Simultaneous optical and X-ray observations of flares and rotational modulation on the RS CVn binary HR 1099 (V711 Tau) from the MUSICOS 1998 campaign}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0210230}, + keywords = {stars: binaries: spectroscopic, stars: late-type, stars: individual: HR 1099, stars: atmospheres, stars: activity, stars: flare}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 397, + pages = {285-303}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20021481}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A\26A...397..285G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.433.1312F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Inserra}, C. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Childress}, M. and {Mattila}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Turatto}, M. and {Yuan}, F. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and + {Bayliss}, D.~D.~R. and {Bauer}, F.~E. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {F{\"o}rster Bur{\'o}n}, F. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and + {Knapic}, C. and {Le Guillou}, L. and {Marchi}, S. and {Mazzali}, P. and + {Molinaro}, M. and {Moore}, J.~P. and {Reichart}, D. and {Smareglia}, R. and + {Smith}, K.~W. and {Sternberg}, A. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and + {Tucker}, B.~E. and {Valenti}, S. and {Yaron}, O. and {Young}, D.~R. and + {Zhou}, G.}, + title = "{SN 2009ip {\`a} la PESSTO: no evidence for core collapse yet}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.3453}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: massive, stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip}, + year = 2013, + month = aug, + volume = 433, + pages = {1312-1337}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt813}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.433.1312F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...759L..13F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Dall'Ora}, M. and {Inserra}, C. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Ciroi}, S. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Ergon}, M. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Ochner}, P. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Reilly}, E. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Stephens}, A. and {Taddia}, F. and {Valenti}, S. + }, + title = "{Red and Dead: The Progenitor of SN 2012aw in M95}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1204.1523}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M95, supergiants, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2012aw}, + year = 2012, + month = nov, + volume = 759, + eid = {L13}, + pages = {L13}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L13}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...759L..13F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004ApJ...601..845A, + author = {{An}, J.~H. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Kerins}, E. and {Baillon}, P. and + {Calchi Novati}, S. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Jetzer}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Valls-Gabaud}, D. and + {Point-Agape Collaboration}}, + title = "{The Anomaly in the Candidate Microlensing Event PA-99-N2}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0310457}, + keywords = {Cosmology: Dark Matter, Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M31, Cosmology: Gravitational Lensing}, + year = 2004, + month = feb, + volume = 601, + pages = {845-857}, + doi = {10.1086/380820}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...601..845A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013Natur.502..346N, + author = {{Nicholl}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and + {McCrum}, M. and {Kotak}, R. and {Fraser}, M. and {Wright}, D. and + {Chen}, T.-W. and {Smith}, K. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Sim}, S.~A. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Rest}, A. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Tomasella}, L. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Benetti}, S. and {Mattila}, S. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Kangas}, T. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Berger}, E. and {Chornock}, R. and {Narayan}, G. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Lunnan}, R. and {Soderberg}, A. and + {Sanders}, N. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and {Margutti}, R. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Morales-Garoffolo}, A. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Gezari}, S. and + {Urata}, Y. and {Rodney}, S. and {Riess}, A.~G. and {Scolnic}, D. and + {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K. and + {Flewelling}, H.~A. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Kaiser}, N. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Morgan}, J. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Slowly fading super-luminous supernovae that are not pair-instability explosions}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.4446}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + year = 2013, + month = oct, + volume = 502, + pages = {346-349}, + doi = {10.1038/nature12569}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.502..346N}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...714L.280F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor and Early Evolution of the Type II Supernova 2009kr}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.2071}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1832, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009kr}, + year = 2010, + month = may, + volume = 714, + pages = {L280-L284}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/714/2/L280}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...714L.280F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008A&A...479...49B, + author = {{Botticella}, M.~T. and {Riello}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Greggio}, L. and {Patat}, F. and {Valenti}, S. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Pignata}, G. and {Taubenberger}, S.}, + title = "{Supernova rates from the Southern inTermediate Redshift ESO Supernova Search (STRESS)}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0710.3763}, + keywords = {supernovae: general, stars: formation, Galaxy: evolution, Galaxy: stellar content}, + year = 2008, + month = feb, + volume = 479, + pages = {49-66}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20078011}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...479...49B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...717L..52B, + author = {{Botticella}, M.~T. and {Trundle}, C. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Rodney}, S. and {Rest}, A. and {Gezari}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Narayan}, G. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Young}, D. and + {Smith}, K. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Valenti}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Kankare}, E. and {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and + {Riess}, A. and {Neill}, J.~D. and {Forster}, K. and {Martin}, D.~C. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Dombeck}, T. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Grav}, T. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and + {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R. and {Luppino}, G. and + {Lupton}, R.~H. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Monet}, D.~G. and + {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Onaka}, P.~M. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Rhoads}, P.~H. and + {Siegmund}, W.~A. and {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C. and {Waterson}, M.~F. and {Wynn-Williams}, C.~G. + }, + title = "{Supernova 2009kf: An Ultraviolet Bright Type IIP Supernova Discovered with Pan-STARRS 1 and GALEX}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1001.5427}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2009kf}, + year = 2010, + month = jul, + volume = 717, + pages = {L52-L56}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/717/1/L52}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...717L..52B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...688.1210B, + author = {{Bauer}, F.~E. and {Dwarkadas}, V.~V. and {Brandt}, W.~N. and + {Immler}, S. and {Smartt}, S. and {Bartel}, N. and {Bietenholz}, M.~F. + }, + title = "{Supernova 1996cr: SN 1987A's Wild Cousin?}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0804.3597}, + keywords = {Stars: Circumstellar Matter, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1996cr), X-rays: individual (SN 1996cr)}, + year = 2008, + month = dec, + volume = 688, + pages = {1210-1234}, + doi = {10.1086/589761}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...688.1210B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..131P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and + {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Mondol}, P. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. and {Young}, D.~R. + }, + title = "{Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - II. 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first 100 days}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1305.1851}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh, galaxies: clusters: individual: M51}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 562, + eid = {A17}, + pages = {A17}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201321850}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A&A...562A..17E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005MNRAS.357...17B, + author = {{Belokurov}, V. and {An}, J. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Baillon}, P. and {Novati}, S.~C. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Jetzer}, P. and + {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stalin}, C.~S. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Weston}, M.~J. + }, + title = "{The POINT-AGAPE survey - II. 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II. Differential abundance analyses and distance determinations.}", + journal = {\aap}, + keywords = {STARS: ABUNDANCES, STARS: EARLY-TYPE, STARS: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS, GALAXY: ABUNDANCES}, + year = 1996, + month = jun, + volume = 310, + pages = {123-131}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A&A...310..123S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011A&A...530A..45J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A. and {Fransson}, C. and {Kozma}, C.}, + title = "{The $^{44}$Ti-powered spectrum of SN 1987A}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1103.3653}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {line: formation, line: identification, radiative transfer, supernovae: individual: 1987A}, + year = 2011, + month = jun, + volume = 530, + eid = {A45}, + pages = {A45}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201015937}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...530A..45J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2012AAS...21943602J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A.}, + title = "{The Progenitor Masses Of Type IIP Supernovae From Late-time Spectral Modeling}", +booktitle = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts \#219}, + year = 2012, + series = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts}, + volume = 219, + month = jan, + pages = {#436.02}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AAS...21943602J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010MNRAS.408...87M, + author = {{Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Maurer}, I. and {Valenti}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Hunter}, D.}, + title = "{The Type Ic SN 2007gr: a census of the ejecta from late-time optical-infrared spectra}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1006.4259}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {radiation mechanisms: thermal, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2007gr}, + year = 2010, + month = oct, + volume = 408, + pages = {87-96}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17133.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.408...87M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010MNRAS.408..827D, + author = {{Dessart}, L. and {Livne}, E. and {Waldman}, R.}, + title = "{Determining the main-sequence mass of Type II supernova progenitors}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1006.2268}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {hydrodynamics, radiative transfer, stars: atmospheres, stars: supernovae: general}, + year = 2010, + month = oct, + volume = 408, + pages = {827-840}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17190.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.408..827D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014A&A...572L..11G, + author = {{Groh}, J.~H.}, + title = "{Early-time spectra of supernovae and their precursor winds. The luminous blue variable/yellow hypergiant progenitor of SN 2013cu}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1408.5397}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, stars: evolution, supernovae: individual: SN 2013cu, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2014, + month = dec, + volume = 572, + eid = {L11}, + pages = {L11}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201424852}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A&A...572L..11G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2014Natur.509..471G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cao}, Y. and {Yaron}, O. and + {Tal}, D. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Horesh}, A. and {De Cia}, A. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Perley}, D. and {Vreeswijk}, P.~M. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a stellar wind}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1406.7640}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2014, + month = may, + volume = 509, + pages = {471-474}, + doi = {10.1038/nature13304}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.509..471G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@PHDTHESIS{2011PhDT........90J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A.}, + title = "{Spectral modeling of nebular-phase supernovae}", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, + school = {PhD Thesis, University of Stockholm, Faculty of Science, Department of Astronomy (2011).~Advisor: Claes Fransson}, + year = 2011, + month = December, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT........90J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012A&A...546A..28J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A. and {Fransson}, C. and {Maguire}, K. and {Smartt}, S. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Spyromilio}, J.}, + title = "{The progenitor mass of the Type IIP supernova SN 2004et from late-time spectral modeling}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1208.2183}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2004et, line: formation, line: identification, radiative transfer}, + year = 2012, + month = oct, + volume = 546, + eid = {A28}, + pages = {A28}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201219528}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...546A..28J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436..222M, + author = {{Maguire}, K. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Patat}, F. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Hook}, I.~M. and {Dhawan}, S. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Mazzali}, P. and + {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Pan}, Y.-C. and {Podsiadlowski}, P. and + {Simon}, J.~D. and {Sternberg}, A. and {Valenti}, S. and {Baltay}, C. and + {Bersier}, D. and {Blagorodnova}, N. and {Chen}, T.-W. and {Ellman}, N. and + {Feindt}, U. and {F{\"o}rster}, F. and {Fraser}, M. and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Gait{\'a}n}, S. and + {Graham}, M.~L. and {Guti{\'e}rrez}, C. and {Hachinger}, S. and + {Hadjiyska}, E. and {Inserra}, C. and {Knapic}, C. and {Laher}, R.~R. and + {Leloudas}, G. and {Margheim}, S. and {McKinnon}, R. and {Molinaro}, M. and + {Morrell}, N. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Rabinowitz}, D. and {Rest}, A. and + {Sand}, D. and {Smareglia}, R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Taddia}, F. and + {Walker}, E.~S. and {Walton}, N.~A. and {Young}, D.~R.}, + title = "{A statistical analysis of circumstellar material in Type Ia supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.3899}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, supernovae: general, distance scale}, + year = 2013, + month = nov, + volume = 436, + pages = {222-240}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1586}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436..222M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.434.1636T, + author = {{Tomasella}, L. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Fraser}, M. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and + {Dennefeld}, M. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Iijima}, T. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Kotak}, R. and {Magill}, L. and {Nascimbeni}, V. and + {Ochner}, P. and {Siviero}, A. and {Smartt}, S. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Stanishev}, V. and {Taddia}, F. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Valenti}, S. and {Wright}, D.~E. and {Zampieri}, L. + }, + title = "{Comparison of progenitor mass estimates for the Type IIP SN 2012A}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1305.5789}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012A, galaxies: individual: NGC 3239}, + year = 2013, + month = sep, + volume = 434, + pages = {1636-1657}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1130}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434.1636T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...771...97L, + author = {{Lunnan}, R. and {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and + {Drout}, M. and {Sanders}, N.~E. and {Challis}, P.~M. and {Czekala}, I. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Fong}, W. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Leibler}, C. and {Marion}, G.~H. and {McCrum}, M. and {Narayan}, G. and + {Rest}, A. and {Roth}, K.~C. and {Scolnic}, D. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Smith}, K. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Price}, P.~A.}, + title = "{PS1-10bzj: A Fast, Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernova in a Metal-poor Host Galaxy}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.1531}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-10bzj }, + year = 2013, + month = jul, + volume = 771, + eid = {97}, + pages = {97}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/771/2/97}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...771...97L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...770...29C, + author = {{Childress}, M.~J. and {Scalzo}, R.~A. and {Sim}, S.~A. and + {Tucker}, B.~E. and {Yuan}, F. and {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Contreras}, C. and {Hsiao}, E.~Y. and + {Phillips}, M. and {Morrell}, N. and {Jha}, S.~W. and {McCully}, C. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Bufano}, F. and {de Jaeger}, T. and {Forster}, F. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Le Guillou}, L. and {Maguire}, K. and {Maund}, J. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Smartt}, S. and {Spyromilio}, J. and {Sullivan}, M. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Valenti}, S. and {Bayliss}, D.~D.~R. and {Bessell}, M. and + {Blanc}, G.~A. and {Carson}, D.~J. and {Clubb}, K.~I. and {de Burgh-Day}, C. and + {Desjardins}, T.~D. and {Fang}, J.~J. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Gates}, E.~L. and + {Ho}, I.-T. and {Keller}, S. and {Kelly}, P.~L. and {Lidman}, C. and + {Loaring}, N.~S. and {Mould}, J.~R. and {Owers}, M. and {Ozbilgen}, S. and + {Pei}, L. and {Pickering}, T. and {Pracy}, M.~B. and {Rich}, J.~A. and + {Schaefer}, B.~E. and {Scott}, N. and {Stritzinger}, M. and + {Vogt}, F.~P.~A. and {Zhou}, G.}, + title = "{Spectroscopic Observations of SN 2012fr: A Luminous, Normal Type Ia Supernova with Early High-velocity Features and a Late Velocity Plateau}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.2926}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1365, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012fr}, + year = 2013, + month = jun, + volume = 770, + eid = {29}, + pages = {29}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/29}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...770...29C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...731L..11N, + author = {{Narayan}, G. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Berger}, E. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Chornock}, R. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Rest}, A. and {Scolnic}, D. and + {Smartt}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Flewelling}, H.~A. and {Gates}, G. and + {Grav}, T. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Riess}, A.~G. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and + {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C. and {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M.}, + title = "{Displaying the Heterogeneity of the SN 2002cx-like Subclass of Type Ia Supernovae with Observations of the Pan-STARRS-1 Discovered SN 2009ku}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1008.4353}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ku}, + year = 2011, + month = apr, + volume = 731, + eid = {L11}, + pages = {L11}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/731/1/L11}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...731L..11N}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011MNRAS.410.2767C, + author = {{Crockett}, R.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Stephens}, A.~W. and {Maund}, J.~R. and + {Mattila}, S.}, + title = "{On the nature of the progenitors of three Type II-P supernovae: 2004et, 2006my and 2006ov}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.3302}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2004et, supernovae: individual: SN 2006my, supernovae: individual: SN 2006ov}, + year = 2011, + month = feb, + volume = 410, + pages = {2767-2786}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17652.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.410.2767C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...749L..28V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Aramyan}, L. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Fraser}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Magill}, L. and {Magnier}, E. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Wright}, D.~E.}, + title = "{A Spectroscopically Normal Type Ic Supernova from a Very Massive Progenitor}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1203.1933}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011bm}, + year = 2012, + month = apr, + volume = 749, + eid = {L28}, + pages = {L28}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/749/2/L28}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...749L..28V}, + adsnote = 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{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Kotak}, R. and {McCrum}, M. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Valenti}, S.}, + title = "{The Host Galaxy of the Super-luminous SN 2010gx and Limits on Explosive $^{56}$Ni Production}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.4027}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2010gx}, + year = 2013, + month = feb, + volume = 763, + eid = {L28}, + pages = {L28}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L28}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...763L..28C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJ...580..213B, + author = {{Bresolin}, F. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Herrero}, A. and {Urbaneja}, M.~A. and + {Puls}, J.}, + title = "{Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Early B Supergiants in M31}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0207326}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M31, Galaxies: Stellar Content, Stars: Atmospheres, Stars: Early-Type, Stars: Winds, Outflows, Stars: Supergiants}, + year = 2002, + month = nov, + volume = 580, + pages = {213-224}, + doi = {10.1086/343072}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...580..213B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.437.1519V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Yuan}, F. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Bildsten}, L. and {Moore}, K. and {Stritzinger}, M. and + {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Benitez-Herrera}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and + {Gonzalez-Gaitan}, S. and {McCrum}, M.~G. and {Pignata}, G. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Le Guillou}, L. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Reichart}, D.~E. and {Scalzo}, R. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Yaron}, O. and + {Young}, D.~R.}, + title = "{PESSTO monitoring of SN 2012hn: further heterogeneity among faint Type I supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.2983}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2012hn}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {1519-1533}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1983}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437.1519V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.437..656M, + author = {{McCrum}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kotak}, R. and {Rest}, A. and + {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and {Rodney}, S.~A. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Smith}, K. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and + {Nicholl}, M. and {Riess}, A.~G. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and {Wright}, D. and {Young}, D.~R. and + {Drout}, M. and {Czekala}, I. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Draper}, P. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{The superluminous supernova PS1-11ap: bridging the gap between low and high redshift}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.4417}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-11ap}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {656-674}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1923}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437..656M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...720L..77G, + author = {{Gezari}, S. and {Rest}, A. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Narayan}, G. and + {Forster}, 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+archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.6336}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {black hole physics, galaxies: star clusters: general, X-rays: binaries}, + year = 2011, + month = nov, + volume = 418, + pages = {L124-L128}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01157.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.418L.124V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.388.1127H, + author = {{Hendry}, M.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Skillman}, E.~D. and + {Evans}, C.~J. and {Trundle}, C. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Crowther}, P.~A. and + {Hunter}, I.}, + title = "{The blue supergiant Sher 25 and its intriguing hourglass nebula}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0803.4262}, + keywords = {stars: abundances , stars: evolution , stars: individual: Sher25 , supergiants}, + year = 2008, + month = aug, + volume = 388, + pages = {1127-1142}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13347.x}, + adsurl = 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2012ec}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1410.8394}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {line: formation, nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012ec}, + year = 2015, + month = apr, + volume = 448, + pages = {2482-2494}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv087}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.448.2482J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.439.3694J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Fransson}, C. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Taddia}, F. and {Kotak}, R.}, + title = "{The nebular spectra of SN 2012aw and constraints on stellar nucleosynthesis from oxygen emission lines}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1311.2031}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {radiative transfer - stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: indi-vidual: SN 2012aw}, + year = 2014, + month = apr, + volume = 439, + pages = {3694-3703}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu221}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.439.3694J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...779L...8F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Magee}, M. and {Kotak}, R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Smith}, K.~W. and {Polshaw}, J. and {Drake}, A.~J. and {Boles}, T. and + {Lee}, C.-H. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Draper}, P.~W. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Detection of an Outburst One Year Prior to the Explosion of SN 2011ht}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1309.4695}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: UGC 5460, stars: massive, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2011ht}, + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 779, + eid = {L8}, + pages = {L8}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/779/1/L8}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...779L...8F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438L.101V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Sand}, D. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Graham}, M.~L. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Parrent}, J.~T. and {Tomasella}, L. and + {Ochner}, P. and {Fraser}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and {Yuan}, F. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Young}, D.}, + title = "{The first month of evolution of the slow-rising Type IIP SN 2013ej in M74$^{☠+}$}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1309.4269}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae individual: SN 2013ej}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 438, + pages = {L101-L105}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt171}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438L.101V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009A&A...504..211H, + author = {{Hunter}, I. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Sim{\'o}n-D{\'{\i}}az}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Evans}, C.~J.}, + title = "{Erratum: The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: atmospheric parameters and rotational velocity distributions for B-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds}", + journal = {\aap}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: rotation, stars: evolution, errata, addenda}, + year = 2009, + month = sep, + volume = 504, + pages = {211-211}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/20078511e}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A&A...504..211H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2009Natur.462..624G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Chornock}, R. and + {Waldman}, R. and {Kasen}, D. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Beshore}, E.~C. and + {Drake}, A.~J. and {Thomas}, R.~C. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Poznanski}, D. and + {Miller}, A.~A. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Ellis}, R.~S. and {Deng}, J.}, + title = "{Supernova 2007bi as a pair-instability explosion}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1001.1156}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + year = 2009, + month = dec, + volume = 462, + pages = {624-627}, + doi = {10.1038/nature08579}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.462..624G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009Natur.458..865G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Leonard}, D.~C.}, + title = "{A massive hypergiant star as the progenitor of the supernova SN 2005gl}", + journal = {\nat}, + year = 2009, + month = apr, + volume = 458, + pages = {865-867}, + doi = {10.1038/nature07934}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.458..865G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012Sci...337..927G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A.}, + title = "{Luminous Supernovae}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1208.3217}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + year = 2012, + month = aug, + volume = 337, + pages = {927-}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1203601}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..927G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...736..159G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Green}, Y. and + {Yaron}, O. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Xu}, D. and {Sternberg}, A. and + {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and + {Walters}, R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Poznanski}, D. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Walker}, E.~S. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Maguire}, K. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Frail}, D.~A. and {Bersier}, D. and {James}, P.~A. and + {Akerlof}, C.~W. and {Yuan}, F. and {Law}, N. and {Fox}, D.~B. and + {Gehrels}, N.}, + title = "{Real-time Detection and Rapid Multiwavelength Follow-up Observations of a Highly Subluminous Type II-P Supernova from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.0400}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PTF10vdl}, + year = 2011, + month = aug, + volume = 736, + eid = {159}, + pages = {159}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/159}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...736..159G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014Natur.509..471G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cao}, Y. and {Yaron}, O. and + {Tal}, D. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Horesh}, A. and {De Cia}, A. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Perley}, D. and {Vreeswijk}, P.~M. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a stellar wind}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1406.7640}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2014, + month = may, + volume = 509, + pages = {471-474}, + doi = {10.1038/nature13304}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.509..471G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438..368T, + author = {{Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Pignata}, G. and {Paillas}, E. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Vink{\'o}}, J. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Botticella}, M.-T. and {Bufano}, F. and {Campillay}, A. and + {Cartier}, R. and {Ergon}, M. and {Folatelli}, G. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {F{\"o}rster}, F. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Hentunen}, V.-P. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Morrell}, N. and {Nissinen}, M. and + {Phillips}, M.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stritzinger}, M. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Haislip}, J.~B. and {LaCluyze}, A.~P. and {Moore}, J.~P. and + {Reichart}, D.}, + title = "{SN 2009N: linking normal and subluminous Type II-P SNe}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1311.2525}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2008in, supernovae: individual: SN 2009N, galaxies: individual: NGC 4487}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 438, + pages = {368-387}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt2203}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438..368T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.437L..51I, + author = {{Inserra}, C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Scalzo}, R. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Childress}, M. and {Pignata}, G. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Benetti}, S. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Mazzali}, P. and {Smith}, K. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Yaron}, O. and {Young}, D. and {Reichart}, D.}, + title = "{SN2012ca: a stripped envelope core-collapse SN interacting with dense circumstellar medium}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1307.1791}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2012ca}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {L51-L55}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt138}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437L..51I}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.431L.102M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Fraser}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Barbarino}, C. and {Childress}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Reichart}, D. and {Schmidt}, B. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Valenti}, S. and {Yaron}, O. + }, + title = "{Supernova 2012ec: identification of the progenitor and early monitoring with PESSTO}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.0170}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2012ec, galaxies: individual: NGC 1084}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 431, + pages = {L102-L106}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt017}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.431L.102M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.444.2096N, + author = {{Nicholl}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Baltay}, C. and {Benetti}, S. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Feindt}, U. and {Fraser}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Hadjiyska}, E. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Kotak}, R. and {Lawrence}, A. and + {Leloudas}, G. and {Margheim}, S. and {Mattila}, S. and {McCrum}, M. and + {McKinnon}, R. and {Mead}, A. and {Nugent}, P. and {Rabinowitz}, D. and + {Rest}, A. and {Smith}, K.~W. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Sullivan}, M. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Valenti}, S. and {Walker}, E.~S. and {Young}, D.~R. + }, + title = "{Superluminous supernovae from PESSTO}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1405.1325}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: LSQ12dlf, supernovae: individual: SN 2013dg, supernovae: individual: SSS120810:231802-560926}, + year = 2014, + month = nov, + volume = 444, + pages = {2096-2113}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu1579}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.444.2096N}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...787..139D, + author = {{Dall'Ora}, M. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Pignata}, G. and {Bayless}, A.~J. and + {Pritchard}, T.~A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Benitez}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Hsiao}, E.~Y. and {Iijima}, T. and {Kankare}, E. and + {Kuin}, P. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Morales-Garoffolo}, A. and + {Morrell}, N. and {Munari}, U. and {Ochner}, P. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Patat}, F. and {Phillips}, M.~M. and {Reichart}, D. and {Roming}, P.~W.~A. and + {Siviero}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Taddia}, F. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Wright}, D.}, + title = "{The Type IIP Supernova 2012aw in M95: Hydrodynamical Modeling of the Photospheric Phase from Accurate Spectrophotometric Monitoring}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1404.1294}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M95, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2012aw}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + volume = 787, + eid = {139}, + pages = {139}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/139}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...787..139D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.439.2873S, + author = {{Spiro}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Agnoletto}, I. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Aoki}, T. and + {Brocato}, E. and {Corsini}, E.~M. and {Di Cianno}, A. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Hamuy}, M. and {Enya}, K. and {Fiaschi}, M. and {Folatelli}, G. and + {Desidera}, S. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Kawka}, A. and {Kobayashi}, Y. and {Leibundgut}, B. and {Minezaki}, T. and + {Navasardyan}, H. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Mattila}, S. and {Pietrinferni}, A. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Raimondo}, G. and {Salvo}, M. and {Schmidt}, B.~P. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Spyromilio}, J. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Valentini}, G. and {Vennes}, S. and {Yoshii}, Y.}, + title = "{Low luminosity Type II supernovae - II. Pointing towards moderate mass precursors}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1401.5426}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 1999gn, supernovae: individual: SN 2002gd, supernovae: individual: SN 2003Z, supernovae: individual: SN 2004eg, supernovae: individual: SN 2006ov}, + year = 2014, + month = apr, + volume = 439, + pages = {2873-2892}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu156}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.439.2873S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.439L..56F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Lawrence}, A. and {Bruce}, A. and {Valenti}, S. and {Yuan}, F. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Chen}, T.-W. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Young}, D.~R.}, + title = "{On the progenitor of the Type IIP SN 2013ej in M74}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1309.4268}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {stars: massive, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2013ej, galaxies: individual: NGC 628}, + year = 2014, + month = mar, + volume = 439, + pages = {L56-L60}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt179}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.439L..56F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003ApJ...598..993K, + author = {{Kerins}, E. and {An}, J. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Baillon}, P. and + {Carr}, B.~J. and {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and + {Hewett}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Valls-Gabaud}, D. and + {Point-Agape Collaboration}}, + title = "{Theory of Pixel Lensing toward M31. 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The Velocity Anisotropy and Flattening of the MACHO Distribution}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0307284}, + keywords = {Cosmology: Dark Matter, Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M31, Cosmology: Gravitational Lensing}, + year = 2003, + month = dec, + volume = 598, + pages = {993-999}, + doi = {10.1086/379060}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...598..993K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1997ApJ...490..267R, + author = {{Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Keenan}, F.~P. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Sembach}, K.~R. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Venn}, K.~A.}, + title = "{LS 4825: A Blue Supergiant on the Far Side of the Galaxy}", + journal = {\apj}, + keywords = {Galaxy: Kinematics and Dynamics, ISM: Kinematics and Dynamics, Stars: Abundances, Stars: Early-Type, Stars: Individual: Alphanumeric: LS 4825}, + year = 1997, + month = nov, + volume = 490, + pages = {267-272}, + adsurl = 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{Chambers}, K.~C. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and + {Price}, P.~A.}, + title = "{PS1-12sk is a Peculiar Supernova from a He-rich Progenitor System in a Brightest Cluster Galaxy Environment}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.1818}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: star formation, stars: winds, outflows, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-12sk}, + year = 2013, + month = may, + volume = 769, + eid = {39}, + pages = {39}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/769/1/39}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...769...39S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004A&A...419..713M, + author = {{Munn}, K.~E. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Hambly}, N.~C. + }, + title = "{A chemical analysis of five hot stars towards the Galactic centre}", + journal = {\aap}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: abundances, Galaxy: evolution, Galaxy: center, Galaxy: abundances}, + year = 2004, + month = may, + volume = 419, + pages = {713-723}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20034560}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A&A...419..713M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.431.2050M, + author = {{Mattila}, S. and {Fraser}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and + {Romero-Ca{\~n}izales}, C. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Stephens}, A. + }, + title = "{Supernovae and radio transients in M82}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.1889}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2004am, supernovae: individual: SN 2008iz, galaxies: individual: M82, galaxies: starburst, infrared: galaxies}, + year = 2013, + month = may, + volume = 431, + pages = {2050-2062}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt202}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.431.2050M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011A&A...536A..65D, + author = {{Dunstall}, P.~R. and {Brott}, I. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Evans}, C.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Hunter}, I.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: Nitrogen abundances for Be-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.6661}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: emission-line, Be, stars: rotation}, + year = 2011, + month = dec, + volume = 536, + eid = {A65}, + pages = {A65}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201117588}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...536A..65D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009A&A...500.1013P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Martin}, R. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Mattila}, S. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Ryder}, S.~D. and + {Salvo}, M. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{SN 1999ga: a low-luminosity linear type II supernova?}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0904.0637}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: supernovae: general, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1999ga, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1979C, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1980K, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1990K}, + year = 2009, + month = jun, + volume = 500, + pages = {1013-1023}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200911993}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A&A...500.1013P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.445...30S, + author = {{Scalzo}, R.~A. and {Childress}, M. and {Tucker}, B. and {Yuan}, F. and + {Schmidt}, B. and {Brown}, P.~J. and {Contreras}, C. and {Morrell}, N. and + {Hsiao}, E. and {Burns}, C. and 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+archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.1573}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {novae, cataclysmic variables, supernovae: individual: SN 2010U, X-rays: stars}, + year = 2013, + month = mar, + volume = 765, + eid = {57}, + pages = {57}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/765/1/57}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...765...57C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011A&A...530C...1H, + author = {{Hunter}, I. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Sim{\'o}n-D{\'{\i}}az}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Evans}, C.~J.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: atmospheric parameters and rotational velocity distributions for B-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds (Corrigendum)}", + journal = {\aap}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: rotation, stars: evolution, galaxies: Magellanic Clouds, errata, addenda}, + year = 2011, + month = jun, + 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supernovae: individual: 2012hn}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {1519-1533}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1983}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437.1519V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.437L..51I, + author = {{Inserra}, C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Scalzo}, R. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Childress}, M. and {Pignata}, G. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Benetti}, S. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Mazzali}, P. and {Smith}, K. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Yaron}, O. and {Young}, D. and {Reichart}, D.}, + title = "{SN2012ca: a stripped envelope core-collapse SN interacting with dense circumstellar medium}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1307.1791}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2012ca}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {L51-L55}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt138}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437L..51I}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438L.101V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Sand}, D. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Graham}, M.~L. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Parrent}, J.~T. and {Tomasella}, L. and + {Ochner}, P. and {Fraser}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and {Yuan}, F. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Young}, D.}, + title = "{The first month of evolution of the slow-rising Type IIP SN 2013ej in M74$^{☠+}$}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1309.4269}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae individual: SN 2013ej}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 438, + pages = {L101-L105}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt171}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438L.101V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.441..289B, + author = {{Benetti}, S. and {Nicholl}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Drake}, A.~J. and + {Tomasella}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Hachinger}, S. and {Morales-Garoffolo}, A. and + {Chen}, T.-W. and {Djorgovski}, S.~G. and {Fraser}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Dennefeld}, M. and {Le Guillou}, L. and + {Fleury}, M. and {L{\'e}get}, P.-F.}, + title = "{The supernova CSS121015:004244+132827: a clue for understanding superluminous supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.1311}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: CSS121015:004244+132827}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + volume = 441, + pages = {289-303}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu538}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.441..289B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2012ATel.4495....1W, + author = {{Wyrzykowski}, L. and {Udalski}, A. and {Kozlowski}, S.}, + title = "{18 supernovae candidates detected by the OGLE-IV survey}", + journal = {The Astronomer's Telegram}, + keywords = {Optical, Supernovae, Transient}, + year = 2012, + month = oct, + volume = 4495, + pages = {1}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ATel.4495....1W}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013AcA....63....1K, + author = {{Koz{\l}owski}, S. and {Udalski}, A. and {Wyrzykowski}, {\L}. and + {Poleski}, R. and {Pietrukowicz}, P. and {Skowron}, J. and {Szyma{\'n}ski}, M.~K. and + {Kubiak}, M. and {Pietrzy{\'n}ski}, G. and {Soszy{\'n}ski}, I. and + {Ulaczyk}, K.}, + title = "{Supernovae and Other Transients in the OGLE-IV Magellanic Bridge Data}", + journal = 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2010, + eid = {349171}, + doi = {10.1155/2010/349171}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AdAst2010E..30L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014Natur.509..471G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cao}, Y. and {Yaron}, O. and + {Tal}, D. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Horesh}, A. and {De Cia}, A. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Perley}, D. and {Vreeswijk}, P.~M. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a stellar wind}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1406.7640}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2014, + month = may, + volume = 509, + pages = {471-474}, + doi = {10.1038/nature13304}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.509..471G}, + adsnote = 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outburst at the birth of a supernova}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0802.1712}, + year = 2008, + month = may, + volume = 453, + pages = {469-474}, + doi = {10.1038/nature06997}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.453..469S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...775L...7C, + author = {{Cao}, Y. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Horesh}, A. and + {Hancock}, P. and {Valenti}, S. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Gorbikov}, E. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Sand}, D. and + {Yaron}, O. and {Graham}, M. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. and + {Marion}, G.~H. and {Walker}, E.~S. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Li}, K.~L. and {Kong}, A.~K.~H. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and + {Surace}, J. and {Masci}, F. and {Carpenter}, J. and {Degenaar}, N. and + {Gelino}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Discovery, Progenitor and Early Evolution of a 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+ author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor of the Type II-Plateau Supernova 2003gd in M74}", + journal = {\pasp}, + year = 2003, + month = nov, + volume = 115, + pages = {1289-1295}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003PASP..115.1289V&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2003IAUC.8150....2E, + author = {{Evans}, R. and {McNaught}, R.~H.}, + title = "{Supernova 2003gd in M74}", + journal = {\iauc}, + year = 2003, + month = jun, + volume = 8150, + pages = {2-+}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003IAUC.8150....2E&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003IAUC.8150....3G, + author = {{Garnavich}, P. and {Bass}, E.}, + title = "{Supernova 2003gd in M74}", + journal = {\iauc}, + year = 2003, + volume = 8150, + month = jun, + pages = {3-+}, + adsurl = 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S. and {Mould}, J.~R. and {Kennicutt}, R.~C. and {et al.}}, + title = "{Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2001, + month = may, + volume = 553, + pages = {47-72}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001ApJ...553...47F&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003ApJ...594....1T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Barris}, B. and {Candia}, P. and {Challis}, P. and {Clocchiatti}, A. and {Coil}, A.~L. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {\rm et al.}}, + title = "{Cosmological Results from High-z Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2003, + month = sep, + volume = 594, + pages = {1-24}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003ApJ...594....1T&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999ApJ...517..565P, + author = {{Perlmutter}, S. and {Aldering}, G. and {Goldhaber}, G. and + {Knop}, R.~A. and {Nugent}, P. and {Castro}, P.~G. and {Deustua}, S. and + {Fabbro}, S. and {et al.}}, + title = "{Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 1999, + month = jun, + volume = 517, + pages = {565-586}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1999ApJ...517..565P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{astro-ph/0310057, + author = {{Zampieri}, L. and {Ramina}, M. and {Pastorello}, A.}, + title = "{Understanding Type II Supernovae, astro-ph/0310057}", + booktitle = {Supernovae (10 Years of 1993J), Marcaide J. M., Weiler K. W., eds, Proc. IAU Coll. 192, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, in press,}, + year = 2004, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004mmu..sympE...2H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{astro-ph/0309122, + author = {{Hamuy}, M.}, + title = "{The Standard Candle Method for Type II Supernovae and the Hubble Constant, astro-ph/0309122}", + booktitle = {Supernovae (10 Years of 1993J), Marcaide J. M., Weiler K. W., eds, Proc. IAU Coll. 192, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, in press,}, + year = 2004, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004mmu..sympE...2H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001ApJ...558..615H, + author = {{Hamuy}, M. and {Pinto}, P.~A. and {Maza}, J. and {Suntzeff}, N.~B. and + {Phillips}, M.~M. and {Eastman}, R.~G. and {Smith}, R.~C. and + {Corbally}, C.~J. and {et al.}}, + title = "{The Distance to SN 1999em from the Expanding Photosphere Method}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2001, + month = sep, + volume = 558, + pages = {615-642}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001ApJ...558..615H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003ApJ...582..905H, + author = {{Hamuy}, M.}, + title = "{Observed and Physical Properties of Core-Collapse Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 582, + pages = {905-914}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003ApJ...582..905H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1992ApJ...395..366S, + author = {{Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Eastman}, R.~G.}, + title = "{Expanding photospheres of type II supernovae and the extragalactic distance scale}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 1992, + month = aug, + volume = 395, + pages = {366-386}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1992ApJ...395..366S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1996ApJ...466..911E, + author = {{Eastman}, R.~G. and {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Kirshner}, R.}, + title = "{The Atmospheres of Type II Supernovae and the Expanding Photosphere Method}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 1996, + month = aug, + volume = 466, + pages = {911-+}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1996ApJ...466..911E&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000ApJ...545..444B, + author = {{Baron}, E. and {Branch}, D. and {Hauschildt}, P.~H. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Challis}, P.~M. and {Jha}, S. and {Chevalier}, R. and {et al.}}, + title = "{Preliminary Spectral Analysis of the Type II Supernova 1999EM}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2000, + month = dec, + volume = 545, + pages = {444-448}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000ApJ...545..444B&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1989ApJ...345..245C, + author = {{Cardelli}, J.~A. and {Clayton}, G.~C. and {Mathis}, J.~S.}, + title = "{The relationship between infrared, optical, and ultraviolet extinction}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 1989, + month = oct, + volume = 345, + pages = {245-256}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1989ApJ...345..245C&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002PASP..114...35L, + author = {{Leonard}, D.~C. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Gates}, E.~L. and + {Li}, W. and {Eastman}, R.~G. and {Barth}, A.~J. and {Bus}, S.~J. and + {Chornock}, R. and {et al.}}, + title = "{The Distance to SN 1999em in NGC 1637 from the Expanding Photosphere Method}", + journal = {\pasp}, + year = 2002, + month = jan, + volume = 114, + pages = {35-64}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002PASP..114...35L&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002AJ....124.2490L, + author = {{Leonard}, D.~C. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W. and {Matheson}, T. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Chornock}, R. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Berlind}, P. and {et al.}}, + title = "{A Study of the Type II-Plateau Supernova 1999gi and the Distance to its Host Galaxy, NGC 3184}", + journal = {\aj}, + year = 2002, + month = nov, + volume = 124, + pages = {2490-2505}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002AJ....124.2490L&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001PhDTHamuy, + author = {{Hamuy}, M.}, + title = "{Type II Supernovae as Distance Indicators}", + journal = {Ph.D.~Thesis}, + year = 2001 +} + +@ARTICLE{2002GCN..1242....1H, + author = {{Henden}, A.}, + title = "{SN2002ap (SN/GRB?) 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ISBN: 0387987460}, + year = 2000, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000asqu.book.....C&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1996AJ....111.2280S, + author = {{Sohn}, Y. and {Davidge}, T.~J.}, + title = "{Multicolor CCD Photometry of Supergiants in the Disk of NGC 628}", + journal = {\aj}, + year = 1996, + month = jun, + volume = 111, + pages = {2280-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1996AJ....111.2280S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1996A&AS..119..499S, + author = {{Sharina}, M.~E. and {Karachentsev}, I.~D. and {Tikhonov}, N.~A. + }, + title = "{Photometric distances to NGC 628 and its four companions.}", + journal = {\aaps}, + year = 1996, + month = nov, + volume = 119, + pages = {499-507}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1996A&AS..119..499S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1994MNRAS.271..530R, + author = {{Rozanski}, R. and {Rowan-Robinson}, M.}, + title = "{The Accuracy of the Brightest Stars in Galaxies as Distance Indicators}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 1994, + month = dec, + volume = 271, + pages = {530-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1994MNRAS.271..530R&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1998AJ....115..130S, + author = {{Sohn}, Y. and {Davidge}, T.~J.}, + title = "{VRI CCD photometry of supergiant stars in the barred galaxies NGC 925 and NGC 1637}", + journal = {\aj}, + year = 1998, + month = jan, + volume = 115, + pages = {130-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1998AJ....115..130S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1998ApJ...500..525S, + author = {{Schlegel}, D.~J. and {Finkbeiner}, D.~P. and {Davis}, M.}, + title = "{Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 1998, + month = jun, + volume = 500, + pages = {525-+}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1998ApJ...500..525S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1984A&A...132...20S, + author = {{Shostak}, G.~S. and {van der Kruit}, P.~C.}, + title = "{Studies of nearly face-on spiral galaxies. 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I. Chemical Abundances of H II Regions}", + journal = {\aj}, + year = 1998, + month = aug, + volume = 116, + pages = {673-690}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1998AJ....116..673F&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@BOOK{1988ngc..book.....T, + author = {{Tully}, R.~B.}, + title = "{Nearby galaxies catalog}", + publisher = {Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 1988, 221 p.}, + year = 1988, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988ngc..book.....T&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1998A&AS..130..333T, + author = {{Theureau}, G. and {Bottinelli}, L. and {Coudreau-Durand}, N. and + {Gouguenheim}, L. and {Hallet}, N. and {Loulergue}, M. and {Paturel}, G. and + {Teerikorpi}, P.}, + title = "{Kinematics of the local universe. VII. New 21-cm line measurements of 2112 galaxies}", + journal = {\aaps}, + year = 1998, + month = jun, + volume = 130, + pages = {333-339}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1998A&AS..130..333T&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000ApJ...530..625T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Blakeslee}, J.~P. and {Ajhar}, E.~A. and + {Dressler}, A.}, + title = "{The Surface Brightness Fluctuation Survey of Galaxy Distances. II. Local and Large-Scale Flows}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2000, + month = feb, + volume = 530, + pages = {625-651}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000ApJ...530..625T&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1994A&A...286..718K, + author = {{Karachentsev}, I.~D. and {Tikhonov}, N.~A.}, + title = "{New photometric distances for dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume}", + journal = {\aap}, + year = 1994, + month = jun, + volume = 286, + pages = {718-724}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1994A&A...286..718K&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1992MmSAI..63..465P, + author = {{Piotto}, G. and {Capaccioli}, M. and {Bresolin}, F.}, + title = "{On the distances of nearby galaxies}", + journal = {Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana}, + year = 1992, + volume = 63, + pages = {465-478}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1992MmSAI..63..465P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1998ApJ...498L.129T, + author = {{Turatto}, M. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Young}, T.~R. and {Nomoto}, K. and + {Iwamoto}, K. and {Benetti}, S. and {Cappallaro}, E. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and {et al.}}, + title = "{The Peculiar Type II Supernova 1997D: A Case for a Very Low 56Ni Mass}", + journal = {\apjl}, + year = 1998, + month = may, + volume = 498, + pages = {L129+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1998ApJ...498L.129T&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005PASP..117..773V, + author = {{van den Bergh}, S. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{Classifications of the Host Galaxies of Supernovae, Set III}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0504668}, + year = 2005, + month = aug, + volume = 117, + pages = {773-782}, + doi = {10.1086/431435}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005PASP..117..773V&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1994ApJ...430...53P, + author = {{Pierce}, M.~J.}, + title = "{Luminosity-line-width relations and the extragalactic distance scale. 2: A comparison with Types IA and II supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 1994, + month = jul, + volume = 430, + pages = {53-62}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1994ApJ...430...53P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1979ApJ...227..729D, + author = {{de Vaucouleurs}, G.}, + title = "{The extragalactic distance scale. VI - Distances of 458 spiral galaxies from tertiary indicators}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 1979, + month = feb, + volume = 227, + pages = {729-755}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1979ApJ...227..729D&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2004Sci...303..499S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Hendry}, M.~A. and {Tout}, C.~A. and + {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Mattila}, S. and {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Detection of a Red Supergiant Progenitor Star of a Type II-Plateau Supernova}", + journal = {Science}, + year = 2004, + month = jan, + volume = 303, + pages = {499-503}, + adsurl = {http://esoads.eso.org/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004Sci...303..499S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...645.1102L, + author = {{Levesque}, E.~M. and {Massey}, P. and {Olsen}, K.~A.~G. and + {Plez}, B. and {Meynet}, G. and {Maeder}, A.}, + title = "{The Effective Temperatures and Physical Properties of Magellanic Cloud Red Supergiants: The Effects of Metallicity}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603596}, + keywords = {ISM: Dust, Extinction, Stars: Atmospheres, Stars: Fundamental Parameters, Stars: Late-Type, Stars: Supergiants}, + year = 2006, + month = jul, + volume = 645, + pages = {1102-1117}, + doi = {10.1086/504417}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...645.1102L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJ...667..202L, + author = {{Levesque}, E.~M. and {Massey}, P. and {Olsen}, K.~A.~G. and + {Plez}, B.}, + title = "{Late-Type Red Supergiants: Too Cool for the Magellanic Clouds?}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0705.3431}, + keywords = {Stars: Evolution, Stars: Late-Type, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Supergiants}, + year = 2007, + month = sep, + volume = 667, + pages = {202-212}, + doi = {10.1086/520797}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...667..202L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005ApJ...628..973L, + author = {{Levesque}, E.~M. and {Massey}, P. and {Olsen}, K.~A.~G. and + {Plez}, B. and {Josselin}, E. and {Maeder}, A. and {Meynet}, G. + }, + title = "{The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not As Cool As We Thought}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0504337}, + keywords = {ISM: Dust, Extinction, Stars: Atmospheres, Stars: Fundamental Parameters, Stars: Late-Type, Stars: Supergiants}, + year = 2005, + month = aug, + volume = 628, + pages = {973-985}, + doi = {10.1086/430901}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...628..973L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{1988AJ.....96..909S, + author = {{Stetson}, P.~B. and {Harris}, W.~E.}, + title = "{CCD photometry of the globular cluster M92}", + journal = {\aj}, + year = 1988, + month = sep, + volume = 96, + pages = {909-975}, + adsurl = +{http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988AJ.....96..909S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000PASP..112.1383D, + author = {{Dolphin}, A.~E.}, + title = "{WFPC2 Stellar Photometry with HSTPHOT}", + journal = {\pasp}, + year = 2000, + month = oct, + volume = 112, + pages = {1383-1396}, + adsurl = +{http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000PASP..112.1383D&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2000PASP..112.1397D, + author = {{Dolphin}, A.~E.}, + title = "{The Charge-Transfer Efficiency and Calibration of WFPC2}", + journal = {\pasp}, + year = 2000, + month = oct, + volume = 112, + pages = {1397-1410}, + adsurl = +{http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000PASP..112.1397D&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1995PASP..107.1065H, + author = {{Holtzman}, J.~A. and {Burrows}, C.~J. and {Casertano}, S. +and + {Hester}, J.~J. and {Trauger}, J.~T. and {Watson}, A.~M. and + {Worthey}, G.}, + title = "{The Photometric Performance and Calibration of WFPC2}", + journal = {\pasp}, + year = 1995, + month = nov, + volume = 107, + pages = {1065-+}, + adsurl = +{http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1995PASP..107.1065H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +% moffat profile: +@ARTICLE{1969A&A.....3..455M, + author = {{Moffat}, A.~F.~J.}, + title = "{A Theoretical Investigation of Focal Stellar Images in the Photographic Emulsion and Application to Photographic Photometry}", + journal = {\aap}, + year = 1969, + month = dec, + volume = 3, + pages = {455}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969A%26A.....3..455M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +% more moffat example: +@ARTICLE{1983A&A...126..278B, + author = {{Buonanno}, R. and {Buscema}, G. and {Corsi}, C.~E. and {Ferraro}, I. and + {Iannicola}, G.}, + title = "{Automated photographic photometry of stars in globular clusters}", + journal = {\aap}, + keywords = {Astronomical Photography, Globular Clusters, Star Distribution, Stellar Spectrophotometry, Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, Stellar Evolution}, + year = 1983, + month = oct, + volume = 126, + pages = {278-282}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983A%26A...126..278B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +% daophot +@ARTICLE{1987PASP...99..191S, + author = {{Stetson}, P.~B.}, + title = "{DAOPHOT - A computer program for crowded-field stellar photometry}", + journal = {\pasp}, + year = 1987, + month = mar, + volume = 99, + pages = {191-222}, + adsurl = {http://esoads.eso.org/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1987PASP...99..191S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2004mmu..sympE...2H, + author = {{Hamuy}, M.}, + title = "{The Latest Version of the Standardized Candle Method for Type II Supernovae, astro-ph/0301281}", + booktitle = {Measuring and Modeling the Universe, from the Carnegie Observatories Centennial Symposia. Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series. Edited by W. L. Freedman, 2004. Pasadena: Carnegie Observatories,}, + year = 2004, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004mmu..sympE...2H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003MNRAS.338..711Z, + author = {{Zampieri}, L. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Turatto}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Hamuy}, M. + }, + title = "{Peculiar, low-luminosity Type II supernovae: low-energy explosions in massive progenitors?}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 338, + pages = {711-716}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003MNRAS.338..711Z&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003MNRAS.343..735S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and + {Tout}, C.~A. and {Kilkenny}, D. and {Benetti}, S.}, + title = "{Mass limits for the progenitor star of supernova 2001du and other Type II-P supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2003, + month = aug, + volume = 343, + pages = {735-749}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003MNRAS.343..735S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2003fthp.conf....3H, + author = {{Heger}, A. and {Woosley}, S.~E. and {Fryer}, C.~L. and {Langer}, N. + }, + title = "{Massive Star Evolution Through the Ages}", + booktitle = {From Twilight to Highlight: The Physics of Supernovae}, + year = 2003, + pages = {3-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003fthp.conf....3H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003ApJ...591..288H, + author = {{Heger}, A. and {Fryer}, C.~L. and {Woosley}, S.~E. and {Langer}, N. and + {Hartmann}, D.~H.}, + title = "{How Massive Single Stars End Their Life}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2003, + month = 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Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1994AJ....107..662A, + author = {{Aldering}, G. and {Humphreys}, R.~M. and {Richmond}, M.}, + title = "{SN 1993J: The optical properties of its progenitor}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {B Stars, Binary Stars, Blue Stars, Magellanic Clouds, O Stars, Optical Properties, Spectral Energy Distribution, Stellar Evolution, Stellar Models, Stellar Spectra, Supergiant Stars, Supernovae, Ubv Spectra, Astronomical Photography, Astronomical Photometry, Charge Coupled Devices, Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, Light Curve, Stellar Mass}, + year = 1994, + month = feb, + volume = 107, + pages = {662-672}, + doi = {10.1086/116886}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AJ....107..662A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2012MNRAS.424.1372A, + author = {{Anderson}, J.~P. and {Habergham}, S.~M. and {James}, P.~A. and + {Hamuy}, M.}, + title = "{Progenitor mass constraints for core-collapse supernovae from correlations with host galaxy star formation}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1205.3802}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, galaxies: statistics}, + year = 2012, + month = aug, + volume = 424, + pages = {1372-1391}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21324.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.1372A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.390.1527A, + author = {{Anderson}, J.~P. and {James}, P.~A.}, + title = "{Constraints on core-collapse supernova progenitors from correlations with H{$\alpha$} emission}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0809.0236}, + keywords = {supernovae: general , galaxies: general , galaxies: statistics}, + year = 2008, + month = nov, + volume = 390, + pages = {1527-1538}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13843.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.390.1527A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2009MNRAS.399..559A, + author = {{Anderson}, J.~P. and {James}, P.~A.}, + title = "{Comparisons of the radial distributions of core-collapse supernovae with those of young and old stellar populations}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0907.0034}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general , galaxies: general , galaxies: statistics}, + year = 2009, + month = oct, + volume = 399, + pages = {559-573}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15324.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.399..559A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.349.1344A, + author = {{Altavilla}, G. and {Fiorentino}, G. and {Marconi}, M. and {Musella}, I. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Barbon}, R. and {Benetti}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Riello}, M. and {Turatto}, M. and {Zampieri}, L.}, + title = "{Cepheid calibration of Type Ia supernovae and the Hubble constant}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2004, + month = apr, + volume = 349, + pages = {1344-1352}, + adsurl = {http://esoads.eso.org/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.349.1344A&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001MNRAS.322..361B, + author = {{Benetti}, S. and {Turatto}, M. and {Balberg}, S. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Shapiro}, S.~L. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Nakamura}, T. and + {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Patat}, F.}, + title = "{The fading of supernova 1997D}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2001, + month = apr, + volume = 322, + pages = {361-368}, + adsurl = {http://esoads.eso.org/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001MNRAS.322..361B&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PhDT, + author = {{Pastorello}, A.}, + title = "{H-Rich Core-Collapse Supernovae}", + journal = {Ph.D.~Thesis}, + year = 2003 +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.347...74P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Benetti}, S. and {Branch}, D. and {Baron}, E. and + {Patat}, F. and {Armstrong}, M. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Salvo}, M. and + {Riello}, M.}, + title = "{Low-luminosity Type II supernovae: spectroscopic and photometric evolution}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2004, + month = jan, + volume = 347, + pages = {74-94}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.347...74P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{astro-ph/0310056, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Ramina}, M. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Salvo}, M. and {Fiaschi}, M.}, + title = "{Observational Properties of Type II Plateau Supernovae, astro-ph/0310056}", + booktitle = {Supernovae (10 Years of 1993J), Marcaide J. M., Weiler K. W., eds, Proc. IAU Coll. 192, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, in press,}, + year = 2004, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004mmu..sympE...2H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003IAUC.8152....4S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Hendry}, M.~A. and {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Supernova 2003gd in M74}", + journal = {IAUC 8152}, + year = 2003, + month = jun, + volume = 8152, + pages = {4-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003IAUC.8152....4S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003MNRAS.340..191R, + author = {{Rigon}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Aretxaga}, I. and {Vega}, O. and {Chavushyan}, V. and + {Patat}, F. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and {Salvo}, M.}, + title = "{SN 1999E: another piece in the supernova-gamma-ray burst connection puzzle}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2003, + month = mar, + volume = 340, + pages = {191-196}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003MNRAS.340..191R&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006PASP..118....2H, + author = {{Hamuy}, M. and {Folatelli}, G. and {Morrell}, N.~I. and {Phillips}, M.~M. and + {Suntzeff}, N.~B. and {Persson}, S.~E. and {Roth}, M. and {Gonzalez}, S. and + {Krzeminski}, W. and {Contreras}, C. and {Freedman}, W.~L. and + {Murphy}, D.~C. and {Madore}, B.~F. and {Wyatt}, P. and {Maza}, J. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W. and {Pinto}, P.~A.}, + title = "{The Carnegie Supernova Project: The Low-Redshift Survey}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0512039}, + year = 2006, + month = jan, + volume = 118, + pages = {2-20}, + doi = {10.1086/500228}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006PASP..118....2H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000MmSAI..71..573T, + author = {{Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{The ESO-Asiago SN monitoring program and archive}", + journal = {Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana}, + year = 2000, + volume = 71, + pages = {573-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000MmSAI..71..573T&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006AJ....131.2233R, + author = {{Richardson}, D. and {Branch}, D. and {Baron}, E.}, + title = "{Absolute Magnitude Distributions and Light Curves of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0601136}, + year = 2006, + month = apr, + volume = 131, + pages = {2233-2244}, + doi = {10.1086/500578}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006AJ....131.2233R&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002AJ....123..745R, + author = {{Richardson}, D. and {Branch}, D. and {Casebeer}, D. and {Millard}, J. and + {Thomas}, R.~C. and {Baron}, E.}, + title = "{A Comparative Study of the Absolute Magnitude Distributions of Supernovae}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0112051}, + year = 2002, + month = feb, + volume = 123, + pages = {745-752}, + doi = {10.1086/338318}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002AJ....123..745R&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999IAUC.7152....2F, + author = {{Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W.~D. and {Modjaz}, M.}, + title = "{Supernova 1999bw in NGC 3198}", + journal = {\iauc}, + year = 1999, + month = apr, + volume = 7152, + pages = {2-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1999IAUC.7152....2F&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004PASP..116..326W, + author = {{Wagner}, R.~M. and {Vrba}, F.~J. and {Henden}, A.~A. and {Canzian}, B. and + {Luginbuhl}, C.~B. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Chornock}, R. and + {Li}, W. and {Coil}, A.~L. and {Schmidt}, G.~D. and {Smith}, P.~S. and + {Starrfield}, S. and {Klose}, S. and {Tich{\'a}}, J. and {Tich{\'y}}, M. and + {Gorosabel}, J. and {Hudec}, R. and {Simon}, V.}, + title = "{Discovery and Evolution of an Unusual Luminous Variable Star in NGC 3432 (Supernova 2000ch)}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0404035}, + year = 2004, + month = apr, + volume = 116, + pages = {326-336}, + doi = {10.1086/382997}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004PASP..116..326W&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001IAUC.7597....3M, + author = {{Matheson}, T. and {Calkins}, M.}, + title = "{Supernova 2001ac in NGC 3504}", + journal = {\iauc}, + year = 2001, + month = mar, + volume = 7597, + pages = {3-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001IAUC.7597....3M&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369..390M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Nelemans}, G. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Patat}, F. and + {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Faint supernovae and supernova impostors: case studies of SN 2002kg/NGC 2403-V37 and SN 2003gm}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603056}, + year = 2006, + month = jun, + volume = 369, + pages = {390-406}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10308.x}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006MNRAS.369..390M&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005A&A...429L..13W, + author = {{Weis}, K. and {Bomans}, D.~J.}, + title = "{SN 2002kg - the brightening of LBV V37 in NGC 2403}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0411504}, + year = 2005, + month = jan, + volume = 429, + pages = {L13-L16}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:200400105}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005A&A...429L..13W&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006astro.ph..3025V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Humphreys}, R.~M. and + {Chornock}, R. and {Foley}, R. and {Challis}, P.~M.}, + title = "{The Type IIn Supernova 2002kg: The Outburst of a Luminous Blue Variable Star in NGC 2403}", + journal = {ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603025}, + year = 2006, + month = mar, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006astro.ph..3025V&db_key=PRE}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005PASP..117..773V, + author = {{van den Bergh}, S. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{Classifications of the Host Galaxies of Supernovae, Set III}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0504668}, + year = 2005, + month = aug, + volume = 117, + pages = {773-782}, + doi = {10.1086/431435}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005PASP..117..773V&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2004AAS...205.7102L, + author = {{Leaman}, J. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.}, + title = "{The Supernova Rate in Nearby Galaxies Determined from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search}", +booktitle = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society}, + year = 2004, + month = dec, + pages = {1464-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004AAS...205.7102L&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999A&A...351..459C, + author = {{Cappellaro}, E. and {Evans}, R. and {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{A new determination of supernova rates and a comparison with indicators for galactic star formation}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9904225}, + year = 1999, + month = nov, + volume = 351, + pages = {459-466}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1999A&A...351..459C&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1985ApJS...57...91E, + author = {{Elias}, J.~H. and {Frogel}, J.~A. and {Humphreys}, R.~M.}, + title = "{M supergiants in the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds Colors, spectral types, and luminosities}", + journal = {\apjs}, + year = 1985, + month = jan, + volume = 57, + pages = {91-131}, + doi = {10.1086/190997}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1985ApJS...57...91E&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006AJ....131.2245Z, + author = {{Zhang}, T. and {Wang}, X. and {Li}, W. and {Zhou}, X. and {Ma}, J. and + {Jiang}, Z. and {Chen}, J.}, + title = "{Optical Photometry of the Type II-P Supernova 2004dj in NGC 2403}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0512526}, + year = 2006, + month = apr, + volume = 131, + pages = {2245-2255}, + doi = {10.1086/500972}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006AJ....131.2245Z&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005ApJ...626L..89W, + author = {{Wang}, X. and {Yang}, Y. and {Zhang}, T. and {Ma}, J. and {Zhou}, X. and + {Li}, W. and {Lou}, Y.-Q. and {Li}, Z.}, + title = "{The Progenitor of SN 2004dj in a Star Cluster}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0505305}, + year = 2005, + month = jun, + volume = 626, + pages = {L89-L92}, + doi = {10.1086/431903}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005ApJ...626L..89W&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004ApJ...615L.113M, + author = {{Ma{\'{\i}}z-Apell{\'a}niz}, J. and {Bond}, H.~E. and {Siegel}, M.~H. and + {Lipkin}, Y. and {Maoz}, D. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Poznanski}, D. + }, + title = "{The Progenitor of the Type II-P SN 2004dj in NGC 2403}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0408265}, + year = 2004, + month = nov, + volume = 615, + pages = {L113-L116}, + doi = {10.1086/426120}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004ApJ...615L.113M&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2003ApJ...594..247L, + author = {{Leonard}, D.~C. and {Kanbur}, S.~M. and {Ngeow}, C.~C. and + {Tanvir}, N.~R.}, + title = "{The Cepheid Distance to NGC 1637: A Direct Test of the Expanding Photosphere Method Distance to SN 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"astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {ISM: atoms, dust, extinction}, + year = 2012, + month = oct, + volume = 426, + pages = {1465-1474}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21796.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.426.1465P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011MNRAS.415L..81P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D. and {Ganeshalingam}, M. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{Low-resolution sodium D absorption is a bad proxy for extinction}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.1469}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, dust, extinction, galaxies: ISM}, + year = 2011, + month = jul, + volume = 415, + pages = {L81-L84}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01084.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.415L..81P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007AJ....134.1285P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D. and {Maoz}, D. and {Gal-Yam}, A.}, + title = "{Bayesian Single-Epoch Photometric Classification of Supernovae}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0610129}, + keywords = {supernovae: general}, + year = 2007, + month = sep, + volume = 134, + pages = {1285-1297}, + doi = {10.1086/520956}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....134.1285P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010Sci...327...58P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D. and {Chornock}, R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Ganeshalingam}, M. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Li}, W. and {Thomas}, R.~C.}, + title = "{An Unusually Fast-Evolving Supernova}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0911.2699}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + year = 2010, + month = jan, + volume = 327, + pages = {58-}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1181709}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...327...58P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...721..956P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{Type II-P Supernovae as Standard Candles: The SDSS-II Sample Revisited}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1008.0877}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {cosmology: observations, distance scale, supernovae: general}, + year = 2010, + month = oct, + volume = 721, + pages = {956-959}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/721/2/956}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...721..956P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436.3224P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D.}, + title = "{An emerging coherent picture of red supergiant supernova explosions}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1304.4967}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general}, + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 436, + pages = {3224-3230}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1800}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436.3224P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115....1V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{A Search for Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors in Hubble Space Telescope Images}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0210347}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 115, + pages = {1-20}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003PASP..115....1V&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.347...74P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Benetti}, S. and {Branch}, D. and {Baron}, E. and + {Patat}, F. and {Armstrong}, M. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Salvo}, M. and + {Riello}, M.}, + title = "{Low-luminosity Type II supernovae: spectroscopic and photometric evolution}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0309264}, + year = 2004, + month = jan, + volume = 347, + pages = {74-94}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07173.x}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.347...74P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2001ApJ...556L..29S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Trentham}, N. and + {Tout}, C.~A. and {Frayn}, C.~M.}, + title = "{An Upper Mass Limit for the Progenitor of the Type II-P Supernova SN 1999gi}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0105453}, + year = 2001, + month = jul, + volume = 556, + pages = {L29-L32}, + doi = {10.1086/322868}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001ApJ...556L..29S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@PHDTHESIS{2006PhDTHendry, + author = 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candles}", + journal = {Astronomische Nachrichten}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1403.7233}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {catalogs, supernovae: general, surveys}, + year = 2014, + month = oct, + volume = 335, + pages = {841}, + doi = {10.1002/asna.201412068}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AN....335..841T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369.1303H, + author = {{Hendry}, M.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and + {Maund}, J.~R. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Moon}, D.-S. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Fox}, D.~W. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Benn}, C.~R. and {{\O}stensen}, R. + }, + title = "{SN 2004A: another Type II-P supernova with a red supergiant progenitor}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603670}, + year = 2006, + month = jul, + volume = 369, + pages = {1303-1320}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10374.x}, + adsurl = 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{S{\'a}rneczky}, K. and + {Szab{\'o}}, G.~M. and {et al.} + }, + title = "{The first year of SN 2004dj in NGC 2403}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0604230}, + year = 2006, + month = jul, + volume = 369, + pages = {1780-1796}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10416.x}, + adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006MNRAS.369.1780V&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438..368T, + author = {{Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Pignata}, G. and {Paillas}, E. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Vink{\'o}}, J. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Botticella}, M.-T. and {Bufano}, F. and {Campillay}, A. and + {Cartier}, R. and {Ergon}, M. and {Folatelli}, G. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {F{\"o}rster}, F. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Hentunen}, V.-P. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Morrell}, N. and {Nissinen}, M. and + {Phillips}, 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M51}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0608430}, + year = 2006, + month = nov, + volume = 372, + pages = {1735-1740}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10974.x}, + adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006MNRAS.372.1735T&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006astro.ph.11186D, + author = {{Danziger}, I.~J. and {Elmhamdi}, A. and {Tsvetkov}, D.~Y. and + {Volnova}, A.~A. and {Shulga}, A.~P.}, + title = "{SNe 2005ay and 2005cs: Two interesting II-Plateau events}", + journal = {ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0611186}, + year = 2006, + month = nov, + adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006astro.ph.11186D&db_key=PRE}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...641.1060L, + author = {{Li}, W. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and + {Jha}, S. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Riess}, A.~G. and {Livio}, M. + }, + title = "{Identification of the Red Supergiant Progenitor of Supernova 2005cs: Do the Progenitors of Type II-P Supernovae Have Low Mass?}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0507394}, + year = 2006, + month = apr, + volume = 641, + pages = {1060-1070}, + doi = {10.1086/499916}, + adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006ApJ...641.1060L&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005MNRAS.364L..33M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Danziger}, I.~J.}, + title = "{The progenitor of SN 2005cs in the Whirlpool Galaxy}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0507502}, + year = 2005, + month = nov, + volume = 364, + pages = {L33-L37}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00100.x}, + adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005MNRAS.364L..33M&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006CBET..636....1B, + author = {{Blondin}, S. and {Masters}, K. and {Modjaz}, M. and {Kirshner}, R. and + {Challis}, P. and {Matheson}, T. and {Berlind}, P.}, + title = "{2006fp in UGC 12182}", + journal = {Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams, 636, 1 (2006).~ Edited by Green, D.~W.~E.}, + year = 2006, + month = sep, + volume = 636, + pages = {1-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006CBET..636....1B&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{dJ, + author = {{de Jager}, C. and {Nieuwenhuijzen}, H. and {van der Hucht}, K.~A. + }, + title = "{Mass loss rates in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram}", + journal = {\aaps}, + year = 1988, + month = feb, + volume = 72, + pages = {259-289}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988A&AS...72..259D&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{red2blue, + author = {{Langer}, N. and {Maeder}, A.}, + title = "{The problem of the blue-to-red supergiant ratio in galaxies.}", + journal = {\aap}, + year = 1995, + month = mar, + volume = 295, + pages = {685-+}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1995A&A...295..685L&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{VKL2001, + author = {{Vink}, J.~S. and {de Koter}, A. and {Lamers}, H.~J.~G.~L.~M. + }, + title = "{Mass-loss predictions for O and B stars as a function of metallicity}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0101509}, + year = 2001, + month = apr, + volume = 369, + pages = {574-588}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20010127}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001A&A...369..574V&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{E03, + author = {{Eldridge}, J.~J. and 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+ volume = 631, + pages = {231-243}, + doi = {10.1086/432408}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005ApJ...631..231P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004ApJ...615..228B, + author = {{Bresolin}, F. and {Garnett}, D.~R. and {Kennicutt}, Jr., R.~C. + }, + title = "{Abundances of Metal-rich H II Regions in M51}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0407065}, + year = 2004, + month = nov, + volume = 615, + pages = {228-241}, + doi = {10.1086/424377}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004ApJ...615..228B&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.348L..59P, + author = {{Pettini}, M. and {Pagel}, B.~E.~J.}, + title = "{[OIII]/[NII] as an abundance indicator at high redshift}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0401128}, + year = 2004, + month = mar, + volume = 348, + pages = {L59-L63}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07591.x}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.348L..59P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJS..142...35K, + author = {{Kewley}, L.~J. and {Dopita}, M.~A.}, + title = "{Using Strong Lines to Estimate Abundances in Extragalactic H II Regions and Starburst Galaxies}", + journal = {\apjs}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0206495}, + year = 2002, + month = sep, + volume = 142, + pages = {35-52}, + doi = {10.1086/341326}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002ApJS..142...35K&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002A&A...395..519T, + author = {{Trundle}, C. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Urbaneja}, M.~A.}, + title = "{Chemical composition of B-type supergiants in the OB 8, OB 10, OB 48, OB 78 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666, + pages = {1024-1047}, + doi = {10.1086/520494}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...666.1024B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2005AJ....130..873J, + author = {{Jester}, S. and {Schneider}, D.~P. and {Richards}, G.~T. and + {Green}, R.~F. and {Schmidt}, M. and {Hall}, P.~B. and {Strauss}, M.~A. and + {Vanden Berk}, D.~E. and {Stoughton}, C. and {Gunn}, J.~E. and + {Brinkmann}, J. and {Kent}, S.~M. and {Smith}, J.~A. and {Tucker}, D.~L. and + {Yanny}, B.}, + title = "{The Sloan Digital Sky Survey View of the Palomar-Green Bright Quasar Survey}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {arXiv:astro-ph/0506022}, + keywords = {Catalogs, Galaxies: Active, Galaxies: Quasars: Emission Lines, Galaxies: Quasars: General, Surveys}, + year = 2005, + month = sep, + volume = 130, + pages = {873-895}, + doi = {10.1086/432466}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....130..873J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009PASP..121.1395L, + author = {{Law}, N.~M. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Dekany}, R.~G. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and + {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Surace}, J. and {Grillmair}, C.~C. and + {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Bildsten}, L. and + {Brown}, T. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Ciardi}, D. and {Croner}, E. and + {Djorgovski}, S.~G. and {van Eyken}, J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Fox}, D.~B. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Hale}, D. and {Hamam}, N. and + {Helou}, G. and {Henning}, J. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Jacobsen}, J. and + {Laher}, R. and {Mattingly}, S. and {McKenna}, D. and {Pickles}, A. and + {Poznanski}, D. and {Rahmer}, G. and {Rau}, A. and {Rosing}, W. and + {Shara}, M. and {Smith}, R. and {Starr}, D. and {Sullivan}, M. and + {Velur}, V. and {Walters}, R. and {Zolkower}, J.}, + title = "{The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = 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Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009ApJ...696..870D, + author = {{Drake}, A.~J. and {Djorgovski}, S.~G. and {Mahabal}, A. and + {Beshore}, E. and {Larson}, S. and {Graham}, M.~J. and {Williams}, R. and + {Christensen}, E. and {Catelan}, M. and {Boattini}, A. and {Gibbs}, A. and + {Hill}, R. and {Kowalski}, R.}, + title = "{First Results from the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0809.1394}, + keywords = {BL Lacertae objects: general, galaxies: general, novae, cataclysmic variables, stars: flare, supernovae: general}, + year = 2009, + month = may, + volume = 696, + pages = {870-884}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/870}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...696..870D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{2013PASP..125..683B, + author = {{Baltay}, C. and {Rabinowitz}, D. and {Hadjiyska}, E. and {Walker}, E.~S. and + {Nugent}, P. and {Coppi}, P. and {Ellman}, N. and {Feindt}, U. and + {McKinnon}, R. and {Horowitz}, B. and {Effron}, A.}, + title = "{The La Silla-QUEST Low Redshift Supernova Survey}", + journal = {\pasp}, + keywords = {Astronomical Instrumentation}, + year = 2013, + month = jun, + volume = 125, + pages = {683-694}, + doi = {10.1086/671198}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PASP..125..683B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007PASA...24....1K, + author = {{Keller}, S.~C. and {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Bessell}, M.~S. and + {Conroy}, P.~G. and {Francis}, P. and {Granlund}, A. and {Kowald}, E. and + {Oates}, A.~P. and {Martin-Jones}, T. and {Preston}, T. and + {Tisserand}, P. and {Vaccarella}, A. and {Waterson}, M.~F.}, + title = "{The SkyMapper Telescope and The Southern Sky Survey}", + journal = {\pasa}, + eprint = {arXiv:astro-ph/0702511}, + keywords = {telescopes, surveys, techniques: photometry,}, + year = 2007, + month = may, + volume = 24, + pages = {1-12}, + doi = 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+ {Patat}, F. and {Swartz}, D.~A. and {Harkness}, R.~P. and {Brotherton}, M.~S. and + {Wills}, B. and {Hemenway}, P. and {Cornell}, M. and {Frueh}, M. and + {Kaiser}, M.~B.}, + title = "{A Study of SN 1992H in NGC 5377}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 1992H, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 5377}, + year = 1996, + month = mar, + volume = 111, + pages = {1286}, + doi = {10.1086/117874}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.1286C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2009PASP..121.1334R, + author = {{Rau}, A. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Law}, N.~M. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Ciardi}, D. and {Djorgovski}, G.~S. and {Fox}, D.~B. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Grillmair}, C.~C. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and + {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Reach}, W.~T. and {Shara}, M. and + {Bildsten}, L. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Drake}, A.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Helfand}, D.~J. and {Helou}, G. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Poznanski}, D. and + {Sullivan}, M.}, + title = "{Exploring the Optical Transient Sky with the Palomar Transient Factory}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0906.5355}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {Supernovae}, + year = 2009, + month = dec, + volume = 121, + pages = {1334-1351}, + doi = {10.1086/605911}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PASP..121.1334R}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011Natur.480..344N, + author = {{Nugent}, P.~E. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Thomas}, R.~C. and + {Kasen}, D. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Bersier}, D. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Kandrashoff}, M.~T. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Marcy}, G.~W. and {Howard}, A.~W. and + {Isaacson}, H.~T. and {Maguire}, K. and {Suzuki}, N. and {Tarlton}, J.~E. and + {Pan}, Y.-C. and {Bildsten}, L. and {Fulton}, B.~J. and {Parrent}, J.~T. 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{Walters}, R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Poznanski}, D. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Walker}, E.~S. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Maguire}, K. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Frail}, D.~A. and {Bersier}, D. and {James}, P.~A. and + {Akerlof}, C.~W. and {Yuan}, F. and {Law}, N. and {Fox}, D.~B. and + {Gehrels}, N.}, + title = "{Real-time Detection and Rapid Multiwavelength Follow-up Observations of a Highly Subluminous Type II-P Supernova from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.0400}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PTF10vdl}, + year = 2011, + month = aug, + volume = 736, + eid = {159}, + pages = {159}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/159}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...736..159G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + 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+ year = 2011, + month = mar, + volume = 527, + eid = {A91}, + pages = {A91}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201015537}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...527A..91P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005JQSRT..91..233C, + author = {{Clough}, S.~A. and {Shephard}, M.~W. and {Mlawer}, E.~J. and + {Delamere}, J.~S. and {Iacono}, M.~J. and {Cady-Pereira}, K. and + {Boukabara}, S. and {Brown}, P.~D.}, + title = "{Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: a summary of the AER codes}", + journal = {\jqsrt}, + year = 2005, + month = mar, + volume = 91, + pages = {233-244}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.05.058}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JQSRT..91..233C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...770...29C, + author = {{Childress}, M.~J. and {Scalzo}, R.~A. and {Sim}, S.~A. and + {Tucker}, B.~E. and {Yuan}, F. and {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Silverman}, 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journal = {\apjs}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.7137}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {atlases, catalogs, surveys }, + year = 2012, + month = dec, + volume = 203, + eid = {21}, + pages = {21}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/21}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJS..203...21A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012PASP..124..668Y, + author = {{Yaron}, O. and {Gal-Yam}, A.}, + title = "{WISeREP - An Interactive Supernova Data Repository}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1204.1891}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Supernovae}, + year = 2012, + month = jul, + volume = 124, + pages = {668-681}, + doi = {10.1086/666656}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PASP..124..668Y}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.440.1917D, + author = {{Dwarkadas}, V.~V.}, + title = "{On the lack of X-ray bright Type IIP supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1402.5150}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {shock waves, circumstellar matter, stars: massive, supernovae: general, stars: winds, outflows, X-rays: ISM}, + year = 2014, + month = may, + volume = 440, + pages = {1917-1924}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu347}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.440.1917D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...759...20K, + author = {{Kochanek}, C.~S. and {Khan}, R. and {Dai}, X.}, + title = "{On Absorption by Circumstellar Dust, with the Progenitor of SN 2012aw as a Case Study}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1208.4111}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {dust, extinction, stars: evolution, supergiants, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2012aw}, + year = 2012, + month = nov, + volume = 759, + eid = {20}, + pages = {20}, + doi = 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+archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0908.1990}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {galaxies: stellar content, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2008fz}, + year = 2010, + month = aug, + volume = 718, + pages = {L127-L131}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/718/2/L127}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...718L.127D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...724L..16P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Maguire}, K. and {Fraser}, M. and {Smith}, K. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Magill}, L. and {Valenti}, S. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Gezari}, S. and + {Bresolin}, F. and {Kudritzki}, R. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Rest}, A. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Mattila}, S. and {Kankare}, E. and {Huang}, K.~Y. and + {Urata}, Y. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Dombeck}, T. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Grav}, T. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and 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2010, + month = aug, + volume = 718, + pages = {L127-L131}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/718/2/L127}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...718L.127D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...686..467S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Chornock}, R. and {Li}, W. and {Ganeshalingam}, M. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Barth}, A.~J.}, + title = "{SN 2006tf: Precursor Eruptions and the Optically Thick Regime of Extremely Luminous Type IIn Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0804.0042}, + keywords = {Stars: Circumstellar Matter, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Winds, Outflows, supernovae: individual (SN 2006tf)}, + year = 2008, + month = oct, + volume = 686, + pages = {467-484}, + doi = {10.1086/591021}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...686..467S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJ...659L..13O, + author = {{Ofek}, E.~O. and {Cameron}, P.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Rau}, A. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Frail}, D.~A. and + {Chandra}, P. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and + {Immler}, S.}, + title = "{SN 2006gy: An Extremely Luminous Supernova in the Galaxy NGC 1260}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0612408}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual (NGC 1260), Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2006gy)}, + year = 2007, + month = apr, + volume = 659, + pages = {L13-L16}, + doi = {10.1086/516749}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...659L..13O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2013Natur.494...65O, + author = {{Ofek}, E.~O. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Bildsten}, L. and + {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Horesh}, A. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Laher}, R. and {Murray}, D. and {Nakar}, E. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Shaviv}, N.~J. and {Surace}, J. and + {Yaron}, O.}, + title = "{An outburst from a massive star 40days before a supernova explosion}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.2633}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2013, + month = feb, + volume = 494, + pages = {65-67}, + doi = {10.1038/nature11877}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.494...65O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...789..104O, + author = {{Ofek}, E.~O. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Shaviv}, N.~J. and {Steinbok}, A. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Tal}, D. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and + {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Laher}, R. and {Surace}, J. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Yaron}, O.}, + title = "{Precursors Prior to Type IIn Supernova Explosions are Common: Precursor Rates, Properties, and Correlations}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1401.5468}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2010mc PTF 10bjb SN 2011ht PTF 10weh PTF 12cxj SN 2009ip}, + year = 2014, + month = jul, + volume = 789, + eid = {104}, + pages = {104}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/104}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...789..104O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...767....1P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Benitez}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brimacombe}, J. and {Bufano}, F. and {Cellier-Holzem}, F. and + {Costado}, M.~T. and {Cupani}, G. and {Curtis}, I. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + 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adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013RSPTA.37120239H, + author = {{Hodgkin}, S.~T. and {Wyrzykowski}, L. and {Blagorodnova}, N. and + {Koposov}, S.}, + title = "{Transient astronomy with the Gaia satellite}", + journal = {Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions Series A}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 371, + pages = {20239}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2012.0239}, + adsurl = {http://esoads.eso.org/abs/2013RSPTA.37120239H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013RSPTA.37120498O, + author = {{O'Brien}, P.~T. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{Interpreting signals from astrophysical transient experiments}", + journal = {Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions Series A}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1306.0792}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 371, + pages = {20498}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2012.0498}, + adsurl = 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{Jha}, S. and {Mahdavi}, A.}, + title = "{A Study of the Type II-Plateau Supernova 1999gi and the Distance to its Host Galaxy, NGC 3184}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0207601}, + keywords = {Cosmology: Distance Scale, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3184, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1999gi}, + year = 2002, + month = nov, + volume = 124, + pages = {2490-2505}, + doi = {10.1086/343771}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AJ....124.2490L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000PASP..112.1532V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Peng}, C.~Y. and {King}, J.~Y. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Treffers}, R.~R. and {Li}, W. and {Richmond}, M.~W.}, + title = "{SN 1997bs in M66: Another Extragalactic {$\eta$} Carinae Analog?}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0009027}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3627, Galaxies: Stellar Content, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Variables: Other, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1997bs)}, + year = 2000, + month = dec, + volume = 112, + pages = {1532-1541}, + doi = {10.1086/317727}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PASP..112.1532V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJ...572..932P, + author = {{Pooley}, D. and {Lewin}, W.~H.~G. and {Fox}, D.~W. and {Miller}, J.~M. and + {Lacey}, C.~K. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Weiler}, K.~W. and + {Sramek}, R.~A. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Immler}, S. and {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Fabian}, A.~C. and + {Fransson}, C. and {Nomoto}, K.}, + title = "{X-Ray, Optical, and Radio Observations of the Type II Supernovae 1999em and 1998S}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0103196}, + keywords = {Radio Continuum: ISM, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1998S, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1999em, X-Rays: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1998S, 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the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJ...665..608M, + author = {{Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Mattila}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {Kotak}, R. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Farrah}, D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {H{\"o}flich}, P. and + {Lundqvist}, P. and {Pozzo}, M. and {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A Spitzer Space Telescope Study of SN 2003gd: Still No Direct Evidence that Core-Collapse Supernovae are Major Dust Factories}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0705.1439}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2003gd)}, + year = 2007, + month = aug, + volume = 665, + pages = {608-617}, + doi = {10.1086/519733}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...665..608M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1995AJ....109.2121R, + author = {{Richmond}, M.~W. and {Treffers}, R.~R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Paik}, Y. and {Peng}, C. and {Marschall}, L.~A. and + {Laaksonen}, B.~D. and {Macintosh}, B. and {McLean}, I.~S.}, + title = "{UBVRI Photometry of the Type IA SN 1994D in NGC 4526}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 1994D}, + year = 1995, + month = may, + volume = 109, + pages = {2121}, + doi = {10.1086/117437}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AJ....109.2121R}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009ApJ...704..306K, + author = {{Kotak}, R. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Farrah}, D. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Fransson}, C. and {Lundqvist}, P. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Fesen}, R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Andersen}, A.~C. and + {H{\"o}flich}, P.~A. and {Pozzo}, M. and {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{Dust and The Type II-Plateau Supernova 2004et}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0904.3737}, + 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of the Type II-Plateau Supernova 2003gd in M74}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0307226}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2003gd), supernovae: individual (1999em), Stars: Evolution, Stars: Variables: Other, galaxies: individual (M74), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 628}, + year = 2003, + month = nov, + volume = 115, + pages = {1289-1295}, + doi = {10.1086/378308}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115.1289V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJ...572..350F, + author = {{Fransson}, C. and {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Leibundgut}, B. and {Barth}, A.~J. and {Fesen}, R.~A. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Leonard}, D.~C. and {Li}, W. and {Lundqvist}, P. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Van Dyk}, S.~D.}, + title = "{Optical and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of SN 1995N: Evidence for Strong Circumstellar Interaction}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0108149}, + keywords = {Stars: Circumstellar Matter, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1995N}, + year = 2002, + month = jun, + volume = 572, + pages = {350-370}, + doi = {10.1086/340295}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...572..350F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJ...661.1013L, + author = {{Li}, W. and {Wang}, X. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{On the Progenitors of Two Type II-P Supernovae in the Virgo Cluster}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0701049}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2006my), supernovae: individual (SN 2006ov), Stars: Evolution}, + year = 2007, + month = jun, + volume = 661, + pages = {1013-1024}, + doi = {10.1086/516747}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...661.1013L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005PASP..117..121L, + author = {{Li}, W. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. + }, + title = "{On the Progenitor of the Type II Supernova 2004et in NGC 6946}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0412487}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2004et), Stars: Evolution, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 6946}, + year = 2005, + month = feb, + volume = 117, + pages = {121-131}, + doi = {10.1086/428278}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PASP..117..121L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012MNRAS.425.1789S, + author = {{Silverman}, J.~M. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Ganeshalingam}, M. and {Barth}, A.~J. and {Chornock}, R. and + {Griffith}, C.~V. and {Kong}, J.~J. and {Lee}, N. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Matheson}, T. and {Miller}, E.~G. and {Steele}, T.~N. and {Barris}, B.~J. and + {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Cobb}, B.~E. and {Coil}, A.~L. and {Desroches}, L.-B. and + {Gates}, E.~L. and {Ho}, L.~C. and {Jha}, S.~W. and {Kandrashoff}, M.~T. and + {Li}, W. and {Mandel}, K.~S. and {Modjaz}, M. and {Moore}, M.~R. and + {Mostardi}, R.~E. and {Papenkova}, M.~S. and {Park}, S. and + {Perley}, D.~A. and {Poznanski}, D. and {Reuter}, C.~A. and + {Scala}, J. and {Serduke}, F.~J.~D. and {Shields}, J.~C. and + {Swift}, B.~J. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Wang}, X. and + {Wong}, D.~S.}, + title = "{Berkeley Supernova Ia Program - I. Observations, data reduction and spectroscopic sample of 582 low-redshift Type Ia supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1202.2128}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {surveys, supernovae: general, cosmology: observations, distance scale }, + year = 2012, + month = sep, + volume = 425, + pages = {1789-1818}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21270.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.425.1789S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115....1V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{A Search for Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors in Hubble Space Telescope Images}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0210347}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1998Y), supernovae: individual (SN 1999an), supernovae: individual (SN 1999br), supernovae: individual (SN 1999bu), supernovae: individual (SN 1999bx), supernovae: individual (SN 1999dn), supernovae: individual (SN 1999ec), supernovae: individual (SN 1999ev), supernovae: individual (SN 2000C), supernovae: individual (SN 2000ds), supernovae: individual (SN 2000ew), supernovae: individual (SN 2001B), supernovae: individual (SN 2001ai), supernovae: individual (SN 2001ci), supernovae: individual (SN 2001du), supernovae: individual (SN 2001is), Stars: Evolution, Stars: Variables: Other, galaxies: individual (IC 755), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1961, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1365, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 2207, galaxies: individual (NGC 2415), galaxies: individual (NGC 2768), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3079, galaxies: individual (NGC 3786), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3810, galaxies: individual (NGC 4274), galaxies: individual (NGC 4900), galaxies: individual (NGC 5278), galaxies: individual (NGC 6745), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 7714, galaxies: individual (IC 391)}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 115, + pages = {1-20}, + doi = {10.1086/345748}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115....1V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJ...656..372G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and {Fox}, D.~B. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Moon}, D.-S. and {Sand}, D.~J. and {Caltech Core Collapse Program} and + {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Aldering}, G. and {Copin}, Y. + }, + title = "{On the Progenitor of SN 2005gl and the Nature of Type IIn Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0608029}, + keywords = {Instrumentation: Adaptive Optics, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2005gl)}, + year = 2007, + month = feb, + volume = 656, + pages = {372-381}, + doi = {10.1086/510523}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...656..372G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{1999AJ....118.2331V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Peng}, C.~Y. and {Barth}, A.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. + }, + title = "{The Environments of Supernovae in Post-Refurbishment Hubble Space Telescope Images}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9907252}, + keywords = {STARS: COLOR-MAGNITUDE DIAGRAMS, GALAXIES: GENERAL, GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS, GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT, STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL}, + year = 1999, + month = nov, + volume = 118, + pages = {2331-2349}, + doi = {10.1086/301068}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....118.2331V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...757...69U, + author = {{Ugliano}, M. and {Janka}, H.-T. and {Marek}, A. and {Arcones}, A. + }, + title = "{Progenitor-explosion Connection and Remnant Birth Masses for Neutrino-driven Supernovae of Iron-core Progenitors}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1205.3657}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, stars: massive, stars: neutron, supernovae: general}, + year = 2012, + month = sep, + volume = 757, + eid = {69}, + pages = {69}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/69}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...757...69U}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...730...70O, + author = {{O'Connor}, E. and {Ott}, C.~D.}, + title = "{Black Hole Formation in Failing Core-Collapse Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1010.5550}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {black hole physics, equation of state, hydrodynamics, neutrinos, stars: evolution, stars: mass-loss, stars: neutron, supernovae: general}, + year = 2011, + month = apr, + volume = 730, + eid = {70}, + pages = {70}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/70}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...730...70O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...747...23S, + author = {{Szczygie{\l}}, D.~M. and {Gerke}, J.~R. and {Kochanek}, C.~S. and + {Stanek}, K.~Z.}, + title = "{Discovery of Variability of the Progenitor of SN 2011dh in M 51 Using the Large Binocular Telescope}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1110.2783}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh}, + year = 2012, + month = mar, + volume = 747, + eid = {23}, + pages = {23}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/747/1/23}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...747...23S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...741L..28V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Horesh}, A. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Kraus}, A.~L. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Yaron}, O. and {Polishook}, 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author = {{Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. + }, + title = "{Possible binary progenitors for the Type Ib supernova iPTF13bvn}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1408.4142}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, binaries: general, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: iPTF13bvn}, + year = 2015, + month = jan, + volume = 446, + pages = {2689-2695}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu2197}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.446.2689E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...775L...7C, + author = {{Cao}, Y. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Horesh}, A. and + {Hancock}, P. and {Valenti}, S. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Gorbikov}, E. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Sand}, D. and + {Yaron}, O. and {Graham}, M. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. and + {Marion}, G.~H. and {Walker}, 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and {Sahu}, D.~K.}, + title = "{iPTF13bvn: The First Evidence of a Binary Progenitor for a Type Ib Supernova}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1403.7288}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: iPTF13bvn}, + year = 2014, + month = oct, + volume = 148, + eid = {68}, + pages = {68}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/148/4/68}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....148...68B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014A&A...565A.114F, + author = {{Fremling}, C. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Taddia}, F. and {Ergon}, M. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Cao}, Y. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Howell}, D.~A.}, + title = "{The rise and fall of the Type Ib supernova iPTF13bvn. 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{Beacom}, J.~F. and {Kochanek}, C.~S. and + {Prieto}, J.~L. and {Stanek}, K.~Z. and {Thompson}, T.~A.}, + title = "{The Cosmic Core-collapse Supernova Rate Does Not Match the Massive-star Formation Rate}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1102.1977}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {galaxies: evolution, galaxies: starburst, stars: formation, supernovae: general}, + year = 2011, + month = sep, + volume = 738, + eid = {154}, + pages = {154}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/738/2/154}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...738..154H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.445L..99H, + author = {{Horiuchi}, S. and {Nakamura}, K. and {Takiwaki}, T. and {Kotake}, K. and + {Tanaka}, M.}, + title = "{The red supergiant and supernova rate problems: implications for core-collapse supernova physics}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1409.0006}, + primaryClass = 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+ {Weisz}, D.~R. and {Fouesneau}, M.}, + title = "{The Supernova Progenitor Mass Distributions of M31 and M33: Further Evidence for an Upper Mass Limit}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1410.0018}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M31 M33, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = nov, + volume = 795, + eid = {170}, + pages = {170}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/170}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...795..170J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014arXiv1406.3667L, + author = {{Lyman}, J. and {Bersier}, D. and {James}, P. and {Mazzali}, P. and + {Eldridge}, J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Pian}, E.}, + title = "{Bolometric light curves and explosion parameters of 38 stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1406.3667}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014arXiv1406.3667L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2002PASP..114..403L, + author = {{Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Hu}, J. and + {Qiu}, Y. and {Modjaz}, M. and {Leonard}, D.~C.}, + title = "{A Hubble Space Telescope Snapshot Survey of Nearby Supernovae}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0201228}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1995N), Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1996cb, supernovae: individual (SN 1997bs), supernovae: individual (SN 1997ef), Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1998S, supernovae: individual (SN 1999bw), supernovae: individual (SN 1999eb), supernovae: individual (SN 1999el), supernovae: individual (SN 1999gi), supernovae: individual (SN 1999gq), supernovae: individual (SN 2000P), supernovae: individual (SN 2000cx)}, + year = 2002, + month = apr, + volume = 114, + pages = {403-415}, + doi = {10.1086/342493}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PASP..114..403L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006A&A...460L...5K, + author = {{Kotak}, R. and {Vink}, J.~S.}, + title = "{Luminous blue variables as the progenitors of supernovae with quasi-periodic radio modulations}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0610095}, + keywords = {stars: mass-loss, stars: winds, outflows, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2001ig, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2003bg, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1979C, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1998bw}, + year = 2006, + month = dec, + volume = 460, + pages = {L5-L8}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20065800}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...460L...5K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...651L.117K, + author = {{Kotak}, R. and {Meikle}, P. and {Pozzo}, M. and {van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Farrah}, D. and {Fesen}, R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Fransson}, C. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {H{\"o}flich}, P.~A. and + {Lundqvist}, P. and {Mattila}, S. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. + }, + title = "{Spitzer Measurements of Atomic and Molecular Abundances in the Type IIP SN 2005af}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0609706}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1987A, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 2004dj, supernovae: individual (SN 2005af)}, + year = 2006, + month = nov, + volume = 651, + pages = {L117-L120}, + doi = {10.1086/509655}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...651L.117K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002PASP..114.1322V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Garnavich}, P.~M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {H{\"o}flich}, P. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Kurucz}, R.~L. and + {Challis}, P.}, + title = "{The Progenitor of Supernova 1993J Revisited}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0208382}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M81, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3031, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Supernovae: General, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1993J}, + year = 2002, + month = dec, + volume = 114, + pages = {1322-1332}, + doi = {10.1086/344382}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PASP..114.1322V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999AJ....117..725F, + author = {{Fesen}, R.~A. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Matheson}, T. and {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Challis}, P. and {Fransson}, C. and {Leibundgut}, B. and + {van Dyk}, S.~D.}, + title = "{Late-Time Optical and Ultraviolet Spectra of SN 1979C and SN 1980K}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9810407}, + keywords = {GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC NUMBER: NGC 4321, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC NUMBER: NGC 6946, STARS: SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: SN 1979C, STARS: SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: SN 1980K}, + year = 1999, + month = feb, + volume = 117, + pages = {725-735}, + doi = {10.1086/300751}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....117..725F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...756..131V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Poznanski}, D. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Silverio}, K. and + {Stockton}, A. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and {Marcy}, G.~W. and + {Howard}, A.~W. and {Isaacson}, H.}, + title = "{The Red Supergiant Progenitor of Supernova 2012aw (PTF12bvh) in Messier 95}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.2811}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: Messier 95 NGC 3351, stars: evolution, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: late-type, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012aw}, + year = 2012, + month = sep, + volume = 756, + eid = {131}, + pages = {131}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/756/2/131}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...756..131V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002PASP..114..700V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W.}, + title = "{Possible Recovery of SN 1961V in Hubble Space Telescope Archival Images}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0203508}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1058, Galaxies: Stellar Content, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Variables: Other, Stars: Supernovae: General, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1961V}, + year = 2002, + month = jul, + volume = 114, + pages = {700-707}, + doi = {10.1086/341695}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PASP..114..700V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...714L.280F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor and Early Evolution of the Type II Supernova 2009kr}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.2071}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1832, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009kr}, + year = 2010, + month = may, + volume = 714, + pages = {L280-L284}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/714/2/L280}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...714L.280F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...714L.254E, + author = {{Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Miller}, A.~A. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Ganeshalingam}, M. and {Boden}, A.~F. and + {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Vink{\'o}}, J. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Steele}, T.~N. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Griffith}, C.~V. and {Kleiser}, I.~K.~W. and {Foley}, R.~J. + }, + title = "{The Massive Progenitor of the Type II-linear Supernova 2009kr}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.2880}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1832, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009kr}, + year = 2010, + month = may, + volume = 714, + pages = {L254-L259}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/714/2/L254}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...714L.254E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...649..332M, + author = {{Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Mattila}, S. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Pozzo}, M. and {van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Farrah}, D. and + {Fesen}, R.~A. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Fransson}, C. and + {Lundqvist}, P. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A Spitzer Space Telescope Study of SN 2002hh: An Infrared Echo from a Type IIP Supernova}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0605584}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (NGC 6946), Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 2002hh}, + year = 2006, + month = sep, + volume = 649, + pages = {332-344}, + doi = {10.1086/506143}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...649..332M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009ApJ...706.1174E, + author = {{Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Morrell}, N. and + {Gonzalez}, S. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Smith}, N.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor of the Type II-Plateau SN 2008cn in NGC 4603}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0910.2275}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 4603, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2008cn}, + year = 2009, + month = dec, + volume = 706, + pages = {1174-1183}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/706/2/1174}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...706.1174E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999PASP..111..313V, + author = {{van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Peng}, C.~Y. and {Barth}, A.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Fesen}, R.~A. and {Fransson}, C. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Leibundgut}, B.}, + title = "{Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Imaging of SN 1979C and Its Environment}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9810375}, + keywords = {GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC NUMBER: NGC 4321, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: MESSIER NUMBER: M100, GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT, STARS: EVOLUTION, STARS: SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: SN 1979C}, + year = 1999, + month = mar, + volume = 111, + pages = {313-320}, + doi = {10.1086/316331}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PASP..111..313V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014AJ....147...37V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Zheng}, W. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Miller}, A.~A. and {Smith}, N. and {Kelly}, P.~L. and {Lee}, W.~H. and + {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Gal-Yam}, A.}, + title = "{The Type IIb Supernova 2013df and its Cool Supergiant Progenitor}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1312.3984}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 4414, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2013df}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 147, + eid = {37}, + pages = {37}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/37}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....147...37V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2012AJ....143...19V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Davidge}, T.~J. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Li}, W. and {Levesque}, E.~M. and {Howerton}, S. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Morrell}, N. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. + }, + title = "{Supernova 2008bk and Its Red Supergiant Progenitor}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 7793, stars: evolution, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: late-type, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2008bk}, + year = 2012, + month = jan, + volume = 143, + eid = {19}, + pages = {19}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/143/1/19}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AJ....143...19V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1997PASP..109..461F, + author = {{Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Matheson}, T. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Barth}, A.~J. and {van Dyk}, S.~D.}, + title = "{A Black Hole in the X-Ray Nova Ophiuchi 1997}", + journal = {\pasp}, + keywords = {STARS: INDIVIDUAL: OPHIUCHI 1977, NOVAE}, + year = 1997, + month = apr, + volume = 109, + pages = {461-467}, + doi = {10.1086/133902}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109..461F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1996AJ....111.2047B, + author = {{Barth}, A.~J. and {van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Leibundgut}, B. and {Richmond}, M.~W.}, + title = "{The Environments of Supernovae in Archival Hubble Space Telescope Images}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL}, + year = 1996, + month = may, + volume = 111, + pages = {2047}, + doi = {10.1086/117940}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.2047B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1997MNRAS.287..799I, + author = {{Ivezic}, Z. and {Elitzur}, M.}, + title = "{Self-similarity and scaling behaviour of infrared emission from radiatively heated dust - I. Theory}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9612164}, + keywords = {RADIATIVE TRANSFER, STARS: FORMATION, STARS: LATE-TYPE, DUST, EXTINCTION, INFRARED: ISM: CONTINUUM, INFRARED: ISM: LINES AND BANDS}, + year = 1997, + month = jun, + volume = 287, + pages = {799-811}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997MNRAS.287..799I}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.433.1871B, + author = {{Bose}, S. and {Kumar}, B. and {Sutaria}, F. and {Kumar}, B. and + {Roy}, R. and {Bhatt}, V.~K. and {Pandey}, S.~B. and {Chandola}, H.~C. and + {Sagar}, R. and {Misra}, K. and {Chakraborti}, S.}, + title = "{Supernova 2012aw - a high-energy clone of archetypal Type IIP SN 1999em}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1305.3152}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012aw, supernovae: individual: SN 1999em, supernovae: individual: SN 1999gi, supernovae: individual: SN 2004et, galaxies: individual: NGC 3551}, + year = 2013, + month = aug, + volume = 433, + pages = {1871-1891}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt864}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.433.1871B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...787..139D, + author = {{Dall'Ora}, M. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Pignata}, G. and {Bayless}, A.~J. and + {Pritchard}, T.~A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Benitez}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Hsiao}, E.~Y. and {Iijima}, T. and {Kankare}, E. and + {Kuin}, P. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Morales-Garoffolo}, A. and + {Morrell}, N. and {Munari}, U. and {Ochner}, P. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Patat}, F. and {Phillips}, M.~M. and {Reichart}, D. and {Roming}, P.~W.~A. and + {Siviero}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Taddia}, F. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Wright}, D.}, + title = "{The Type IIP Supernova 2012aw in M95: Hydrodynamical Modeling of the Photospheric Phase from Accurate Spectrophotometric Monitoring}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1404.1294}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M95, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2012aw}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + volume = 787, + eid = {139}, + pages = {139}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/139}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...787..139D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115..928K, + author = {{Kennicutt}, Jr., R.~C. and {Armus}, L. and {Bendo}, G. and + {Calzetti}, D. and {Dale}, D.~A. and {Draine}, B.~T. and {Engelbracht}, C.~W. and + {Gordon}, K.~D. and {Grauer}, A.~D. and {Helou}, G. and {Hollenbach}, D.~J. and + {Jarrett}, T.~H. and {Kewley}, L.~J. and {Leitherer}, C. and + {Li}, A. and {Malhotra}, S. and {Regan}, M.~W. and {Rieke}, G.~H. and + {Rieke}, M.~J. and {Roussel}, H. and {Smith}, J.-D.~T. and {Thornley}, M.~D. and + {Walter}, F.}, + title = "{SINGS: The SIRTF Nearby Galaxies Survey}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0305437}, + keywords = {ISM: Dust, Extinction, Galaxies: Evolution, Galaxies: ISM, infrared: galaxies, Stars: Formation, Surveys}, + year = 2003, + month = aug, + volume = 115, + pages = {928-952}, + doi = {10.1086/376941}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115..928K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...762...74B, + author = {{Benvenuto}, O.~G. and {Bersten}, M.~C. and {Nomoto}, K.}, + title = "{A Binary Progenitor for the Type IIb Supernova 2011dh in M51}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.5807}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {binaries: close, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh}, + year = 2013, + month = jan, + volume = 762, + eid = {74}, + pages = {74}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/74}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...762...74B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...772L..32V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Zheng}, W. and {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Smith}, N. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Kelly}, P.~L. and + {Shivvers}, I. and {Ganeshalingam}, M.}, + title = "{The Progenitor of Supernova 2011dh has Vanished}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1305.3436}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 5194, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh }, + year = 2013, + month = aug, + volume = 772, + eid = {L32}, + pages = {L32}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/772/2/L32}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...772L..32V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005PASP..117..553V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Chornock}, R. and + {Li}, W. and {Challis}, P.~M.}, + title = "{Supernova 1954J (Variable 12) in NGC 2403 Unmasked}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0503324}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1954J), Stars: Evolution, Stars: Early-Type, Stars: Variables: Other, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 2403, Stars: Supergiants}, + year = 2005, + month = jun, + volume = 117, + pages = {553-562}, + doi = {10.1086/430238}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PASP..117..553V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1996AJ....111.1271V, + author = {{van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Weiler}, K.~W. and {Sramek}, R.~A. and + {Schlegel}, E.~M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Panagia}, N. and + {Leibundgut}, B.}, + title = "{Type ''IIn'' Supernovae: A Search for Radio Emission}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {RADIO LINES: STARS, SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL}, + year = 1996, + month = mar, + volume = 111, + pages = {1271}, + doi = {10.1086/117872}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.1271V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006PASP..118..351V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{The Light Echo around Supernova 2003gd in Messier 74}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0508684}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2003gd), ISM: Reflection Nebulae, ISM: Dust, Extinction, galaxies: individual (Messier 74), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 628}, + year = 2006, + month = mar, + volume = 118, + pages = {351-357}, + doi = {10.1086/500225}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PASP..118..351V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...749..126W, + author = {{Wang}, X. and {Wang}, L. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Baron}, E. and + {Kromer}, M. and {Jack}, D. and {Zhang}, T. and {Aldering}, G. and + {Antilogus}, P. and {Arnett}, W.~D. and {Baade}, D. and {Barris}, B.~J. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Bouchet}, P. and {Burrows}, A.~S. and {Canal}, R. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Carlberg}, R.~G. and {di Carlo}, E. and + {Challis}, P.~J. and {Crotts}, A.~P.~S. and {Danziger}, J.~I. and + {Della Valle}, M. and {Fink}, M. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Fransson}, C. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Garnavich}, P.~M. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and + {Goldhaber}, G. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Hillebrandt}, W. and {H{\"o}flich}, P. and + {Holland}, S.~T. and {Holz}, D.~E. and {Hughes}, J.~P. and {Jeffery}, D.~J. and + {Jha}, S.~W. and {Kasen}, D. and {Khokhlov}, A.~M. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Knop}, R.~A. and {Kozma}, C. and {Krisciunas}, K. and {Lee}, B.~C. and + {Leibundgut}, B. and {Lentz}, E.~J. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Lewin}, W.~H.~G. and {Li}, W. and {Livio}, M. and {Lundqvist}, P. and + {Maoz}, D. and {Matheson}, T. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Meikle}, P. and + {Miknaitis}, G. and {Milne}, P.~A. and {Mochnacki}, S.~W. and + {Nomoto}, K. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Oran}, E.~S. and {Panagia}, N. and + {Perlmutter}, S. and {Phillips}, M.~M. and {Pinto}, P. and {Poznanski}, D. and + {Pritchet}, C.~J. and {Reinecke}, M. and {Riess}, A.~G. and + {Ruiz-Lapuente}, P. and {Scalzo}, R.~A. and {Schlegel}, E.~M. and + {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Siegrist}, J. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Sonneborn}, G. and {Spadafora}, A. and + {Spyromilio}, J. and {Sramek}, R.~A. and {Starrfield}, S.~G. and + {Strolger}, L.~G. and {Suntzeff}, N.~B. and {Thomas}, R.~C. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Tornambe}, A. and {Truran}, J.~W. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Turner}, M. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Weiler}, K.~W. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. and + {Wood-Vasey}, M. and {Woosley}, S.~E. and {Yamaoka}, H.}, + title = "{Evidence for Type Ia Supernova Diversity from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1110.5809}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {cosmology: observations, distance scale, dust, extinction, supernovae: general, ultraviolet: general}, + year = 2012, + month = apr, + volume = 749, + eid = {126}, + pages = {126}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/749/2/126}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...749..126W}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...732..109M, + author = {{Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Kotak}, R. and {Farrah}, D. and {Mattila}, S. and + {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Andersen}, A.~C. and {Fesen}, R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Fransson}, C. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {H{\"o}flich}, P.~A. and + {Lundqvist}, P. and {Pozzo}, M. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. + }, + title = "{Dust and the Type II-plateau Supernova 2004dj}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1103.2885}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, dust, extinction, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2004dj}, + year = 2011, + month = may, + volume = 732, + eid = {109}, + pages = {109}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/109}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...732..109M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115..448V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor of Supernova 2001du in NGC 1365}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0301346}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1365, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Variables: Other, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2001du)}, + year = 2003, + month = apr, + volume = 115, + pages = {448-452}, + doi = {10.1086/374299}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115..448V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...742....6E, + author = {{Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Ganeshalingam}, M. and {Mauerhan}, J.~C. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Jha}, S. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Beckman}, J.~E. and + {Berger}, E. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and {Smith}, N.}, + title = "{The Massive Progenitor of the Possible Type II-Linear Supernova 2009hd in Messier 66}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1108.2645}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 3627, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009hd}, + year = 2011, + month = nov, + volume = 742, + eid = {6}, + pages = {6}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/742/1/6}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...742....6E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...685L.117G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Bufano}, F. and {Barlow}, T.~A. and {Baron}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Challis}, P.~J. and + {Ellis}, R.~S. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Fox}, D.~B. and {Hicken}, M. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Li}, W. and {Maoz}, D. and {Matheson}, T. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Modjaz}, M. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Simon}, J.~D. and + {Small}, T.~A. and {Smith}, G.~P. and {Turatto}, M. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Zampieri}, L.}, + title = "{GALEX Spectroscopy of SN 2005ay Suggests Ultraviolet Spectral Uniformity among Type II-P Supernovae}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0806.3276}, + keywords = {supernovae: individual (SN 2005ay), Ultraviolet: General}, + year = 2008, + month = oct, + volume = 685, + pages = {L117-L120}, + doi = {10.1086/592744}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...685L.117G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001PASP..113.1349H, + author = {{Ho}, W.~C.~G. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Peng}, C.~Y. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Leonard}, D.~C. and {Matheson}, T. and {Treffers}, R.~R. and + {Richmond}, M.~W.}, + title = "{BVRI Photometry of Supernovae}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0108299}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1993Y), supernovae: individual (SN 1993Z), supernovae: individual (SN 1993ae), supernovae: individual (SN 1994B), supernovae: individual (SN 1994C), supernovae: individual (SN 1994M), supernovae: individual (SN 1994Q), supernovae: individual (SN 1994Y), supernovae: individual (SN 1994ae), supernovae: individual (SN 1995D)}, + year = 2001, + month = nov, + volume = 113, + pages = {1349-1364}, + doi = {10.1086/323970}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PASP..113.1349H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014AJ....147...37V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Zheng}, W. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Miller}, A.~A. and {Smith}, N. and {Kelly}, P.~L. and {Lee}, W.~H. and + {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Gal-Yam}, A.}, + title = "{The Type IIb Supernova 2013df and its Cool Supergiant Progenitor}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1312.3984}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 4414, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2013df}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 147, + eid = {37}, + pages = {37}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/37}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....147...37V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436.3614S, + author = {{Shivvers}, I. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Boty{\'a}nszki}, J. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Kasen}, D. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Clubb}, K.~I.}, + title = "{Nebular spectroscopy of the nearby Type IIb supernova 2011dh}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1307.2246}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {techniques: spectroscopic, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh}, + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 436, + pages = {3614-3625}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1839}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436.3614S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000ARA&A..38..613K, + author = {{Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Puls}, J.}, + title = "{Winds from Hot Stars}", + journal = {\araa}, + keywords = {MASS LOSS, STELLAR WINDS, MASSIVE STARS, CENTRAL STARS OF PLANETARY NEBULAE, STELLAR EVOLUTION}, + year = 2000, + volume = 38, + pages = {613-666}, + doi = {10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.613}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ARA&A..38..613K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005A&A...443..643Y, + author = {{Yoon}, S.-C. and {Langer}, N.}, + title = "{Evolution of rapidly rotating metal-poor massive stars towards gamma-ray bursts}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0508242}, + keywords = {stars: rotation, stars: evolution, stars: Wolf-Rayet, supernovae: general, gamma rays: bursts}, + year = 2005, + month = nov, + volume = 443, + pages = {643-648}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20054030}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...443..643Y}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2005A&A...442..587V, + author = {{Vink}, J.~S. and {de Koter}, A.}, + title = "{On the metallicity dependence of Wolf-Rayet winds}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0507352}, + keywords = {stars: Wolf-Rayet, stars: early-type, stars: mass-loss, stars: winds, outflows, stars: evolution}, + year = 2005, + month = nov, + volume = 442, + pages = {587-596}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20052862}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...442..587V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...645L..45S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Owocki}, S.~P.}, + title = "{On the Role of Continuum-driven Eruptions in the Evolution of Very Massive Stars and Population III Stars}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0606174}, + keywords = {Instabilities, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Winds, Outflows}, + year = 2006, + month = jul, + volume = 645, + pages = {L45-L48}, + doi = {10.1086/506523}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...645L..45S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...752...78S, + author = {{Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Margutti}, R. and {Zauderer}, B.~A. and + {Krauss}, M. and {Katz}, B. and {Chomiuk}, L. and {Dittmann}, J.~A. and + {Nakar}, E. and {Sakamoto}, T. and {Kawai}, N. and {Hurley}, K. and + {Barthelmy}, S. and {Toizumi}, T. and {Morii}, M. and {Chevalier}, R.~A. and + {Gurwell}, M. and {Petitpas}, G. and {Rupen}, M. and {Alexander}, K.~D. and + {Levesque}, E.~M. and {Fransson}, C. and {Brunthaler}, A. and + {Bietenholz}, M.~F. and {Chugai}, N. and {Grindlay}, J. and + {Copete}, A. and {Connaughton}, V. and {Briggs}, M. and {Meegan}, C. and + {von Kienlin}, A. and {Zhang}, X. and {Rau}, A. and {Golenetskii}, S. and + {Mazets}, E. and {Cline}, T.}, + title = "{Panchromatic Observations of SN 2011dh Point to a Compact Progenitor Star}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1107.1876}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh}, + year = 2012, + month = jun, + volume = 752, + eid = {78}, + pages = {78}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/752/2/78}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...752...78S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...790...17F, + author = {{Fox}, O.~D. and {Azalee Bostroem}, K. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Fransson}, C. and {Matheson}, T. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Chandra}, P. and {Dwarkadas}, V. and {Li}, W. and + {Parker}, A.~H. and {Smith}, N.}, + title = "{Uncovering the Putative B-star Binary Companion of the SN 1993J Progenitor}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1405.4863}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 1993J}, + year = 2014, + month = jul, + volume = 790, + eid = {17}, + pages = {17}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/790/1/17}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...790...17F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115...21V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{``A Search for Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors in Hubble Space Telescope Images'' (PASP, 115, 1 [2003])}", + journal = {\pasp}, + keywords = {Errata, Addenda}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 115, + pages = {21-21}, + doi = {10.1086/374188}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115...21V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2003LNP...598..171C, + author = {{Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Fransson}, C.}, + title = "{Supernova Interaction with a Circumstellar Medium}", +booktitle = {Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters}, + year = 2003, + series = {Lecture Notes in Physics, Berlin Springer Verlag}, + volume = 598, + editor = {{Weiler}, K.}, + pages = {171-194}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003LNP...598..171C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012MNRAS.419.1515D, + author = {{Dwarkadas}, V.~V. and {Gruszko}, J.}, + title = "{What are published X-ray light curves telling us about young supernova expansion?}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.2616}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: massive, stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general, stars: winds, outflows, X-rays: ISM}, + year = 2012, + month = jan, + volume = 419, + pages = {1515-1524}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19808.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.419.1515D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2011A&A...526A.156M, + author = {{Mauron}, N. and {Josselin}, E.}, + title = "{The mass-loss rates of red supergiants and the de Jager prescription}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1010.5369}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: massive, stars: mass-loss, supergiants}, + year = 2011, + month = feb, + volume = 526, + eid = {A156}, + pages = {A156}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201013993}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...526A.156M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...641.1029C, + author = {{Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Fransson}, C. and {Nymark}, T.~K.}, + title = "{Radio and X-Ray Emission as Probes of Type IIP Supernovae and Red Supergiant Mass Loss}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0509468}, + keywords = {Stars: Circumstellar Matter, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Supernovae: General}, + year = 2006, + month = apr, + volume = 641, + pages = {1029-1038}, + doi = {10.1086/500528}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...641.1029C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...711.1343E, + author = {{Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Morrell}, N. and + {Gonzalez}, S. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Smith}, N.}, + title = "{Erratum: ''On the Progenitor of the Type II-Plateau SN 2008CN in NGC 4603'' (2009, ApJ, 706, 1174)}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2010, + month = mar, + volume = 711, + pages = {1343}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/1343}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...711.1343E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.430.1801M, + author = {{Mauerhan}, J.~C. and {Smith}, N. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Blanchard}, K.~B. and {Blanchard}, P.~K. and {Casper}, C.~F.~E. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Cohen}, D.~P. and {Fuller}, K.~L. and + {Li}, G.~Z. and {Silverman}, J.~M.}, + title = "{The unprecedented 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip: a luminous blue variable star becomes a true supernova}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1209.6320}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 430, + pages = {1801-1810}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt009}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.430.1801M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004CBET...74....1N, + author = {{Nakano}, S. and {Itagaki}, K.}, + title = "{Supernova 2004dj in NGC 2403}", + journal = {Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams}, + year = 2004, + month = aug, + volume = 74, + pages = {1}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CBET...74....1N}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2004IAUC.8297....2S, + author = {{Singer}, D. and {Pugh}, H. and {Li}, W.}, + title = "{Supernovae 2004ak, 2004al, and 2004am}", + journal = {\iaucirc}, + year = 2004, + month = mar, + volume = 8297, + pages = {2}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004IAUC.8297....2S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2009CBET.1928....1M, + author = {{Maza}, J. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Antezana}, R. and {Gonzalez}, L. and + {Lopez}, P. and {Silva}, S. and {Folatelli}, G. and {Iturra}, D. and + {Cartier}, R. and 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I. Observations of SN2009ip, UGC 2773 OT2009-1, and Their Progenitors}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1002.0635}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, dust, extinction, stars: evolution, stars: individual: SN 2009ip UGC 2773 OT2009-1, stars: massive, stars: mass-loss, stars: variables: general, stars: variables: S Doradus, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2011, + month = may, + volume = 732, + eid = {32}, + pages = {32}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/732/1/32}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...732...32F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2010AJ....139.1451S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Miller}, A. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Howard}, A.~W. and {Nugent}, P. and + {Marcy}, G.~W. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Ghez}, A.~M. and {Lu}, J. and + {Yelda}, S. and {Bernstein}, R.~A. and {Colucci}, J.~E.}, + title = "{Discovery of Precursor Luminous Blue Variable Outbursts in Two Recent Optical Transients: The Fitfully Variable Missing Links UGC 2773-OT and SN 2009ip}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0909.4792}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, stars: mass-loss, stars: variables: general, stars: winds, outflows, supernovae: general}, + year = 2010, + month = apr, + volume = 139, + pages = {1451-1467}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/139/4/1451}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJ....139.1451S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...767....1P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Benitez}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brimacombe}, J. and {Bufano}, F. and {Cellier-Holzem}, F. and + {Costado}, M.~T. and {Cupani}, G. and {Curtis}, I. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Fynbo}, J.~P.~U. and {Hambsch}, F.-J. and {Hamuy}, M. and + {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Ivarson}, K.~M. and {Kankare}, E. and + {Martin}, J.~C. and {Kotak}, R. and {LaCluyze}, A.~P. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Maza}, J. and {McCrum}, M. and {Miluzio}, M. and + {Norgaard-Nielsen}, H.~U. and {Nysewander}, M.~C. and {Ochner}, P. and + {Pan}, Y.-C. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Reichart}, D.~E. and {Tan}, T.~G. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Wright}, D.}, + title = "{Interacting Supernovae and Supernova Impostors: SN 2009ip, is this the End?}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.3568}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 7259, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip SN 2000ch}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 767, + eid = {1}, + pages = {1}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/1}, + adsurl = 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journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.3347}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, stars: mass-loss, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip}, + year = 2013, + month = feb, + volume = 763, + eid = {L27}, + pages = {L27}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L27}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...763L..27P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.433.1312F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Inserra}, C. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Childress}, M. and {Mattila}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Turatto}, M. and {Yuan}, F. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and + {Bayliss}, D.~D.~R. and {Bauer}, F.~E. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {F{\"o}rster Bur{\'o}n}, F. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and + {Knapic}, C. and {Le Guillou}, L. and {Marchi}, S. and {Mazzali}, P. 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P. and {Plez}, B. and {Olsen}, K.~A.~G. + }, + title = "{The Physical Properties of the Red Supergiant WOH G64: The Largest Star Known?}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0903.2260}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, stars: late-type, stars: mass loss, supergiants}, + year = 2009, + month = jun, + volume = 137, + pages = {4744-4752}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4744}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AJ....137.4744L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014AJ....147...23L, + author = {{Levesque}, E.~M. and {Stringfellow}, G.~S. and {Ginsburg}, A.~G. and + {Bally}, J. and {Keeney}, B.~A.}, + title = "{The Peculiar Balmer Decrement of SN 2009ip: Constraints on Circumstellar Geometry}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1211.4577}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: massive, stars: variables: general, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 147, + eid = {23}, + pages = {23}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/147/1/23}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....147...23L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...764L...6S, + author = {{Soker}, N. and {Kashi}, A.}, + title = "{Explaining the Supernova Impostor SN 2009ip as Mergerburst}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1211.5388}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: massive, stars: variables: general, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = feb, + volume = 764, + eid = {L6}, + pages = {L6}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/764/1/L6}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...764L...6S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438.1191S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Mauerhan}, J.~C. and {Prieto}, J.~L.}, + title = "{SN 2009ip and SN 2010mc: core-collapse Type IIn supernovae arising from blue supergiants}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.0112}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, supernovae: individual: SN 2010mc, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 438, + pages = {1191-1207}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt2269}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438.1191S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...768...47O, + author = {{Ofek}, E.~O. and {Lin}, L. and {Kouveliotou}, C. and {Younes}, G. and + {G{\"o}{\v g}{\"u}{\c s}}, E. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cao}, Y. + }, + title = "{SN 2009ip: Constraints on the Progenitor Mass-loss Rate}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.3894}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip}, + year = 2013, + month = may, + volume = 768, + eid = {47}, + pages = {47}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/47}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...768...47O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.434.2721S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Mauerhan}, J.~C. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Burgasser}, A.~J.}, + title = "{Near-infrared spectroscopy of SN 2009ip's 2012 brightening reveals a dusty pre-supernova environment}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.0304}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: massive, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: variables: S Doradus, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = oct, + volume = 434, + pages = {2721-2726}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt944}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434.2721S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.442.1166M, + author = {{Mauerhan}, J. and {Williams}, G.~G. and {Smith}, N. and {Smith}, P.~S. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Hoffman}, J.~L. and {Milne}, P. and + {Leonard}, D.~C. and {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Kelly}, P.~L. + }, + title = "{Multi-epoch spectropolarimetry of SN 2009ip: direct evidence for aspherical circumstellar material}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1403.4240}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2014, + month = aug, + volume = 442, + pages = {1166-1180}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu730}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.442.1166M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...787..163G, + author = {{Graham}, M.~L. and {Sand}, D.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Parrent}, J. and {Halford}, M. and {Zaritsky}, D. and {Bianco}, F. and + {Rest}, A. and {Dilday}, B.}, + title = "{Clues to the Nature of SN 2009ip from Photometric and Spectroscopic Evolution to Late Times}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1402.1765}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: mass-loss, stars: variables: general, supernovae: individual: 2009ip}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + volume = 787, + eid = {163}, + pages = {163}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/163}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...787..163G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436.2484K, + author = {{Kashi}, A. and {Soker}, N. and {Moskovitz}, N.}, + title = "{Powering the second 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip by repeating binary interaction}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1307.7681}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 436, + pages = {2484-2491}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1742}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436.2484K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013RAA....13.1463O, + author = {{Ouyed}, R. and {Koning}, N. and {Leahy}, D.}, + title = "{SN 2009ip and SN 2010mc as dual-shock Quark-Novae}", + journal = {Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.3927}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 13, + eid = {1463}, + pages = {1463-1470}, + doi = {10.1088/1674-4527/13/12/007}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013RAA....13.1463O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.431L..98P, + author = {{Potashov}, M. and {Blinnikov}, S. and {Baklanov}, P. and {Dolgov}, A. + }, + title = "{Direct distance measurements to SN 2009ip}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1212.6893}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, distance scale}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 431, + pages = {L98-L101}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt016}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.431L..98P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...777L..35T, + author = {{Tsebrenko}, D. and {Soker}, N.}, + title = "{Accelerating Very Fast Gas in the Supernova Impostor SN 2009ip with Jets from a Stellar Companion}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.4555}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: massive, stars: variables: general, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = nov, + volume = 777, + eid = {L35}, + pages = {L35}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/777/2/L35}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...777L..35T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013JAVSO..41..391M, + author = {{Martin}, J.}, + title = "{Periodic Brightness Fluctuatons in the 2012 Outburst of SN 2009ip (Abstract)}", + journal = {Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (JAAVSO)}, + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 41, + pages = {391}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAVSO..41..391M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015arXiv150402404T, + author = {{Takats}, K. and {Pignata}, G. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Paillas}, E. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Benetti}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Ergon}, M. and {Fraser}, M. and {Hamuy}, M. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Kankare}, E. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stritzinger}, M.~D. and + {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and {LaCluyze}, A.~P. and + {Moore}, J.~P. and {Reichart}, D.}, + title = "{SN 2009ib: A Type II-P Supernova with an Unusually Long Plateau}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1504.02404}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics}, + year = 2015, + month = apr, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150402404T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1998ApJ...503..325A, + author = {{Alard}, C. and {Lupton}, R.~H.}, + title = "{A Method for Optimal Image Subtraction}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9712287}, + keywords = {METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS, METHODS: STATISTICAL, TECHNIQUES: IMAGE PROCESSING, Methods: Data Analysis, Methods: Statistical, Techniques: Image Processing}, + year = 1998, + month = aug, + volume = 503, + pages = {325-331}, + doi = {10.1086/305984}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...503..325A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +% dophot +@ARTICLE{1993PASP..105.1342S, + author = {{Schechter}, P.~L. and {Mateo}, M. and {Saha}, A.}, + title = "{DOPHOT, a CCD photometry program: Description and tests}", + journal = {\pasp}, + keywords = {Astronomical Photometry, Charge Coupled Devices, Computer Programs, Computerized Simulation, Data Reduction, Image Processing, Point Spread Functions, Comparison, Globular Clusters, Stellar Color, Stellar Magnitude}, + year = 1993, + month = nov, + volume = 105, + pages = {1342-1353}, + doi = {10.1086/133316}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PASP..105.1342S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +% galfit +@ARTICLE{2002AJ....124..266P, + author = {{Peng}, C.~Y. and {Ho}, L.~C. and {Impey}, C.~D. and {Rix}, H.-W.}, + title = "{Detailed Structural Decomposition of Galaxy Images}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0204182}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Bulges, Galaxies: Fundamental Parameters, Galaxies: Nuclei, Galaxies: Structure, Techniques: Image Processing, Techniques: Photometric}, + year = 2002, + month = jul, + volume = 124, + pages = {266-293}, + doi = {10.1086/340952}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AJ....124..266P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +%I believe this is sdss phot +@INPROCEEDINGS{2001ASPC..238..269L, + author = {{Lupton}, R. and {Gunn}, J.~E. and {Ivezi{\'c}}, Z. and {Knapp}, G.~R. and {Kent}, S.}, + title = "{The SDSS Imaging Pipelines}", +booktitle = {Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems X}, + year = 2001, + series = {Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series}, + volume = 238, + eprint = {astro-ph/0101420}, + editor = {{Harnden}, Jr., F.~R. and {Primini}, F.~A. and {Payne}, H.~E.}, + pages = {269}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ASPC..238..269L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1963BAAA....6...41S, + author = {{S{\'e}rsic}, J.~L.}, + title = "{Influence of the atmospheric and instrumental dispersion on the brightness distribution in a galaxy}", + journal = {Boletin de la Asociacion Argentina de Astronomia La Plata Argentina}, + year = 1963, + volume = 6, + pages = {41}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963BAAA....6...41S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1976ApJ...209L...1P, + author = {{Petrosian}, V.}, + title = "{Surface brightness and evolution of galaxies}", + journal = {\apjl}, + keywords = {Astronomical Models, Galactic Evolution, Luminous Intensity, Red Shift, Surface Properties, Big Bang Cosmology, Cosmology, Hubble Diagram, Iterative Solution, Point Sources}, + year = 1976, + month = oct, + volume = 209, + pages = {L1-L5}, + doi = {10.1086/182253}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ApJ...209L...1P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...644...30B, + author = {{Blakeslee}, J.~P. and {Holden}, B.~P. and {Franx}, M. and {Rosati}, P. and {Bouwens}, R.~J. and {Demarco}, R. and {Ford}, H.~C. and {Homeier}, N.~L. and {Illingworth}, G.~D. and {Jee}, M.~J. and {Mei}, S. and {Menanteau}, F. and {Meurer}, G.~R. and {Postman}, M. and {Tran}, K.-V.~H.}, + title = "{Clusters at Half Hubble Time: Galaxy Structure and Colors in RX J0152.7-1357 and MS 1054-03}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603058}, + keywords = {Cosmology: Observations, Galaxies: Clusters: Individual: Alphanumeric: MS 1054-0321, galaxies: clusters: individual (RX J0152.7-1357), Galaxies: Elliptical and Lenticular, cD, Galaxies: Evolution}, + year = 2006, + month = jun, + volume = 644, + pages = {30-53}, + doi = {10.1086/503539}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...644...30B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1995ApJ...451L...1S, + author = {{Schade}, D. and {Lilly}, S.~J. and {Crampton}, D. and {Hammer}, F. and {Le Fevre}, O. and {Tresse}, L.}, + title = "{Canada-France Redshift Survey: Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of High-Redshift Field Galaxies}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9507028}, + keywords = {GALAXIES: EVOLUTION, GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS}, + year = 1995, + month = sep, + volume = 451, + pages = {L1}, + doi = {10.1086/309677}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...451L...1S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJS..142....1S, + author = {{Simard}, L. and {Willmer}, C.~N.~A. and {Vogt}, N.~P. and {Sarajedini}, V.~L. and {Phillips}, A.~C. and {Weiner}, B.~J. and {Koo}, D.~C. and {Im}, M. and {Illingworth}, G.~D. and {Faber}, S.~M.}, + title = "{The DEEP Groth Strip Survey. II. Hubble Space Telescope Structural Parameters of Galaxies in the Groth Strip}", + journal = {\apjs}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0205025}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Evolution, Galaxies: Fundamental Parameters, Galaxies: High-Redshift}, + year = 2002, + month = sep, + volume = 142, + pages = {1-33}, + doi = {10.1086/341399}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJS..142....1S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1948AnAp...11..247D, + author = {{de Vaucouleurs}, G.}, + title = "{Recherches sur les Nebuleuses Extragalactiques}", + journal = {Annales d'Astrophysique}, + year = 1948, + month = jan, + volume = 11, + pages = {247}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948AnAp...11..247D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2009amos.confE..40T, + author = {{Tonry}, J. and {Onaka}, P.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Gigapixel Camera}", +booktitle = {Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 2009, + pages = {E40}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009amos.confE..40T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002AA...395.1077C, + author = {{Calabretta}, M.~R. and {Greisen}, E.~W.}, + title = "{Representations of celestial coordinates in FITS}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0207413}, + keywords = {methods: data analysis, techniques: image processing, astronomical data bases: miscellaneous, astrometry}, + year = 2002, + month = dec, + volume = 395, + pages = {1077-1122}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20021327}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A%26A...395.1077C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2011AAS...21743319J, + author = {{Juric}, M.}, + title = "{Large Survey Database: A Distributed Framework for Storage and Analysis of Large Datasets}", +booktitle = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts \#217}, + year = 2011, + series = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society}, + volume = 43, + month = jan, + eid = {433.19}, + pages = {433.19}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21743319J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2016AA...595A...2G, + author = {{Gaia Collaboration} and {Brown}, A.~G.~A. and {Vallenari}, A. and + {Prusti}, T. and {de Bruijne}, J.~H.~J. and {Mignard}, F. and + {Drimmel}, R. and {Babusiaux}, C. and {Bailer-Jones}, C.~A.~L. and + {Bastian}, U. and et al.}, + title = "{Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1609.04172}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {catalogs, astrometry, parallaxes, proper motions, surveys}, + year = 2016, + month = nov, + volume = 595, + eid = {A2}, + pages = {A2}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201629512}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A%26A...595A...2G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/Makefile =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/Makefile (revision 39919) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/Makefile (revision 39920) @@ -1,18 +1,41 @@ # $Id: Makefile,v 1.16 2006-01-16 01:11:40 eugene Exp $ + +# WARNING : pdflatex does not do .ps +# +DO_PDFLATEX = 1 +DO_BIBTEX = 0 help: @echo "USAGE: make (target)" - @echo " targets: all analysis" + @echo " targets: all pdf tgz" -all: analysis.pdf +all: pdf tgz +pdf: analysis.pdf +tgz: analysis.tgz -ANALYSIS = analysis.tex +PDFPICS = \ +pics/peaks.pdf \ +pics/FWHM.smooth.trend.ps1.pdf \ +pics/moment.class.pdf \ +pics/radial.profiles.pdf -# pics/Metadata.ps -# pics/earthrot.ps +FILES = \ +../inputs/astro.sty \ +../inputs/code.sty \ +../inputs/apj.bst \ +../inputs/lib.bib \ +$(PDFPICS) \ +analysis.tex -analysis.pdf: $(ANALYSIS) +pics/%.pdf : pics/%.ps + echo $^ + echo $< + echo $@ + echo $* + ps2pdf -dEPSCrop $< $@ -analysis.ps: $(ANALYSIS) +pdfpics: $(PDFPICS) +analysis.pdf: $(FILES) +analysis.tgz: $(FILES) include ../Makefile.Common Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/analysis.tex =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/analysis.tex (revision 39919) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/analysis.tex (revision 39920) @@ -2,10 +2,7 @@ % \pdfoutput=1 -% see latex.readme.txt for notes on using the PS1 template -%\documentclass[12pt,preprint]{aastex} -%\documentclass[manuscript]{aastex} -%\documentclass[preprint2]{aastex} -%\documentclass[preprint2,longabstract]{aastex} +\RequirePackage{graphicx} \RequirePackage{color} +\RequirePackage{code} \input{astro.sty} @@ -14,9 +11,20 @@ %\def\plotmode{bw} +% latex uses the .ps regardless of \plotext if passed with ext=.\plotext +% pdflatex uses the png if it exists, pdf otherwise OK with pdf, png +% independent of graphicx or graphics +% pdflatex fails on files with multiple dots, protect with {file.name.long}.pdf +% use ps2pdf -dEPSCrop input.ps to convert to pdf + +% \includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{peaks} +% \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{temp.pdf} +% \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{{FWHM.smooth.trend.ps1}.pdf} + %\def\plotext{pdf} -\def\plotext{ps} +%\def\plotext{png} +\def\plotext{pdf} %\def\picdir{/home/eugene/chipresid.20140404} -\def\picdir{/data/pikake.2/eugene/chipresid.20140404} +\def\picdir{pics} % Pick a terse version of the title here; @@ -24,5 +32,5 @@ \shortauthors{E.A. Magnier et al} \begin{document} -\title{Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection \& Characterization} +\title{Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection and Characterization} % this is a crude trick to get the order of affiliations right. These @@ -31,46 +39,45 @@ % list and (2) re-order the list at the bottom (and comment-out as needed) \def\IfA{1} +\def\Princeton{2} +\def\DUR{3} \def\CfA{2} -\def\MPIA{3} -\def\Princeton{3} -\def\USNO{4} -\def\JHU{1} % This example has a first author from UH: \author{ Eugene A. Magnier,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -IPP Team, -%PS Builder List +% R. H. Lupton,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} +W.~E. Sweeney,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +K.~C. Chambers,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +H.~A. Flewelling,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +M. E. Huber,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +P.~A. Price,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} +C. Z. Waters,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +% PS1 Builders +L. Denneau,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +P. Draper,\altaffilmark{\DUR} +R. Jedicke,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +K. W. Hodapp,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +N. Kaiser,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +R.-P. Kudritzki,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +N. Metcalfe,\altaffilmark{\DUR} +C.~W. Stubbs,\altaffilmark{\CfA} % W.~S. Burgett,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% K.~C. Chambers,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% L. Denneau,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% P. Draper,\altaffilmark{\DUR} -% H.~A. Flewelling,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % T. Grav,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % J. N. Heasley,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% K. W. Hodapp,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% M. E. Huber,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R. Jedicke,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% N. Kaiser,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R.-P. Kudritzki,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % G. A. Luppino,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % R. H. Lupton,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} % E. A. Magnier,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% N. Metcalfe,\altaffilmark{\DUH} % D. G. Monet,\altaffilmark{\USNO} % J.~S. Morgan,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % P. M. Onaka,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% P.~A. Price,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} -% C.~W. Stubbs,\altaffilmark{\CfA} -% W.~E. Sweeney,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % J.~L. Tonry, \altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R. J. Wainscoat,\altaffilmark{\IfA} and -% C. Z. Waters,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +R. J. Wainscoat\altaffilmark{\IfA} } % this bracket terminates author list % The ordering here should be sequential, matching the sequence in the list of authors: \altaffiltext{\IfA}{Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu HI 96822} -% \altaffiltext{\CfA}{Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138} -% \altaffiltext{\Princeton}{Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA} +\altaffiltext{\Princeton}{Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA} +\altaffiltext{\DUR}{Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK} +\altaffiltext{\CfA}{Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138} % \altaffiltext{\USNO}{US Naval Observatory, Flagstaff Station, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA} % \altaffiltext{\JHU}{Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA} @@ -78,14 +85,15 @@ \begin{abstract} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum -bibendum nisi id tristique posuere. Duis eu mollis nulla. Maecenas est -turpis, mattis tempor urna vitae, placerat rhoncus sem. Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed quis velit -nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Cras lacinia, nisl tristique auctor -molestie, dolor nulla rhoncus purus, ac accumsan nunc nunc ac -nibh. Maecenas vitae mollis mauris. Ut sollicitudin pulvinar purus, -eget luctus lorem tincidunt vitae. Vestibulum eu mattis neque. Nulla -in tortor id urna dapibus gravida a vel leo. - +Over 3 billion astronomical objects have been detected in the more +than 22 million orthogonal transfer CCD images obtained as part of the +Pan-STARRS\,1 $3\pi$ survey. Over 85 billion instances of those +objects have been automatically detected and characterized by the +Pan-STARRS Image Processing Pipeline photometry software, +\code{psphot}. This fast, automatic, and reliable software was +developed for the Pan-STARRS project, but is easily adaptable to +images from other telescopes. We describe the analysis of the +astronomical objects by \code{psphot} in general as well as for the +specific case of the 3rd processing version used for the first public +release of the Pan-STARRS $3\pi$ survey data. \end{abstract} @@ -93,43 +101,85 @@ \keywords{Surveys:\PSONE } -\section{OUTLINE} -\begin{verbatim} -Intro - Pan-STARRS background - Scope: Source Detection \& Characterization, Galaxy modeling - Requirements / Goals - Comparable programs - PSPhot -\end{verbatim} - \section{INTRODUCTION}\label{sec:intro} -\note{more PS1 background} - -The Pan-STARRS Image Processing Pipeline is responsible for the basic -analysis of images from the Pan-STARRS telescopes Gigapixel Camera. -The photometric and astrometric precision goals for the all-sky -surveys, as well as the other survey components, are quite stringent: - -\begin{itemize} -\item relative photometry: 10 millimagnitudes scatter for bright stars -across the sky in the internal photometric system; - -\item relative astrometry; 10 milliarcseconds scatter for individual -stars between repeated images. - -\item absolute astrometry: 100 milliarcseconds scatter for all ICRS - reference stars (Tycho). -\end{itemize} - -An additional constraint on the Pan-STARRS system comes from the high -data rate. PS1 produces typically $\sim 700$ GB per night of imaging -data. These images range from high galactic latitudes to the Galactic -Bulge, so large numbers of measurable stars can be expected in much of -the data. The combination of the high precision goals of the -astrometric and photometric measurements and the high data rate (and a -finite computing budget) mean that the process of detecting, -classifying, and measuring the astronomical objects in the image data -stream in a timely fashion are a significant challenge. +This is the fourth in a series of seven papers describing the +Pan-STARRS1 Surveys, the data reduction techiques and the resulting +data products. This paper (Paper IV) describes the details of the +source detection and photometry, including point-spread-function and +extended source fitting models, and the techniques for ``forced'' +photometry measurements. + +%Chambers et al. 2017 (Paper I) +%The Pan-STARRS\,1 Surveys +\citet[][Paper I]{chambers2017} +provides an overview of the Pan-STARRS System, the design and +execution of the Surveys, the resulting image and catalog data +products, a discussion of the overall data quality and basic +characteristics, and a brief summary of important results. + +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper II) +%Pan-STARRS Data Processing Stages +\citet[][Paper II]{magnier2017c} +describes how the various data processing stages are organised and implemented +in the Imaging Processing Pipeline (IPP), including details of the +the processing database which is a critical element in the IPP infrastructure . + +%Waters et al. 2017 (Paper III) +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Processing : Detrending, Warping, Stacking +\citet[][Paper III]{waters2017} +describes the details of the pixel processing algorithms, including detrending, warping, and adding (to create stacked images) and subtracting (to create difference images) and resulting image products and their properties. + + +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper IV) +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection +%\citet[][Paper IV]{magnier2017a} +%describes the details of the source detection and photometry, including point-spread-function and extended source fitting models, and the techniques for ``forced" photometry measurements. + +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper V) +%Pan-STARRS Photometric and Astrometric Calibration +\citet[][Paper V]{magnier2017b} +describes the final calibration process, and the resulting photometric and astrometric quality. + + +%Flewelling et al. 2017 (Paper VI) +%Pan-STARRS 1 Database and Data Products +\citet[][Paper VI]{flewelling2017} +describes the details of the resulting catalog data and its organization in the Pan-STARRS database. +% +% +\citet[][Paper VII]{huber2017} +%Huber et al. 2017 (Paper VII) +describes the Medium Deep Survey in detail, including the unique issues and data products specific to that survey. The Medium Deep Survey is not part of Data Release 1. (DR1) + +% +The Pan-STARRS1 filters and photometric system have already been +described in detail in \cite{2012ApJ...750...99T}. + +{\color{red} {\em Note: These papers are being placed on arXiv.org to + provide crucial support information at the time of the public + release of Data Release 1 (DR1). We expect the arXiv versions to + be updated prior to submission to the Astrophysical Journal in + January 2017. Feedback and suggestions for additional information + from early users of the data products are welcome during the + submission and refereeing process.}} + +\section{Background} + +The photometric and astrometric precision goals for the Pan-STARRS\,1 +surveys were quite stringent: photmetric accuracy of 10 +millimagnitudes, relative astrometric accuracy of 10 milliarcseconds +and absolute astrometric accuracy of 100 milliarcseconds with respect +to the ICRS reference stars. + +An additional constraint on the Pan-STARRS analysis system comes from +the high data rate. PS1 produces typically $\sim 500$ exposures per +night, corresponding to $\sim 750$ billion pixels of imaging data. +The images range from high galactic latitudes to the Galactic bulge, +so large numbers of measurable stars can be expected in much of the +data. The combination of the high precision goals of the astrometric +and photometric measurements and the high data rate (and a finite +computing budget) mean that the process of detecting, classifying, and +measuring the astronomical objects in the image data stream in a +timely fashion are a significant challenge. In order to achieve these ambitious goals, the object detection, @@ -142,6 +192,4 @@ astrometry. -\subsection{Comparable Programs} - A variety of astronomical software packages perform the basic object detection, measurement, and classification tasks needed by the @@ -157,47 +205,71 @@ pro: well-tested, stable code. con: limited range of models, algorithm converges slowly to a PSF model, limited tests of PSF - validity, inflexible code base, fortran (P. Schechter) + validity, inflexible code base, fortran \citep{1993PASP..105.1342S}. \item DAOPhot : Pixel-map PSF model with analytical component. pro: well-tested, high-quality photometry. con: Difficult to use in an - automated fashion, does it handle 2D variations well? (P. Stetson) - -\item Sextractor : pure aperture measurement with rudimentary - object subtraction. pro: fast, widely used, easy to automate. con: - poor object separation in crowded regions, PSF-modeling is only - beta (psfex), what models are available? (E. Bertin) - -\item apphot : IRAF-based aperture photometry. pro: widely used. - con: IRAF-based, aperture photometry. (???) + automated fashion, does it handle 2D variations well? \citep{1987PASP...99..191S}. + +\item Sextractor : pure aperture measurement with rudimentary object + subtraction. pro: fast, widely used, easy to automate. con: poor + object separation in crowded regions, PSF-modeling was only in beta, + not widely used at the time \citep{sextractor}. \item galfit : detailed galaxy modeling. not a multi-object PSF analysis tool. con: does not provide a PSF model, not easily automated. very detailed results in very slow processing. only a - galaxy analysis program. (C. Impey) + galaxy analysis program \citep{2002AJ....124..266P}. \item SDSS phot : con: tightly integrated into the SDSS software - environment. (R. Lupton) + environment \citep{2001ASPC..238..269L}. \end{itemize} -\note{re-phrase this:} The Pan-STARRS IPP team decided that none of -the existing packages met all of their needs, particularly given the -very challenging goals of the project. We decided to redesign the -photometry analysis from scratch, using the lessons learned from the -existing photometry systems. In the process, the object analysis -software would be written using the data analysis C-code library -written for the IPP, \code{psLib}, and the components of the -photometry code would be integrated into the IPP's mid-level astronomy -data analysis toolkit called \code{psModules}. The result is -'PSPhot', which can be used either as a stand-alone C program, or as -callable set of functions. - -\note{discuss the psphot program varients} - -\begin{verbatim} -Other Varients: -* psphotStack -- 5 filter simultaneous fitting -* psphotFullForce -\end{verbatim} +When the IPP development was starting, the existing photometry +packages either did not meet the level of accuracy required or were +required too much human intervention to be considered for the needs of +PS1. In the case of the SDSS Photo tool, the software was judged to +be too tightly integrated to the architecture of SDSS to be easily +re-integrated into the Pan-STARRS pipelin. A new photometry analysis +package was developed using lessons learned from the existing +photometry systems. In the process, the object analysis software was +written using the data analysis C-code library written for the IPP, +\code{psLib}. Components of the photometry code were integrated into +the IPP's mid-level astronomy data analysis toolkit called +\code{psModules}. The result software, 'PSPhot', can be used either +as a stand-alone C program, or as a set of library functions which may +be integrated into other programs + +The main version of PSPhot is a stand-alone program which is run on a +single image or a group of related images representing the data read +from a camera in a single exposure. The images are expected to have +already been detrended so that pixel values are linearly related to +the flux. The gain may be specific by the configuration system, or a +variance image may be supplied. A mask may also be supplied to mark +good, bad, and suspect pixels. Several variants of psphot have also +been used in the PS1 PV3 analysis. + +The version called PSPhotStack accepts a set of images, each +representing the same patch of sky in a different filter, nominally +the full $grizy$ filter set for the analysis of the PS1 PV3 stack +images, though where insufficient data were available in a given +filter, a subset of these filters was processed as a group. As +discussed in detail below, the PSPhotStack analysis includes the +capability of measuring forced PSF photometry in some filter images +based on the position of sources detected in the other filters. It +also include an option to convolve the set of images to a single, +common PSF size across the filters for the purpose of fixed aperture +photometry. + +A second version of PSPhot used in the PV3 analysis is called +PSPhotFullForce. In this version, a set of image all representing the +same pixels are processed together, with the positions of sources to +be analysed loaded from a supplied file. In this version the +analysis, sources are not discovered -- only the supplied sources are +considered. PSF models are determined for each exposure and the +forced PSF photometry is measured for all sources. A subset of +sources may also be used to measure forced galaxy shape parameters. +As described below, a grid of galaxy models are fitted based on the +supplied guess model. \section{PSPhot Design Goals} @@ -233,8 +305,9 @@ level must be reached for images with 250 mas pixels, implying PSPhot must introduce measurement errors less than 1/50th of a - pixel. \note{the choice of F32 parameters places a numerical limit - of 1e-7 on the accuracy of a pixel relative to the size of a chip - (since a single data value is used for X or Y). For the $4800^2$ - GPC chips, this yields a limit of about 0.25 milliarcsecond.} + pixel. The choice of 32 bit floating point data values for the + source centroids places a numerical limit of 1e-7 on the accuracy of + a pixel relative to the size of a chip (since a single data value is + used for X or Y). For the $4800^2$ GPC chips, this yields a limit + of about 0.25 milliarcsecond. \end{itemize} @@ -253,7 +326,7 @@ \item {\bf Flexible non-PSF models} PSPhot must be able to represent - PSF-like objects as well as non-PSF sources. It must be easy to add - new object models as interesting representations of sources are - invented. + PSF-like objects as well as non-PSF sources (e.g., galaxies). It + must be easy to add new object models as interesting representations + of sources are invented. \item {\bf Clean code base} PSPhot should incorporate a high-degree of @@ -265,7 +338,7 @@ provide the user with methods for assessing the different PSF models. -\item {\bf Careful aperture corrections} PSPhot must carefully measure - and correct for the photometric and astrometric trends introduced by - using analytical PSF models. +\item {\bf Careful systematic corrections} PSPhot must carefully + measure and correct for the photometric and astrometric trends + introduced by using analytical PSF models. \item {\bf User Configurable} PSPhot should allow users to change the @@ -280,10 +353,10 @@ The PSPhot analysis is divided into several major stages: -\begin{itemize} +\begin{enumerate} \item {\bf Image preparation} Load data, characterize the image background, load or construct variance and mask images. \item {\bf Initial object detection} Smooth, find peaks, measure basic - properties + properties. \item {\bf PSF determination} Select PSF candidates, perform model @@ -297,4 +370,7 @@ properties (aperture or PSF) +\item {\bf Extended Source Analysis} Detailed measurements relevant to + galaxies and/or other extended (non-PSF) sources. + \item {\bf Aperture corrections} Measure the curve-of-growth, spatial aperture variations, and background-error corrections. @@ -302,11 +378,11 @@ \item {\bf Output} Write out objects in selected format, write out difference image, variance image, etc, as selected. -\end{itemize} +\end{enumerate} PSPhot is highly configurable. Users may choose via the configuration -system which of the above analyses are performed. This may be useful -for testing, but may also allow for specialized use cases. For -example, the PSF model may already be available from external -information, in which case the PSF modeling stage can be skipped. +system which of the above analyses are performed. This is useful for +testing, but also allows for specialized use cases. For example, the +PSF model may already be available from external information, in which +case the PSF modeling stage can be skipped. \subsection{Image Preparation} @@ -352,9 +428,41 @@ circumstance, while a pixel in which persistence ghosts have been subtracted might be useful for detection or even analysis of brighter -sources. \note{can I identify which functions respect which sets of masks} +sources. Table~\ref{tab:mask_values} lists the 16 bit values used for +PS1 mask images, along with their description \citep[see][for + additional information]{waters2017}. + +\begin{table*} +\caption{\label{tab:mask_values} PSPhot / GPC1 Mask Image Pixel Values}\vspace{-0.5cm} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lcl} +\hline +\hline +{\bf Mask Name} & {\bf Mask Value} & {\bf Description} \\ +\hline + DETECTOR & 0x0001 & A detector defect is present. \\ + FLAT & 0x0002 & The flat field model does not calibrate the pixel reliably. \\ + DARK & 0x0004 & The dark model does not calibrate the pixel reliably. \\ + BLANK & 0x0008 & The pixel does not contain valid data. \\ + CTE & 0x0010 & The pixel has poor charge transfer efficiency. \\ + SAT & 0x0020 & The pixel is saturated. \\ + LOW & 0x0040 & The pixel has a lower value than expected. \\ + SUSPECT & 0x0080 & The pixel is suspected of being bad. \\ + BURNTOOL & 0x0080 & The pixel contain an burntool repaired streak. \\ + CR & 0x0100 & A cosmic ray is present. \\ + SPIKE & 0x0200 & A diffraction spike is present. \\ + GHOST & 0x0400 & An optical ghost is present. \\ + STREAK & 0x0800 & A streak is present. \\ + STARCORE & 0x1000 & A bright star core is present. \\ + CONV.BAD & 0x2000 & The pixel is bad after convolution with a bad pixel. \\ + CONV.POOR& 0x4000 & The pixel is poor after convolution with a bad pixel. \\ + MARK & 0x8000 & An internal flag for temporarily marking a pixel. \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\end{table*} The variance image, if not supplied is constructed by default from the flux image using the configuration supplied values of \code{GAIN} and -\code{READ\_NOISE} to calculate the appropriate Poisson statistics for +\code{READ_NOISE} to calculate the appropriate Poisson statistics for each pixel. In this case, the image is assumed to represent the readout from a single detector, with well-defined gain and read noise @@ -376,22 +484,37 @@ Since a typical smoothing or warping operation may introduce correlation between 25 - 100 neighboring pixels, the size of such a -covariance image is prohibitive. In practice, however, there are two -extreme cases which generally are relevant. \note{talk about the - covar matrix for a PSF} - -\subsection{Background (Sky) Model} +covariance image is prohibitive. + +Before sources are detected in the image, a model of the background is +subtracted. The image is divided into a grid of background points +with a spacing of 400 pixels. Superpixels of size $800\times 800$ +pixels are used to measure the local background for each background +grid point, thus over-sampling the background spatial variations by a +factor of 2. In the interest of speed, 10,000 randomly selected {\em + unmasked} pixels in these regions are sampled to determine the +background. Bilinear interpolation is used to generate a +full-resolution image from the grid of background points, and this +image is then subtracted from the science image. The background image +and the background standard deviation image are kept in memory from +which the values of \code{SKY} and \code{SKY_SIGMA} are calculated for +each object in the output catalog. See also the discussion in +\cite{waters2017}. \subsection{Initial Object Detection} + +\subsubsection{Peak Detection} +\label{sec:peaks} The objects are initially detected by finding the location of local peaks in the image. The flux and variance images are smoothed with a -small circularly symmetric kernel using a two-pass 1D Gaussian -(\note{KEYWORD?}). The smoothed flux and variance images are combined -to generate a significance image in signal-to-noise units -\note{including correction for the covariance, if known}. At this -stage, the goal is only to detect the brighter sources, above a user -defined S/N limit (configuration keyword: \code{PEAK\_NSIGMA}). The -detection efficiency for the brighter sources is not strongly -dependent on the form of this smoothing function. +small circularly symmetric kernel using a two-pass 1D Gaussian. The +smoothed flux and variance images are combined to generate a +significance image in signal-to-noise units, including correction for +the covariance, if known. At this stage, the goal is only to detect +the brighter sources, above a user defined S/N limit (configuration +keyword: \code{PEAKS_NSIGMA_LIMIT}). A maximum of +\code{PEAKS_NMAX} are found at this stage. The detection efficiency +for the brighter sources is not strongly dependent on the form of this +smoothing function. The local peaks in the smoothed image are found by first detecting @@ -406,42 +529,4 @@ the maximum $X$ and $Y$ corners of the region. -\subsection{Footprints} - -\note{need to describe the process of generating the source footprints - and then culling the insignificant peaks} - -\subsubsection{Moments and related} - -\note{disucss the Kron mags} - -\note{this section is wrong: we no longer use S/N clipping, but a - Gaussian window function, chosen based on the measured moment} - -Once a collection of peaks have been identified, basic properties of -the objects are measured. First, the local sky flux is measured -within a square annulus with user-defined dimensions -(\code{INNER\_RADIUS} and \code{OUTER\_RADIUS}), using the sample -median. This local background value is then used to calculate the -object first and second moments within a small user-defined aperture -(\code{MOMENT\_RADIUS}). The first-order moments are a good -representation of the object position, while the second-order moments -are a measure of the object shape. The second-order moments are -somewhat sensitive to the size of the aperture and the accuracy of the -background measurement. The moment calculation is only performed -using pixels which exceed a S/N of 1. If, in the process of -calculating the source moments, the S/N limits reject all but \note{3} -or fewer of the source pixels, the peak is identified as being -suspect, and is not used for further analysis. If the measured -centroid coordinates differ from the peak coordinates be a large -amount (\code{MOMENT\_RADIUS}), then the peak is again identified as -being of poor quality and is rejected. In both of these cases, it is -likely that the `peak' was identified in a region of flat flux -distribution or many saturated or edge pixels. - -\subsubsection{Determination of the Peak Coordinates and Errors} - -\note{this section is wrong: it is a poor estimator of the source - position errors. we gave up a reverted to using the FWHM / (S/N)} - We use the 9 pixels which include the source peak to fit for the position and position errors. We model the peak of the sources as a @@ -460,51 +545,213 @@ of only 0 or 1, we can greatly simplify the chi-square equation to a square matrix equation with the following values: - -%% fix this: -\begin{verbatim} -| 9 0 0 0 6 6 | C_00 | = \sum F_{i,j} -| 0 6 0 0 0 0 | C_10 | = \sum F_{i,j} x -| 0 0 6 0 0 0 | C_01 | = \sum F_{i,j} y -| 0 0 0 6 0 0 | C_11 | = \sum F_{i,j} x y -| 6 0 0 0 6 4 | C_20 | = \sum F_{i,j} x^2 -| 6 0 0 0 4 6 | C_02 | = \sum F_{i,j} y^2 -\end{verbatim} - -The inverse of the 3x3 matrix terms for $C_{00}$, $C_{20}$, and $C_{02}$ is: -\begin{verbatim} -| +5/9 -1/3 -1/3 | -| -1/3 +1/2 0 | -| -1/3 0 +1/2 | -\end{verbatim} - -which can be used to determine the errors on the coefficients: - +\[ +\left( \begin{array}{cccccc} +9 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 6 & 6 \\ +0 & 6 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +0 & 0 & 6 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ +0 & 0 & 0 & 6 & 0 & 0 \\ +6 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 6 & 4 \\ +6 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 4 & 6 \\ +\end{array} \right) +\left( \begin{array}{c} +C_{00}\\ +C_{10}\\ +C_{01}\\ +C_{11}\\ +C_{20}\\ +C_{02}\\ +\end{array} \right) += +\left( \begin{array}{c} +\sum F_{i,j} \\ +\sum F_{i,j} x \\ +\sum F_{i,j} y \\ +\sum F_{i,j} x y \\ +\sum F_{i,j} x^2 \\ +\sum F_{i,j} y^2 \\ +\end{array} \right) +\] + +Inverting the 3x3 matrix terms for $C_{00}$, $C_{20}$, and $C_{02}$, +the location of the peak is determined from the minimum of the +bi-quadratic function above, and is given by: \begin{eqnarray} -\sigma^2_{00} & = & \sigma^2 (5/9) \\ -\sigma^2_{10} & = & \sigma^2 (1/6) \\ -\sigma^2_{01} & = & \sigma^2 (1/6) \\ -\sigma^2_{11} & = & \sigma^2 (1/6) \\ -\sigma^2_{20} & = & \sigma^2 (1/2) \\ -\sigma^2_{02} & = & \sigma^2 (1/2) \\ +x_{min} & = & (C_{11} C_{01} - 2 C_{02} C_{10}) D^{-1} \\ +y_{min} & = & (C_{11} C_{10} - 2 C_{20} C_{01}) D^{-1} \\ +D & = & 4 C_{20} C_{02} - C_{11}^2 \end{eqnarray} -The location of the peak is determined from the minimum of the -bi-quadratic function above, and is given by: +\begin{figure}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{pics/peaks} + \caption{\label{fig:peaks} Illustration of peak finding and culling peaks within a + footprint. Insignificant peaks within the footprint of a brighter + peak are ignored in further processing. } + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Footprints} + +The peaks detected in the image may correspond to real sources, but +they may also correspond to noise fluctuations, especially in the +wings of bright stars. PSPhot attempts to identify peaks which may be +formally significant, but are not locally significant. It first +generates a set of ``footprints'', contiguous collections of pixels in +the smoothed significance image above the detection threshold. These +regions are grown by a small amount to avoid errors on rough edges -- +an image of the footprints is convolved with a disk of radius 3 +pixels. Peaks are assigned to the footprints in which they are +contained (note by definition all peaks must be located in a +footprint). + +For any peak which is not the brightest peak in that footprint it is +possible to reach the brightest peak by following the highest valued +pixels between the two peaks. The lowest pixel along this path is the +{\em key col} for this peak (as used in topographic descriptions of a +mountain). If the key col for a given peak is less than +\code{FOOTPRINT_CULL_NSIGMA_DELTA} (4.0) sigmas below the peak of +interest, the peak is considered to be {\em locally insignificant} and +removed from the list of possible detections (see +Figure~\ref{fig:peaks}). In the vicinity of a saturated star, the +rule is somewhat more agressive as the flat-topped or structured +saturated top of a bright star may appear as multiple peaks with +highly significant cols between them. However, this is an artifact of +the proximity to saturation. In this regime, we require the col to +also be a fixed fraction (5\%) of the saturation below the peak to +avoid being marked as locally insignificant. + +\subsubsection{Centroid and higher-order Moments} +\label{sec:moments} + +\begin{figure}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{{pics/FWHM.smooth.trend.ps1}.\plotext} + \caption{\label{fig:moments.window} Example of the biases encountered when measuring the second + moments. A simulated image was generated using the PS1 PSF + profile. Each panel corresponds to a different value of + $\sigma_w$, as marked. The solid red line is the true FWHM of the + PSF used to generate the stars. The blue solid line is the FWHM + of the window function ($2.35\sigma_w$). The gray dots are the + FWHM derived from the measured second moments for stars in the + image. The dotted blue line is the target (65\% of the window + function). In this example, we would choose $\sigma_w$ between + 0.5 and 0.8 arcseconds so the dotted blue line would match the + bright end of the gray dots.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +Once a collection of peaks has been identified, a number of basic +properties of the objects related to the first and second moments are +measured. Below, the second moments are used to select candidate +stellar sources to be used in modeling the PSF. + +In order to measure the moments, it is necessary to define an +appropriate aperture in which the moments are measured. We also apply +a ``window function'', down-weighting the pixels by a Gaussian of size +$\sigma_W$ which is chosen to be large compared to the PSF size, +$\sigma_{\rm PSF}$. This +window function reduces the noise of the measurement of the first and +second moments by suppressing the noisy pixels at high radial distance +as well as by reducing the contaminating effects of neighboring stars. +The choice of the window function $\sigma_W$ and the aperture is an +iterative process: for a given value of $\sigma_W$, the PSF stars will +have a measured value of $\sigma_{\rm PSF}$ which is modified by the effect of +the window function. In addition, depending on the size of the window +function compared to the true PSF size, the measured value of the PSF +size, $\sigma_{\rm PSF}$, will be biased high or low depending on the +signal-to-noise of the object. + +These effects are illustrated in Figure~\ref{fig:moments.window} using +simulated data. An image was generated with a PSF model matching the +radial profile of the PS1 PSF model with a FWHM of 1.4 arcseconds. As +the window function $\sigma_W$ is increased, the measured FWHM for the +bright simulated stars rises to meet the truth value. For small +values of $\sigma_W$, fainter stars are biased to low measured values +of the FWHM. For large values of $\sigma_W$, the faint stars are +biased to higher values and the scatter increases. + +In a real image, we do not know the true value of the PSF size. If we +simply choose a very large window function and rely on bright stars, +our estimate of the PSF size will be quite noisy. Compounding this +problem are the two additional facts that (1) we do not know which are +the real stars (as opposed to bright galaxies or possible image +artifacts) and (2) the brighter stars are themselves subject to +additional biases due to saturation and other non-linear effects +(c.f., ``the Brighter-Fatter'' effect, REF). To make a robust +choice for the window function $sigma_w$, we choose a value +such that the measured value of $\sigma_{\rm PSF}$ is 65\% of +$\sigma_w$. The resulting second moment values are biased somewhat +low (\approx 75\% of the truth value for the PS1 PSF profile), but are +relatively unbiased as a function of brightness. + +To choose the value of $\sigma_W$, we try values of (1, 2, 3, 4.5, 6, +9, 12, 18) pixels $\approx$ (0.26, 0.51, 0.77, 1.15, 1.54, 2.3, 3.1, +4.6) arcseconds. For each of these values, we then select candidate +PSF stars based on the distribution of the measured $\sigma_{x,x}, +\sigma_{y,y}$ values. For each test value of $\sigma_w$, we determine +the ratio $f = \frac{\sigma_{x,x} + \sigma{y,y}}{2 \sigma_w}$, i.e., +the ratio of the window size to the observed PSF size. We interpolate +to find a value of $\sigma_W$ for which $f$ is expected to be 0.65. +We call this value the \code{MOMENTS_GAUSS_SIGMA}. We use an aperture +with a radius of \code{PSF_MOMENTS_RADIUS} = 4$\times$ +\code{MOMENTS_GAUSS_SIGMA} to select the pixels for the measurement. + +Once \code{PSF_MOMENTS_SIGMA} has been determined, moments are +measured as defined below. \begin{eqnarray} -Det & = & 4 C_{20} C_{02} - C_{11}^2 \\ -x_{min} & = & (C_{11} C_{01} - 2 C_{02} C_{10}) / Det \\ -y_{min} & = & (C_{11} C_{10} - 2 C_{20} C_{01}) / Det \\ +x_0 & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)x_i w_i \\ +y_0 & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)y_i w_i \\ +M_{xx} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(x_i - x_0)^2w_i \\ +M_{xy} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(x_i - x_0)(y_i - y_0)w_i \\ +M_{yy} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(y_i - y_0)^2w_i \\ +M_{xxx} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(x_i - x_0)^3w_i / r_i \\ +M_{xxy} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(x_i - x_0)^2(y_i - y_0)w_i / r_i \\ +M_{xyy} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(x_i - x_0)(y_i - y_0)^2w_i / r_i \\ +M_{yyy} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(y_i - y_0)^3w_i / r_i \\ +M_{xxxx} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(x_i - x_0)^4w_i / r^2_i \\ +M_{xxxy} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(x_i - x_0)^3(y_i - y_0)w_i / r^2_i \\ +M_{xxyy} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(x_i - x_0)^2(y_i - y_0)^2w_i / r^2_i \\ +M_{xyyy} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(y_i - y_0)(y_i - y_0)^3w_i / r^2_i \\ +M_{yyyy} & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)(y_i - y_0)^4w_i / r^2_i \end{eqnarray} - -Applying error propagation to the above, we find: - +where $f_i$ is the flux in a pixel; $s_i$ is the local sky value for +that pixel; $w_i$ is the value of the window function for the pixel; +$S = \sum_i (f_i - s_i) w_i$ is the window-weighted sum of the source +flux, used to re-normalize the moments; $r_i$ is the radius of a +pixel, $\sqrt{(x_i - x_0)^2 + (y_i - y_0)^2}$; The sum is performed +over all pixels in the aperture. For the centroid calculation ($x_0, +y_0$), the peak coordinate (see~\ref{sec:peaks}) is used to define the +aperture and the window function; for higher order moments, the +centroid is used to center the window function. + +If the measured centroid coordinates ($x_0, y_0$) differs from the +peak coordinates be a large amount (\code{MOMENT_RADIUS}), then the +peak is identified as being of poor quality and is rejected. In +both of these cases, it is likely that the `peak' was identified in a +region of flat flux distribution or many saturated or edge pixels. + +In addition to the moments above, a preliminary Kron radius and flux +are also calculated at this stage. In this analysis, the 1st and +half-radial moments are calculated: \begin{eqnarray} -\sigma_{Det}^2 & = & \sigma_{11}^2 (4 C_{11}^2) + \sigma_{20}^2 (16 C_{02}^2) + \sigma_{02}^2 (16 C_{20}^2) \\ -\sigma_{xn}^2 & = & \sigma_{11}^2 C_{01}^2 + \sigma_{01}^2 C_{11}^2 + \sigma_{02}^2 (4 C_{10}^2) + \sigma_{10}^2 (4 C_{02}^2) \\ -\sigma_{yn}^2 & = & \sigma_{11}^2 C_{10}^2 + \sigma_{10}^2 C_{11}^2 + \sigma_{20}^2 (4 C_{01}^2) + \sigma_{01}^2 (4 C_{20}^2) \\ -\sigma_{x}^2 & = & x^2 (\sigma_{xn}^2 / xn^2 + \sigma_{Det}^2 / Det^2) \\ -\sigma_{y}^2 & = & y^2 (\sigma_{yn}^2 / yn^2 + \sigma_{Det}^2 / Det^2) \\ +M_r & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)r_i \\ +M_h & = & \frac{1}{S} \sum_i (f_i - s_i)\sqrt{r_i} \end{eqnarray} +Note that the window function is not applied in the calculation of +these moments. + +The Kron radius \citep{1980ApJS...43..305K} is defined the be +2.5$\times$ the first radial moment. The Kron flux is the sum of +(sky-subtracted) pixel fluxes within the Kron radius. We also +calculate the flux in two related annular apertures: the Kron inner +flux is the sum of pixel values for the annulus $R_1 < r < 2.5 R_1$, +while the Kron outer flux is the sum of pixel values for $2.5 R_1 < r +< 4 R_1$. The first radial moment is limited at the low and high ends +by $R_{\rm min} < M_r < R_{\rm max}$ where $R_{\rm min}$ is the first +radial moment of the PSF stars, or 0.75$\times$ +\code{MOMENTS_GAUSS_SIGMA} if that cannot be determined. $R_{\rm + max}$ is set to \code{PSF_MOMENTS_RADIUS}, the size of the moments +aperture. \subsection{PSF Determination} @@ -521,7 +768,8 @@ for example, a 2-D elliptical Gaussian: \begin{eqnarray} -f(x,y) & = & I_o exp (-z) + S \\ - R & = & \frac{(x - x_o)^2}{2\sigma_x^2} + \frac{(y - - y_o)^2}{2\sigma_y^2} + \sigma_{\rm xy}(x - x_o)(y - y_o) +f(x,y) & = & I_o e^{-z} + S \\ + z & = & \frac{x^2}{2\sigma_x^2} + \frac{y^2}{2\sigma_y^2} + \sigma_{\rm xy} x y \\ + x & = & x_{\rm ccd} - x_o \\ + y & = & y_{\rm ccd} - y_o \end{eqnarray} The object model will have a variety of model parameters, in this case @@ -534,18 +782,16 @@ The point-spread-function (PSF) of an image describes the shape of all unresolved objects in the image. In a typical image, the shape of -point sources is not well described by a single functional form; -rather, the shape will vary as a function of position in the image. -The PSF model therefore must describe the parameter variation as a -function of the position of the object on the image. Note that the -object model consists of a certain number of parameters which are -defined by the PSF model, and another set of parameters which are -independent from object to object. For the case of the elliptical -Gaussian model, the PSF parameters would be the shape terms -($\sigma_x, \sigma_y, \sigma_{\rm xy}$) while the independent -parameters would be the centroid, normalization and local sky values -($x_o, y_o, I_o, S$). PSPhot uses a 2-D polynomial to specify the -variation in the PSF parameters as a function of position in the -image. In the case of the elliptical Gaussian, this implies that the -parameters are each a function of the object centroid coordinates: +point sources is not well described by a single function. Instead, +the shape will vary as a function of position in the image. The PSF +model therefore must describe the parameter variation as a function of +the position of the object on the image. Note that the object model +consists of a certain number of parameters which are defined by the +PSF model, and another set of parameters which are independent from +object to object. For the case of the elliptical Gaussian model, the +PSF parameters would be the shape terms ($\sigma_x, \sigma_y, +\sigma_{\rm xy}$) while the independent parameters would be the +centroid, normalization and local sky values ($x_o, y_o, I_o, S$). +Thus these parameters are each a function of the object centroid +coordinates: \begin{eqnarray} \sigma_x & = & f_1(x,y) \\ @@ -553,4 +799,23 @@ \sigma_{xy} & = & f_3(x,y) \\ \end{eqnarray} +PSPhot represents the variation in the PSF parameters as a function of +position in the image in two possible ways, specified by the +configuration. The first option is to use a 2-D polynomial which is +fitted to the measured parameter values across the image. The second +option is to use a grid of values which are measured for objects +within a subregion of the image. In the latter case, the value at a +specific coordinate in the image is determined by interpolation +between the nearest grid points. The order of the polynomial or the +sampling size of the grid is dynamically determined depending on the +number of available of PSF stars. In the case of the PV3 analysis, +the grid of values was used, with a maximum of $6\times 6$ samples per +GPC1 chip image. For the earlier PV2 analysis, the maximum grid +sampling was $3\times 3$ per GPC1 chip image. For the PV1 analysis, +the polynomial representation was used, with up to 3rd order terms. +The higher order representation was used for PV3 in order to follow +some of the observed PSF variations in the images + +% XXX specify the rule for the polynomial order and grid scale +% XXX discuss the improvements in the astrometric modeling PV1 - PV3 PSPhot uses a single structure to represent the object model and @@ -595,5 +860,5 @@ registered as part of the model function code. Another function is then used to return the appropriate function for a specific model -type. For example, the \code{psModelLookup\_GetFunction} will return +type. For example, the \code{psModelLookup_GetFunction} will return the \code{psModelLookup} function for a given model type. This mechanism makes it very easy to add new model functions into the @@ -611,7 +876,4 @@ the 4 independent parameters. -\note{the code may also require that two of the PSF-like parameters -represent the shape in some way}. - \subsubsection{PSF Candidate Object Selection} @@ -623,20 +885,21 @@ their peaks, as well as an approximate signal-to-noise ratio. All objects with a S/N ratio greater than a user-defined parameter -(\code{PSF\_SHAPE\_NSIGMA} ???) are selected by PSPhot, though objects -which have more than a certain number of saturated pixels are excluded -at this stage. PSPhot then examines the 2-D plane of $\sigma_x, -\sigma_y$ in search of a concentrated clump of objects. To do this, -it constructs an artificial image with pixels representing the value -of $\sigma_x, \sigma_y$, using a user-defined scale for the size of a -pixel in this artificial image (note that the units of the $\sigma_x, -\sigma_y$ plane are the size of the second-moment in pixels in the -original image). A typical value for the bin size is approximately -0.1 image pixels. The binned $\sigma_x, \sigma_y$ plane is then -examined to find a peak which has a significance greater than XXX. -Unless the image is extremely sparse, such a peak will be well-defined -and should represent the objects which are all very similar in shape. -Other objects in the image will tend to land in very different -locations, failing to produce a single peak. To avoid detecting a -peak from the unresolved cosmic rays, objects which have +(\code{PSF_SHAPE_NSIGMA} = 20.0) are selected by PSPhot, though +objects which have more than a certain number of saturated pixels are +excluded at this stage. PSPhot then examines the 2-D plane of +$\sigma_x, \sigma_y$ in search of a concentrated clump of objects (see +Figure~\ref{fig:moment.class}). To +do this, it constructs an artificial image with pixels representing +the value of $\sigma_x, \sigma_y$, using a user-defined scale for the +size of a pixel in this artificial image (note that the units of the +$\sigma_x, \sigma_y$ plane are the size of the second-moment in pixels +in the original image). A typical value for the bin size is +approximately 0.1 image pixels. The binned $\sigma_x, \sigma_y$ plane +is then examined to find a peak which has a significance greater than +XXX. Unless the image is extremely sparse, such a peak will be +well-defined and should represent the objects which are all very +similar in shape. Other objects in the image will tend to land in +very different locations, failing to produce a single peak. To avoid +detecting a peak from the unresolved cosmic rays, objects which have second-moments very close to 0 are ignored. The only danger is if the PSF is very small and too many of these objects are rejected as cosmic @@ -648,34 +911,42 @@ the image. +\begin{figure}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{{pics/moment.class}.\plotext} + \caption{\label{fig:moment.class} Illustration of PSF star selection using the FWHM derived + from the second moments in $X_{\rm ccd}$ and $Y_{\rm ccd}$ + directions. The dominant clump is located in this diagram. + Galaxies tend to have a range of sizes and thus spread out above + the stars. Cosmic rays also have a range of sizes, with one + dimension smaller than the PSF. The red circle represents the PSF + star candidates. } + \end{center} +\end{figure} + \subsubsection{PSF Candidate Object Model Fits} + +% \note{link to psLibADD} All candidate PSF objects are then fitted with the selected object model, allowing all of the parameters (PSF and independent) to vary in -the fit. PSPhot uses the Levenberg-Marqardt process for the -non-linear fitting. Non-linear fitting can be very computationally -intensive, particularly for if the starting parameters are far from -the minimization values. PSPhot uses the first and second moments to -make a good guess for the centroid and shape parameters for the PSF -models. \note{still true? In order to minimize the impact of close - neighbors, the variance values used in the fit are enhanced by a - fraction of the deviation of the particular pixel value from the - model guess.} Any objects which fail to converge in the fit are -flagged as invalid. - -\note{does the variance enhancement introduce too much bias?} - -\note{discuss the convergence criteria, model parameter guesses} +the fit. PSPhot uses the Levenberg-Marquardt minimization technique +for the non-linear fitting. Non-linear +fitting can be very computationally intensive, particularly for if the +starting parameters are far from the minimization values. PSPhot uses +the first and second moments to make a good guess for the centroid and +shape parameters for the PSF models. Any objects which fail to +converge in the fit are flagged as invalid. For the resulting collection of object model parameters, the PSF-dependent parameters of the models are all fitted as a function of -position to a 2-D polynomial. The order of this polynomial is (should -be?) a user-defined parameter. The fitting process for these -polynomials is iterative, and rejects the $3-\sigma$ outliers in each -of three passes. This fitting technique results in a robust -measurement of the variation of the PSF model parameters as a function -of position without being excessively biased by individual objects -which fail drastically. Objects whose model parameters are rejected -by this iterative fitting technique are also marked as invalid and -ignored in the later PSF model fitting stages. +position to a 2-D polynomial. The order of this polynomial is a +user-defined parameter. The fitting process for these polynomials is +iterative, and rejects the $3-\sigma$ outliers in each of three +passes. This fitting technique results in a robust measurement of the +variation of the PSF model parameters as a function of position +without being excessively biased by individual objects which fail +drastically. Objects whose model parameters are rejected by this +iterative fitting technique are also marked as invalid and ignored in +the later PSF model fitting stages. All of the PSF-candidate objects are then re-fitted using the PSF @@ -698,37 +969,12 @@ correction is judged to be the best model. -\subsubsection{Basic Deblending} - -The collection of identified peaks is examined to find peaks which are -'blended', that is, they are close enough together to make the -analysis of one of the sources difficult if performed in isolation. -Saturated stars also result in additional peaks which are likely to be -invalid; it is useful to restrict a saturated star to a single primary -position with associated neighboring peaks. - -The deblending process first searches for any peaks which are within -the image cell of another peak. All such groups are examined, -starting with the brightest source. An isophot is found about the -primary peak which is at least \code{DEBLEND\_SKY\_NSIGMA} times the sky -sigma above the local background and which is otherwise -\code{DEBLEND\_PEAK\_FRACTION} of the primary peak central pixel flux. -Any secondary sources which are contained within this isophot are -considered to be blended peaks associated with the primary peak. - \subsection{Bright Source Analysis} -After a PSF model has been determined, PSPhot performs the analysis of -the bright objects in the image. In this stage, all of the objects -with an estimated signal to noise (based on the moments analysis) -greater than a user-set threshold are analysed and subtracted from the -image. An optional successive stage then finds fainter sources and -measures them as well (see Faint Source Analysis, -Section~\ref{faintsources}). In the bright source analysis stage, two -major varients are available. In the primary version, all objects are -examined (in decending order of brightness) and an appropriate models -is determined for each object which is then subtracted; in the -alternate version, the objects are examined (in decending order of -brightness) and the PSF-like objects subtracted first, then the -extended objects are analysed on a second pass. +%% \subsubsection{Very Bright Stars} +%% +%% The PSF modeling code fails to fit the wings of highly saturated stars +%% if the core of the star is too contaminated by saturated pixels. For +%% stars with estimated instrumental magnitudes brighter than XXX, we fit +%% and subtract a radial profile modeled with a spline (?). \subsubsection{Fast Ensemble PSF Fitting} @@ -737,13 +983,16 @@ convenient to subtract off all of the sources, at least as well as possible at this stage. We make the assumption that all sources are -PSF-like. We also assume their position can be taken as the peak of a -2D quadratic function fitted to the peak pixel and its surrounding 8 -pixels. A single linear fit is used to simultaneously measure all -source fluxes. Since the local sky has been subtracted, this -measurement assumes the local sky is zero. - +PSF-like. If the centroid of the source has been determined, we use +this value for its position; otherwise, we use the interpolated +position of the peak. A single linear fit is used to simultaneously +measure all source fluxes. Since the local sky has been subtracted, +this measurement assumes the local sky is zero. We can write a single +$\chi^2$ equation for this image: \[ -\chi^2 = \sum_{\rm pixels} (F_{x,y} - \sum_{\rm sources} A_i PSF[x,y])^2 +\chi^2 = \sum_{\rm pixels} (F_{x,y} - \sum_{\rm sources} A_i P[x_0,y_0])^2 \] +where $F_{x,y}$ is image flux for each pixel, $P[x_0,y_0]$ is the PSF +model realized at the position of source $i$, and $A_i$ is the +normalization for the source. Minimizing this equation with respect to each of the $A_i$ values @@ -751,18 +1000,19 @@ \[ M_{i,j} \bar{A_i} = \bar{F_j}\] where $\bar{A_i}$ is the vector of $A_i$ values, the elements of -$M_{i,j}$ consist of the dot product of the unit-flux PSF for source -$i$ and source $i$, and $\bar{F_j}$ is the dot product of the -unit-flux PSF for source $i$ with the pixels corresponding to source -$i$. The dot products are calculated only using pixels within the +$M_{i,j}$ consist of the dot products of the unit-flux PSF for source +$i$ and source $j$, and $\bar{F_j}$ is the dot product of the +unit-flux PSF for source $j$ with the pixels corresponding to source +$j$. The dot products are calculated only using pixels within the source apertures. Since most sources have no overlap with most other sources, this matrix equation results in a very sparse, mostly diagonal square matrix. The dimension is the number of sources, -likely to be 1000s or 10,000s. Such a matrix does not lend itself to -direct inversion. However, an interative solution quickly yields a -result with sufficient accuracy. In the iterative solution, a guess -at the solution is made; the guess is multiplied by the matrix, and -the result compared with the observed vector $\bar{F_j}$. The -difference is used to modify the initial guess. This proces is -repeated several times to achieve a good convergence. +likely to be 1000s or 10,000s. Direct inversion of the matrix would +be computationally very slow. However, an interative solution quickly +yields a result with sufficient accuracy. In the iterative solution, +a guess at the solution $\bar{A}$ is made assuming $M_{i,j}$ is purely +diagonal; the guess is multiplied by $M_{i,j}$, and the result +compared with the observed vector $\bar{F_j}$. The difference is used +to modify the initial guess. This proces is repeated several times to +achieve a good convergence. Once a solution set for $A_i$ is found, all of the objects are @@ -771,18 +1021,20 @@ \subsubsection{PSF Model applied to detected objects} +% \note{review the discussion below} + Once a PSF model has been selected for an image, PSPhot attempts to fit all of the detected objects, above a user-defined signal-to-noise -ratio (\note{KEYWORD}) with the PSF model. For these fits, the -dependent parameters are fixed by the PSF model and only the 4 -independent object model parameters are allowed to vary in the fit. -PSPhot again uses the Levenberg-Marqardt process for the non-linear -fitting. The objects are fitted in their S/N order, starting with the -brightest and working down to the user-specified limit. - -Once a solution has been achieved, PSPhot attempts to judge the -quality of the PSF model as a representation of the object shape. To -do this, it calculates the next step of the minimization {\em allowing -the shape parameters to vary}. This step, essentially the -Gauss-Newton minimization distance from the current local minimum, +ratio with the PSF model. For these fits, the dependent parameters +are fixed by the PSF model and only the 4 independent object model +parameters are allowed to vary in the fit. PSPhot again uses +Levenberg-Marquardt minimization for the non-linear fitting. The +objects are fitted in their S/N order, starting with the brightest and +working down to the user-specified limit. + +Once a solution has been achieved for an object, PSPhot attempts to +judge the quality of the PSF model as a representation of the object +shape. To do this, it calculates the next step of the minimization +{\em allowing the shape parameters to vary}. This step, essentially +the Gauss-Newton minimization distance from the current local minimum, should be very small if the object is well represented by the PSF, but large if the PSF is not a good representation of the object flux. The @@ -791,14 +1043,13 @@ elliptical Gaussian, these two parameters are $\sigma_x$ and $\sigma_y$. For a generic model, the shape parameters may be defined -differently, but the should always be two parameters which scale the -object size in two dimensions (what about a polar-coordinate form?) -Currently, PSPhot requires the two relevant shape parameters to be the -first two dependent parameters in the list of model parameters (ie, -parameters 4 \& 5). +differently, but there should always be two parameters which scale the +object size in two dimensions. Currently, PSPhot requires the two +relevant shape parameters to be the first two dependent parameters in +the list of model parameters (ie, parameters 4 \& 5). The expected distribution of the variation of the two shape parameters will be a function of the signal-to-noise of the object in question and the value of the shape parameter itself. The expected standard -deviation on the shape parameter is, eg, $\sigma_x / {\rm SN}$. If +deviation on the shape parameter is, eg, $\sigma_x / {\rm S/N}$. If the object is well-represented by the PSF, then the shape parameter values should be close to their minimization value. We can thus ask, @@ -841,7 +1092,5 @@ distribution, the remaining flux should be below 1 $\sigma$ significance. In practice the cores of bright stars are poorly -represented and may have larger residual significance. \note{in future -work, we may choose to enhance the variance to minimize detection of -objects in the residuals of brighter objects}. +represented and may have larger residual significance. \subsubsection{Blended Sources} @@ -867,6 +1116,36 @@ available non-PSF model or models. -\note{better description of the acceptance criteria; the FLT model is - tried before the DBL is accepted or rejected}. +\subsubsection{Source Size Assessment} +\label{sec:source.size} + +After the PSF model has been fitted to all sources, and the Kron flux +has been measured for all sources, PSPhot uses these two measurements, +along with some additional pixel-level analysis, to determine the size class +of the object. If the object is large compared to a PSF, it is +considered to be {\em extended} and will be +fitted with a galaxy model (or possibly another type of extended +source model in special cases). If the object is small compared to a +PSF, it is considered to be a {\em cosmic ray} and masked. + +Extended sources are identified as those for which the Kron magnitude is +significantly brighter than the PSF magnitude when compared to a PSF +star. The value $dMagKP = m_{\rm Kron} - m_{\rm PSF}$, the difference between the PSF +and Kron magnitudes, is calculated for each object. The median of +$dMagKP$ is calculated for the PSF stars. This median is subtracted +from $dMagKP$ for each star. The result is divided by the quadrature +error of the PSF and Kron magnitudes and called \code{extNsigma}. If +\code{extNsigma} is larger than \code{PSPHOT.EXT.NSIGMA.LIMIT} (3.0), +the object is considered to be extended. + +Cosmic Rays are identified by a combination of the Kron magnitude and +the second-moment width of the object in the minor axis direction. +The second-moment in the minor axis direction is calculated from +$M_{xx}, M_{xy}, M_{yy}$ as follows: +\[ +M_{\rm minor} = \frac{1}{2}(M_{xx} + M_{yy}) - \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{(M_{xx} - M_{yy})^2 + 4 M_{xy}^2} +\] +If $M_{\rm minor} < 1.2$ pixels$^2$ and the instrumental Kron +magnitude is $< -5.5$, then the object is identified as a cosmic ray +and the associated pixels are masked. \subsubsection{Non-PSF Objects} @@ -880,5 +1159,5 @@ PSPhot will use the user-selected galaxy model to attempt the galaxy -model fits. In the configuration system, the keyword \code{GAL\_MODEL} +model fits. In the configuration system, the keyword \code{GAL_MODEL} is set to the model of interest. All suspected extended objects are fitted with the model, allowing all of the parameters to float. The @@ -906,12 +1185,5 @@ not modified. -\note{we have no code yet to select the best of several models for a - given objects. The relative value of the Chi-Square is the obvious - test in this case}. - \subsection{Faint Sources} - -\note{this is not done : should use the ensemble PSF fitting to fit - just the new significant peaks} After a first pass through the image, in which the brighter sources @@ -925,58 +1197,9 @@ The objects which are measured in this faint-object stage are clearly -low significance detections. A typical threshold for the bright -object analysis would S/N of 5 - 10. The lower limit cutoff for the -faint object analysis would typically be S/N of 2 - 4. In this stage, -PSPhot can perform one of three types of analysis. The difference -between these options is one of speed vs detail. - -In the first option, PSPhot can repeat the analysis described above in -sections XXX and XXX, performing a PSF fit followed by a non-PSF fit -to the objects which are not PSF-like, and subtracting them. The -advantage of this option is that the faint objects are treated -identically to the bright objects, and all potential parameters are -measured, even for marginally extended sources. The disadvantage of -this option is that the low signal-to-noise of the objects in this -stage limits the amount of information which can be extracted from -them. The marginal gain may not be worth the large expense of -processing time. - -In the second option, PSPhot can perform only the PSF model fit to the -remaining peaks, but ignore any further questions of the shape of the -objects. The advantage of this option is that it is substantially -faster than performing the more complex (and less stable) -multi-parameter non-linear fits on all faint objects. On the -downside, less information is learned about the objects. - -Finally, PSPhot can simply ignore the fitting process and instead -glean information about the fainter sources on the basis of the peak -characteristics. In this option, the image is smoothed with the PSF -model, and the peak for each object is measured. The peak flux and -the local peak curvature theoretically give sufficient information to -recover the object flux, the centroid coordinates, and the centroid -errors. The advantage of the stage is speed, especially for the very -faintest levels: if the lower limit is not sufficiently faint, the -time spent in performing the smoothing (3 FFTs) cannot make up for the -time which would have been spent applying the PSF model to the peaks. -The downside of this method is an increased sensitivity to the local -sky model (the local sky must be correctly subtracted) and fewer -constraints on the quality of the detection (no Chi-Square is -measured, for example). - -\note{In the ideal case, if we were only interested in detecting PSFs, -and we had a good model for the PSF, we could optimally find the -sources by smoothing the image and the variance image with the PSF model. -\em write out the description of Nick's optimal PSF finding}. - -PSPhot allows the user to select between these three options for the -analysis of the faint sources. Three separate user-controlled -signal-to-noise ratio limits are defined. One specifies the depth to -which the PSF / non-PSF analysis is performed. A second (which must -be smaller) specifies the depth to which only the PSF is fitted. A -third specifies the depth to which the analysis is performed using on -the peak statistics. If two of these are identical, then certain of -these options are simply skipped. For example, if the peak analysis -threshold is set to the same value as the PSF-only threshold, no peak -analysis is performed. +low significance detections. The PV3 threshold for the bright object +analysis is a signal-to-noise of 20. The lower limit cutoff for the +faint object analysis in PV3 is a signal-to-noise of 5.0. Objects +detected in the faint object stage are fitted with the PSF model using +the linear, ensemble fitting process. \subsection{Aperture Correction Measurement} @@ -1027,37 +1250,36 @@ number of very bright stars is limited in any image, and of course the brighter stars are more likely to suffer from non-linearity or -saturation. - -\note{this discussion sucks: put in some more details of my point: - amplitude of systematic vs random sky errors} - -How important is this effect? Consider a typical bright object with a -flux of (say) 40,000 counts in an image of background 1000 counts per -pixel, with FWHM of 4 pixels. In principle, the flux of this object -should be measurable with an accuracy of roughly 0.57\% -($\frac{\sqrt{40000 + 1000 \times 12}}{40000}$). However, the -measurement of the sky is limited at some finite level by Poisson -statistics. If we are required to use an aperture of (say) 25 pixels -in radius (eg, 5 arcseconds for an 0.2 arcsec / pixel detector), and -we have an annulus of twice this radius to measure the local sky, then -we will have an error of XXX. - -\note{outline the variation of {\em ApResid} as a function of -magnitude}. - -PSPhot measures the aperture correction ({\em ApResid}) for every PSF -candidate object, then calculates the trend of this correction as a -function of the magnitude. This trend is fitted with a line. The -resulting function can be used to determine the effective aperture -correction for an infinite flux object and the average bias inherent -in the sky measurement for the image. The scatter of the -PSF-candidate object measurements about this trend is a measure of how -well we can measure photometry from the image by applying the specific -PSF model. The slope of this trend is a measure of the bias in the -local sky measurment for each object. In principal, the measured sky -levels could be modified by this bias. More generally, the measured -bias in a collection of images could be used to improve the model -fitting or sky fitting portion of the software the remove the bias -term. +saturation. PSPhot measures the aperture correction ({\em ApResid}) +for every PSF candidate object and applies this correction to the PSF +model photometry. + +% How important is this effect? Consider a typical bright object with a +% flux of (say) 40,000 counts in an image of background 1000 counts per +% pixel, with FWHM of 4 pixels. In principle, the flux of this object +% should be measurable with an accuracy of roughly 0.57\% +% ($\frac{\sqrt{40000 + 1000 \times 12}}{40000}$). However, the +% measurement of the sky is limited at some finite level by Poisson +% statistics. If we are required to use an aperture of (say) 25 pixels +% in radius (eg, 5 arcseconds for an 0.2 arcsec / pixel detector), and +% we have an annulus of twice this radius to measure the local sky, then +% we will have an error of XXX. +% +% \note{outline the variation of {\em ApResid} as a function of +% magnitude}. + +%%% PSPhot measures the aperture correction ({\em ApResid}) for every PSF +%%% candidate object, then calculates the trend of this correction as a +%%% function of the magnitude. This trend is fitted with a line. The +%%% resulting function can be used to determine the effective aperture +%%% correction for an infinite flux object and the average bias inherent +%%% in the sky measurement for the image. The scatter of the +%%% PSF-candidate object measurements about this trend is a measure of how +%%% well we can measure photometry from the image by applying the specific +%%% PSF model. The slope of this trend is a measure of the bias in the +%%% local sky measurment for each object. In principal, the measured sky +%%% levels could be modified by this bias. More generally, the measured +%%% bias in a collection of images could be used to improve the model +%%% fitting or sky fitting portion of the software the remove the bias +%%% term. PSPhot allows a collection of PSF model functions to be tried on all @@ -1066,27 +1288,442 @@ value for the ApResid scatter is then used by PSPhot as the best PSF model for this image. The number of models to be tested is specified -by the configuration keyword \code{PSF\_MODEL\_N}. The configuration -variables \code{PSF\_MODEL\_0}, \code{PSF\_MODEL\_1}, through -\code{PSF\_MODEL\_N - 1} specify the names of the models which should be +by the configuration keyword \code{PSF_MODEL_N}. The configuration +variables \code{PSF_MODEL_0}, \code{PSF_MODEL_1}, through +\code{PSF_MODEL_N - 1} specify the names of the models which should be tested. -\subsubsection{Types of Object / PSF models currently available} - -\note{the discussion of the model types needs to be extended} - +Several likely PSF model classes are available within \code{psphot}: \begin{itemize} -\item GAUSS : Pure elliptical Gaussian -\item PGAUSS : polynomial approximation to a Gaussian (PGAUSS) -\item QGAUSS : power law with variable exponential term -\item SGAUSS : +\item Gaussian : $f = I_0 e^{-z}$ +\item Pseudo-Gaussian : $f = I_0 (1 + z + \frac{1}{2} z^2 + \frac{1}{6} z^3)^{-1}$ \code{[PGAUSS]} +\item Variable Power-Law : $f = I_0 (1 + z + z^{\alpha})^{-1}$ \code{[RGAUSS]} +\item Steep Power-Law : $f = I_0 (1 + \kappa z + z^{2.25})^{-1}$ \code{[QGAUSS]} +\item PS1 Power-Law : $f = I_0 (1 + \kappa z + z^{1.67})^{-1}$ \code{[PS1_V1]} \end{itemize} - -\note{discuss the stability issues with the galaxy model(s)} +where $z \propto r^2$ ($z = \frac{x^2}{2\sigma_x^2} + +\frac{y^2}{2\sigma_y^2} + \sigma_{\rm xy} x y $). The Pseudo-Gaussian +is a Taylor expansion of the Gaussian and is used by Dophot +\citep{1993PASP..105.1342S}. The latter profiles are similar to the +Moffat profile form \citep{1969AA.....3..455M,1983AA...126..278B}, +with small differences. For the PS1 GPC1 analysis, we used the +\code{PS1_V1} model, which we found by experimentation to match well +to the observed profiles generated by PS1. +Figure~\ref{fig:radial.profiles} shows example radial profiles for +moderately bright stars in fairly good (0.9 arcsec) and poor (2.2 +arcsec) seeing. Using a fixed power-law exponent results in somewhat +faster profile fitting compared to the variable power-law exponent +model. + +% moffat : 1969A&A.....3..455M +% buonanno : 1983A&AS...51...83B + +\begin{figure}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{{pics/radial.profiles}.\plotext} + \caption{\label{fig:radial.profiles} Radial profiles of stellar images from PS1. These two + profiles illustrate the radial trend of the PS1 PSFs for a star + with FWHM 0.9 arcsec (red) and 2.2 arcsec (blue). The black line + shows the PSF model with radial trend of the form $(1 + \kappa r^2 + r^{3.33})^{-1}$.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Radial Profiles} + +Galaxies with regular profiles, such as elliptical galaxies and +regular spiral galaxies, may be described as primarily a radial +surface brightness profile, with additional structure acting as a +perturbation on that profile. For many galaxies, the azimuthal shape +at a given isophotal level may be described as an elliptical contour. +To first order, a galaxy may be well decribed with a single elliptical +contour and radial profile. + +In order to facilitate the Petrosian photometry analysis below, PSPhot +generates a radial profile for each suspected galaxy. This analysis +starts by generating a radial profile in 24 azimuthal segments. Near +the center of the galaxy, the profile is defined for radial +coordinates in steps of 1 pixel, with the closest pixel values +interpolated to that radial position. Further from the center, +profile is defined using the median of the pixels landing in an +annular segment of size $\delta R = r \sin \theta$, rounded up to the +nearest integer pixel value. The median of all pixels within a +rectangular approximation to the radial wedge is used. + +The resulting 24 radial profiles are subject to contamination from +neighboring sources or to NAN values from masked pixels. To clean the +profiles, pairs of radial profiles from opposite sides of the source +are compared. Any masked values are replaced by the corresponding +value in the other profile. The minimum of both profiles is the kept +for both profiles. The result of this analysis is a set of profiles +of the form $f_i(r_i)$. In this case, $f_i$ is effectively the +surface brightness for each radius in instrumental counts per pixel. + +The surface brightness profiles are then used to define the radial +contour at a specific isophotal level. This contour will be used to +rescale the radial profiles into a single set of profiles normalized +by the elliptical contour. This contour is defined by determining the +median radius for profile bins with surface brightness in the range +$F_{\rm min} + 0.1 F_{\rm range}$ to $F_{\rm min} + 0.5 F_{\rm + range}$. The result of this analysis is a value for the radius as a +function of the angle for a well-defined surface brightness regime. +We then determine the elliptical shape parameters for this elliptical +contour: $R_{\rm major}, R_{\rm minor}, \theta$. This ellipse is then +used to redefine a single radial profile normalized by the elliptical +contour: +\[ +\rho = \sqrt{\frac{x^2}{S^2_{xx}} + \frac{y^2}{S^2_{yy}} + x y S_{xy}} \\ +\] + +The surface brightness values are sampled at a number of radial +annuli, with the radii defined in the configuration +(\code{RADIAL.ANNULAR.BINS.LOWER} \& +\code{RADIAL.ANNULAR.BINS.UPPER}). For each source, the resulting +surface brightness profile is saved in the output cmf-file as an +N-element value in the FITS table (\code{PROF_SB}). The flux at each +radial position and the fill-factor (fraction of pixels used to the +total possible) as also saved as equal-length vectors in the FITS +table (\code{PROF_FLUX} and \code{PROF_FILL}). The values of the +radial bins are saved in the cmf header (\code{RMIN_NN}, +\code{RMAX_NN}). + +% \note{these profiles are not saved in PSPS} + +\subsection{Petrosian Radii and Magnitudes} + +\cite{1976ApJ...209L...1P} defined an adaptive aperture based on a +ratio of surface brightnesses. The motivation is to define an +aperture which can be determined for galaxies without significant +biases as a function of distance. Since surface brightness in a +resolved object is conserved, using a ratio of surface brightness to +define a spatial scale results in a spatial scale which is constant +regardless of galaxy distance. + +To measure the Petrosian radius and flux, we start by defining a +series of radial apertures with power-law spacing: $r_{i + 1} = 1.25 +r_i$. We calculate the surface brightness for the annulus from $r_i - +r_{i+1}$ by calculating the median of the values in the range $r_i / +\sqrt{1.25}$ to $r_{i+1} \sqrt{1.25}$ and dividing the the effective +area of the annulus corresponding to $r_i - r_{i+1}$. + +For any annulus $i$ spanning the radii $r_{\rm min}$ to $r_{\rm max} = +\beta r_{\rm min}$, the +Petrosian Ratio for that annulus is defined as the ratio of the +surface brightness in the annulus to the average surface brigthness +within $r_{\rm max}$. The Petrosian Radius is defined to be $r_{\rm + max}$ for the annulus for which the Petrosian Ratio = 0.2, i.e., the +point on the galaxy radial profile at which the surface brightness is +20\% of the average surface brightness at that point. + +We determine the Petrosian Radius for the galaxy by quadratic +interpolation between the last two of the fixed annuli with Petrosian +Ratio $> 0.2$ and the first annulus with Petrosian Ratio $< 0.2$. In +general, the Petrosian Ratio for a galaxy with a regular morphology +(spiral or elliptical) is falling monotonically, so this interpolation +is unambiguous. However, irregular galaxy morphologies, noise, and/or +significant masking can cause the Petrosian Ratio to have rises as +well as drops. We track the Petrosian Ratio until the value is no +longer significant ($\sigma_{\rm Ratio} < 2 {\rm Ratio}$). If the +Petrosian Ratio drops below 0.2 for more than one radius, we choose +the largest such radius. + +Once the Petrosian Radius has been determined, we can now measure the +Petrosian Flux : this is defined to be the total flux within an +aperture corresponding to 2 $\times$ the Petrosian Radius. Using the +Petrosian Flux, we can calculate two other interesting radii: $R_{50}$ +and $R_{90}$, the radii inside which 50\% and 90\% of the total +Petrosian flux is contained. + +\subsection{Radial Profile Wings} + +We attempt to measure the radial profile of sources in order to find +the radius at which the flux of the object is matches the sky. In +this analysis, a series of up to 25 radial bins with power-law spacing +are defined and the flux of the object in each annulus is measured. +The ``sky radius'' is defined to be the radius at which the (robust +median) flux in the annulus is within 1 $\sigma$ of the local sky +level. If this limit is not reached before the slope of the flux from +one annulus to the next is less than a user-defined limit, then the +annulus at which the slope reaches this limit is used to define the +sky radius. These values are saved in the output smf / cmf files, but +not sent to the PSPS. The sky radius value is used below in the +calculation of the kron magnitude. + +\subsection{Kron Magnitudes} + +Preliminary Kron radius and flux values \citep{1980ApJS...43..305K} +are calculated soon after sources are detected (Section~\ref{sec:moments}). +However, these preliminary values are not accurate due to the +window-functions applied. After sources have been characterized and +the PSF model is well-determined, the Kron parameters are +re-calculated more carefully. In this version of the calculation, the +image is first smoothed by Gaussian kernel with $\sigma = 1.7$ pixels, +corresponding to a FWHM of 1.0\arcsec\ in the PS1 stack images. Next, +the Kron radius is determined in an iterative process: the first +radial moment is measured using the pixels in an aperture 6$\times$ +the first radial moment from the previous iteration. On the first +iteration, the sky radius is used in place of the first radial moment. +By default, 2 iterations are performed. The Kron radius is defined +the be 2.5$\times$ the first radial moment. The Kron flux is the sum +of pixel fluxes within the Kron radius. We also calculate the flux in +two related annular apertures: the Kron inner flux is the sum of pixel +values for the annulus $R_1 < r < 2.5 R_1$, while the Kron outer flux +is the sum of pixel values for $2.5 R_1 < r < 4 R_1$. + +Two details in the calculation above should be noted. First, for +faint sources, noise in the measurement of the 1st radial moment may +result in an excessively small aperture for the successive +calculations. The window used for the calculations is constrained to +be at least the size of the aperture based on the PSF stars +(Section~\ref{sec:moments}). At the other extreme, noise may make the radius +grow excessively, resulting in an unrealistically low effective +surface brightness. The aperture is constrained to be less than a +maximum value defined such that the minimum surface brightness is +1/2$times$ the effective surface brightness of a source detected at the +$5\sigma$ limit. + +Second, the measurement of the 1st radial moment includes a filter to +reduce contamination from outlier pixels. Pairs of pixels on +opposites sides of the central pixel are considered together. The +geometric mean of the two fluxes is used to replace the flux values. +If the object has 180\degree\ symmetry, this operation has no impact. +However, if one of the two pixels is unusually high, the value will be +surpressed by the matched pixel on the other side. This trick has the +effect of reducing the impact of pixels which include flux from near +neighbors. + +\subsection{Convolved Galaxy Model Fits} + +In the galaxy model fittting stage, sources which meet certain +criteria are fitted with analytical models for galaxies. Three +traditional analytical galaxy models are implemented in \code{psphot} +and used in the PV3 analysis: +\begin{itemize} +\item Exponential profile : $f = I_0 e^{-\rho}$ +\item DeVaucouleur profile \citep{1948AnAp...11..247D}: $f = I_0 e^{-\rho^{1/4}}$ +\item Sersic \citep{1963BAAA....6...41S} : $f = I_0 e^{-\rho^{1/n}}$ +\end{itemize} +where $\rho$ is a normalized radial term: $\rho = +\sqrt{\frac{x^2}{R^2_{xx}} + \frac{y^2}{R^2_{yy}} + x y R_{xy}}$. The +terms ($R_{xx}$, $R_{yy}$ , $R_{xy}$) describe the elliptical contour +and the profile scale in all three models and the coordinates $x$ \& +$y$ are determined relative to the centroids ($x,y = X_{\rm chip} - +x_0, Y_{\rm chip} - y_0$). Including the normalization ($I_0$) and a +local sky value, the Exponential and DeVaucouleur profiles have 7 free +parameters and the Sersic profile has the additional free parameter of +the Sersic index $n$. + +In this stage, the galaxy model is convolved with an approximation to +our best guess for the PSF model at the location of the galaxy. For +the PV3 analysis, all sources detected in the 'bright source' analysis +step ($S/N > 20$) were fitted with all three galaxy models, unless (a) +the morphological test identified the source as a likely cosmic ray +(Section~\ref{sec:source.size}) or (b) the peak of the PSF profile was +above the saturation limit for the chip \citep[see the discussion in +][ regarding the masking of saturated pixels]{waters2017}. Sources in +the denser portions of the Galactic plane and bulge were not included +in the analysis. This restriction limited the total time spent on the +galaxy modeling analysis at the expense of galaxy photometry in the +plane (though Kron photometry is available for those objects). The +Galactic Plane region was defined by $|b| > b_{\rm min}$ where $b_{\rm + min} = b_0 + r_b e^{\frac{-l^2}{2 \sigma_b^2}}$. For the PV3 +analysis, $b_0 = $20\degree, $r_b = $15\degree, $\sigma_b = $50\degree. + +% \note{need a discussion of the detector saturation behavior + +% \note{more detail below?} + +Before the non-linear fitting may be performed, it is necessary to +determine initial values for the parameters to be fitted. For each of +the three model types, the position determined from the PSF fitting +analysis is used as the initial centroid $x_0,y_0$. A guess for the +terms ($R_{xx}$, $R_{yy}$ , $R_{xy}$) is generated based on the second +moments. The guess does not attempt to use the PSF model to adjust the +($R_{xx}$, $R_{yy}$ , $R_{xy}$) values; it was found that such a guess +tended to be too small and resulted in more iterations rather than +fewer. The 1st radial moment (see +\ref{sec:moments}) is used to estimate the effective radius of the +model based on the results of Graham \& Driver (2005, Table 1). They +quantive the relationships between the first radial moment used to +calculated a Kron Magnitude and the effective radius for different +Sersic index values, $n$. Since the Exponential and DeVaucouleur +models are equivalent to Sersic models with $n$ = 1 and 4, +respectively, this work can be used to generate the initial effective +radius values for all 3 model types. Once the effective radius is +chosen, the second moments are used to define the aspect ratio and +position angle of the elliptical contour. The Kron flux is used to +generate a guess for the normalization, applying an appropriate scale +factor based on the ($R_{xx}$, $R_{yy}$ , $R_{xy}$) values, generated +by integrating normalized Sersic models and determining the +relationship between the central intensity and the integrated flux as +a function of the Sersic index. + +The PSF-convolved galaxy model fitting analysys uses the +Levenberg-Marquardt minimization method to determine the best fit. In this +process, the $\chi^2$ value to be minimized is: +\[ +\chi^2 (\bar{a}) = \sum_p \frac{1}{\sigma_p^2} \left[I_p - M_p(\bar{a}) \otimes \mbox{PSF} \right]^2 +\] +where $I_p$ represents the pixel values in the image (within some +aperture) and $M_p(\bar{a})$ represents the unconvolved galaxy model, a +function of a number of parameters $\bar{a}$, which is then convolved +with the PSF model. + +We simplify this by defining: +\begin{eqnarray} +f_p (a_m) & = & \frac{1}{\sigma_p} (I_p - M_p \otimes \mbox{PSF}) \\ +\end{eqnarray} + +To determine the minimization, we need the gradient and laplacian of +$\chi^2$ with respect to the model parameters, $a_m$: +\begin{eqnarray} +\chi^2 (\bar{a}) & = & \sum_p f_p^2 \\ +2 \nabla \chi^2 & = & \sum_p f_p \frac{\partial f_p}{\partial a_m} \\ +\nabla^2 \chi^2 & \approx & H_{m,n} \\ +2 H_{m,n} & = & \sum_p \frac{\partial f_p}{\partial a_m} \frac{\partial f_p}{\partial a_n} +\end{eqnarray} +where we have approximated the Laplacian with the Hessian matrix, +$H_{m,n}$ by dropping the second-derivatives (which are assumed to be +a small perturbation). Since +\[ +\frac{\partial f_p}{\partial a_m} = -\frac{1}{\sigma_p}\frac{\partial M_p \otimes \mbox{PSF}}{\partial a_m} +\] +and since the order of the derivative and convolution may be +exchanged, we can write these in terms of the convolved image of the +model and the convolved images of the derivatives of the model $M_p$ with respect to the model parameters, $a_m$: +\begin{eqnarray} +\mathcal{M}_{p} & = & M_p \otimes \mbox{PSF} \\ +\mathcal{M}^\prime_{p,m} & = & \frac{\partial M_p}{\partial a_m} \otimes \mbox{PSF} \\ +2 \nabla \chi^2 & = & -\sum_p \frac{I_p - \mathcal{M}_p}{\sigma_p} \mathcal{M}^\prime_{p,m} \\ +2 H_{m,n} & = & \sum_p \frac{1}{\sigma_p^2} \mathcal{M}^\prime_{p,m} \mathcal{M}^\prime_{p,n} +\end{eqnarray} +The gradient vector and Hessian matrix are used in the +Levenberg-Marquardt minimization analysis using the standard +techinique of determining a step from the current set of model +parameters to a new set by solving the matrix equation: +\[ +(1 + \lambda_{m,n}) H_{m,n} = \delta \nabla \chi^2 +\] +where $\lambda_{m,n}$ is zero for $m \neq n$ and for $m = n$ set to be +large when the last iteration produced a large change in the +parameters compared to the local-linear expectation and small when the +last change was small. The iteration ends when the change in the +parameters is small and/or the change in the $\chi^2$ value is small. + +In the analysis, convolved galaxy fit, the galaxy model image and the +model derivative images must be convolved with the PSF at each +iteration step. To save computation time, this convolution is +performed using a circularly symmetric approximation of the PSF model, +with the PSF model scale size set to the average of the major and +minor axis direction scale size of the full PSF model, with the same +radial profile term as the PSF model. The convolution is performed +directly using the circular symmetry to reduce the number of +multiplications performed: all points in the 2D circularly symmetric +PSF model which have the same radial pixel coordinate can be evaluated +in the convolution by summing up the corresponding pixels in the +(galaxy model) image to be convolved before multiplying by the PSF +model profile at that radial coordinate. This approximation reduces +the number of multiplications by a factor of near 8 for larger radii. +For the small size of the PSF model used to convolve the galaxy model +images, it was found that this direct convolution was faster than +using an FFT-based convolution. + +% \note{(examples?)} + +For the Exponential and DeVaucouleur fits, all parameters are fitted +in the non-linear minimization stage. For the Sersic model, we do not +fit the index within the Levenberg-Marquardt analysis. Instead, we +start with a coarse grid search over a range of possible index values, +($n = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0$) and a range of possible +values for $R_{\rm eff}$ based on the value of $R_1$, the first radial +moment. For a given value of the Sersic index, the $R_{\rm eff}$ is +related to the 1st radial moment by the scale factor specificy by +Graham \& Driver. We use the observed value of the 1st radial moment +and try $R_{\rm eff}$ values of a factor of (0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.12, +1.25) times the value predicted by the Graham and Driver equation. +For each of these steps, the aspect ratio and position angle are held +constant and the normalization is determined to minimize the $\chi^2$. + +We next perform 3 Levenberg-Marquardt minimization fits allowing the +shape parameters ($R_{xx}$, $R_{yy}$ , $R_{xy}$) and the normalization +to be fitted, holding the centroid ($x_0, y_0$), Sersic index $n$, and +sky constant. In these fits, the index $n$ is set to the minimum +value previously calculated as well as values halfway to the next, and +previous, values in the grid above. E.g., if the minimum fitted index +value is 3.0, then the LMM fits are performed using $n$ = 2.5, 3.0, 3.5. +The resulting $\chi^2$ values are then used to perform quadratid +interpolation to find the index $n$ which produces the locally minium +$\chi^2$ value. Finally, this best-fit index value is held constant +while Levenberg-Marquardt minimization is used to find the best fit +values of all other parameters. + +% Graham & Driver : Graham A. W., Driver S. P. 2005, PASA 22, 118 +% DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AS05001 + +\subsection{Convolved Radial Aperture Photometry} + +For some science goals, a well-measured color of a galaxy is more +important than an accurate total magnitude. In the case of PS1, the image +quality variations for stacks of different filters presents a serious +challenge for the determination of precise colors. PSPhot determines +a set of PSF-matched radial aperture flux measurements in order to +minimize the impact of the stack image quality variations. + +In PSPhotStack, the stack analysis version of PSPhot, the 5 filter +images are processed together. After the PSF models have been fitted +and a best set of galaxy models have been determined, three sets of +radial apertures are measured. In the first set, the fluxes in the +radial apertures are measured using the raw stack images. The centers +of the apertures for each object across the 5 filters are fixed so +that the pixels represent the equivalent portions of the same galaxy +for all 5 filters. In this analysis, the best model for each object +is subtracted from the image pixels for all objects excluding the +object in consideration. The 'best model' is determined based on the +minimum $\chi^2$ value for the model fits. + +% \note{more discussion of the selection of the best model}. + +In addition to the raw radial apertures, the stack images are each +convolved with a circular Gaussian with $\sigma$ chosen to yield an +image with a typical FWHM of 6\arcsec. The full set of radial +apertures are again measured on these convolved images. Again, the +best object models are subtracted from the image for objects not being +measured. This subtraction includes the convolution to smooth the +model to the effective FWHM of the convolved image. The entire +procedure is then repeated with a target FWHM of 8\arcsec. + +% \note{is the first convolution done with the Alard-Lupton technique?} + +\acknowledgments + +The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) have been made possible through +contributions of the Institute for Astronomy, the University of +Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its +participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, +Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, +Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the +University of Edinburgh, Queen's University Belfast, the +Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres +Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National +Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, +the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant +No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the +NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation +under Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, and Eotvos +Lorand University (ELTE) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. + +\bibliographystyle{apj} +% \bibliography{lib}{} +\input{analysis.bbl} + +\end{document} + +\subsection{Forced Photometry : PSFs} + +\subsection{Forced Photometry : galaxies} \subsection{Output Options} -\note{need to discuss tests} - -\note{need to discuss failings and holes} +% \note{need to discuss tests} + +% \note{need to discuss failings and holes} \section{Alternative Scenarios} @@ -1094,10 +1731,8 @@ \subsection{Trailed Sources} -\subsection{Fixed / Known-position Sources} - \subsection{Difference Images} The variance map for a difference image must be generated from the two -images use to construct the difference. Otherwise, the low sky level +images used to construct the difference. Otherwise, the low sky level will automatically result in inconsistent interpretation of the variance. @@ -1153,3 +1788,48 @@ \section{Sample Tests} -\end{document} +\begin{verbatim} +Configuration variables affecting the peak detection process: +PEAKS_SMOOTH_SIGMA [2.5] : Gaussian sigma of smoothing kernel, in pixels. +PEAKS_SMOOTH_NSIGMA [2.0] : Gaussian smoothing kernel window size in sigmas. +PEAKS_NSIGMA_LIMIT [20.0] : Detection limit on first pass (sigmas). +PEAKS_NSIGMA_LIMIT_2 [5.0] : Detection limit on faint detection pass (sigmas). +\end{verbatim} + +Recipe parameters which affect the PSF-convolved galaxy model fitting +process: +\begin{verbatim} +EXT_FIT_NSIGMA_CONV [9] : number of sigma +EXT_FIT_ITER +EXT_FIT_MIN_TOL +EXT_FIT_MAX_TOL +LMM_FIT_CHISQ_CONVERGENCE +LMM_FIT_GAIN_FACTOR_MODE +\end{verbatim} + +Figures Needed for this document: + +* aperture - PSF model example +* map of the sky with galaxy region illustrated? +* plots showing the quality of the data? + +Tables needed: + +* table of models? + +Work still needed: + +* Tables +* refereces for other programs + +* authors +* PSF residual map +* section 3.5.3 Model applied to detected objects needs to be reviewed + +* read for english & phrasing +* convert XXX +* background model description (see waters) +* reduce / remove design goal wording? +* too many bullets? +* reduce coding description? +* put engineering docs (psLib, psModules) on public website + Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/arxiv.metadata =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/arxiv.metadata (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/arxiv.metadata (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Authors: Eugene A. Magnier (1), +W.~E. Sweeney (1), +K.~C. Chambers (1), +H.~A. Flewelling (1), +M. E. Huber (1), +P.~A. Price (2), +C. Z. Waters (1), +L. Denneau (1), +P. Draper (3), +R. Jedicke (1), +K. W. Hodapp (1), +R.-P. Kudritzki (1), +N. Metcalfe(3), +C.~W. Stubbs (4) +((1) UH Institute for Astronomy, +(2) Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton University, +(3) Department of Physics Durham University, +(4) Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/plots.sh =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/plots.sh (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.analysis/plots.sh (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ + +macro choose.seed + + for i 0 100 + rndseed $i + peak.and.col + echo $i + cursor + end +end + +macro peak.and.col + + # using 3 gives a pretty look + rndseed 3 + + $scale = 50.0 + $sigma = 3.0 + $Ia = 500; $Xa = 100 + $Ib = 100 ; $Xb = 50 + $Ic = 20 ; $Xc = 180 + + create x 0 200 + set ya = $Ia * exp (-1*(x - $Xa)^2/$scale^2) + set yb = $Ib * exp (-0.5*(x - $Xb)^2/$sigma^2) + set yc = $Ic * exp (-0.5*(x - $Xc)^2/$sigma^2) + + set ys = ya + yb + yc + gaussdev ds x[] 0.0 1.0 + set dy = ds*(sqrt(ys + 50)) + set dY = (sqrt(ys + 20)) + set yo = ys + dy + set ym = yo + vsmooth ym 2.0 + + clear -s + resize 1200 600 + label -fn helvetica 24 + section a 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.45 + lim x yo; box -lw 2 -xpad 0.5 -labels 0100 -ticks 1100; plot x yo -x hist -lw 2 + label -y "Raw Counts" + + section b 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.55 + lim x yo; box -lw 2 +xpad 0.5 -xpad 3.5 -labelpadx 3.0 -ticks 1100; plot x ym -x hist + label -y "Smoothed Counts" -x "Pixel Coordinate" + + set yd = 500 - ym + + $dX = 5 + peak x ym {$Xa - $dX} {$Xa + $dX} + line -c red $peakpos {$peakval - 10} to $peakpos 400; textline 90 350 "Primary Peak" + + peak x ym {$Xb - $dX} {$Xb + $dX} + line -c red $peakpos {$peakval + 10} to $peakpos 350; textline 30 400 "Significant Peak" + + peak x ym {$Xc - $dX} {$Xc + $dX} + line -c red $peakpos {$peakval + 10} to $peakpos 250; textline 160 300 "Insignificant Peak" + + $dX = 5 + peak x yd $Xb {$Xb + 2*$dX} + line -c blue $peakpos {ym[$peakpos] - 10} to $peakpos 150; textline 50 100 "Col" + + peak x yd {$Xc - 2*$dX} $Xc + line -c blue $peakpos {ym[$peakpos] + 10} to $peakpos 150; textline 170 190 "Col" + + png -name peaks.png + ps -name peaks.ps + +end Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.calibration/Makefile =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.calibration/Makefile (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.calibration/Makefile (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +# $Id: Makefile,v 1.16 2006-01-16 01:11:40 eugene Exp $ + +DO_PDFLATEX = 1 +# remember to set \pdfoutput at the top + +DO_BIBTEX = 0 +# remember to change from \bibliography to \input{.bbl} at the bottom + +help: + @echo "USAGE: make (target)" + @echo " targets: all calibration" + +all: pdf tgz +pdf: calibration.pdf +tgz: calibration.tgz + +FILES = \ +../inputs/astro.sty \ +../inputs/code.sty \ +../inputs/apj.bst \ +../inputs/lib.bib \ +pics/photflat.example.png \ +pics/allsky.photom.sigma.png \ +pics/KHexample.png \ +pics/KHmap.png \ +pics/dcr.r2.g.png \ +pics/astroflat.gri.png \ +pics/astroflat.zy.png \ +pics/allsky.astrom.sigma.png \ +pics/gaia.photom.png \ +pics/gaia.astrom.png \ +calibration.tex + +calibration.pdf: $(FILES) +calibration.tgz: $(FILES) + +include ../Makefile.Common Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.calibration/arxiv.metadata =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.calibration/arxiv.metadata (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.calibration/arxiv.metadata (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Authors: Eugene. A. Magnier (1), +Edward. F. Schlafly (2,3), +Douglas P. Finkbeiner (4,5), +J.~L. Tonry (1), +B. Goldman (6), +S. R\"oser (7), +E. Schilbach (7), +K.~C. Chambers (1), +H.~A. Flewelling (1), +M. E. Huber (1), +P.~A. Price (8), +W.~E. Sweeney (1), +C. Z. Waters (1), +L. Denneau (1), +P. Draper (9), +K. W. Hodapp (1), +R. Jedicke (1), +R.-P. Kudritzki (1), +N. Metcalfe (9), +C.~W. Stubbs (10) +((1) UH Institute for Astronomy, +(2) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, +(3) Hubble Fellow, +(4) ITC Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, +(5) Department of Physics Harvard University, +(6) Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, +(7) Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Zentrum f\"ur Astronomie der Universit\"at Heidelberg, +(8) Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton University, +(9) Department of Physics Durham University, +(10) Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.calibration/calibration.tex =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.calibration/calibration.tex (revision 39919) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.calibration/calibration.tex (revision 39920) @@ -8,5 +8,6 @@ %\documentclass[preprint2,longabstract]{aastex} \RequirePackage{color} -% \input{astro.sty} +\RequirePackage{code} +\input{astro.sty} % online version may use color, but print version needs b/w @@ -14,6 +15,6 @@ %\def\plotmode{bw} -%\def\plotext{pdf} -\def\plotext{ps} +\def\plotext{pdf} +%\def\plotext{ps} %\def\picdir{/home/eugene/chipresid.20140404} @@ -21,8 +22,8 @@ % Pick a terse version of the title here; -\shorttitle{Pixel Analysis in PS1} +\shorttitle{PS1 Calibration} \shortauthors{E.A. Magnier et al} \begin{document} -\title{Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection \& Characterization} +\title{Pan-STARRS Photometric and Astrometric Calibration} % this is a crude trick to get the order of affiliations right. These @@ -31,24 +32,41 @@ % list and (2) re-order the list at the bottom (and comment-out as needed) \def\IfA{1} -\def\CfA{2} -\def\MPIA{3} -\def\Princeton{3} -\def\USNO{4} -\def\JHU{1} +\def\LBL{2} +\def\Hubble{3} +\def\ITC{4} +\def\Harvard{5} +\def\MPIA{6} +\def\ARI{7} +\def\Princeton{8} +\def\DUR{9} +\def\CfA{10} % This example has a first author from UH: \author{ -Eugene A. Magnier,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -IPP Team, -%PS Builder List +Eugene. A. Magnier,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +Edward. F. Schlafly,\altaffilmark{\LBL,\Hubble} +Douglas P. Finkbeiner,\altaffilmark{\ITC,\Harvard} +J.~L. Tonry,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +B. Goldman,\altaffilmark{\MPIA} +S. R\"oser,\altaffilmark{\ARI} +E. Schilbach,\altaffilmark{\ARI} +K.~C. Chambers,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +H.~A. Flewelling,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +M. E. Huber,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +P.~A. Price,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} +W.~E. Sweeney,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +C. Z. Waters,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +% PS1 Builders +L. Denneau,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +P. Draper,\altaffilmark{\DUR} +K. W. Hodapp,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +R. Jedicke,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +N. Kaiser,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +R.-P. Kudritzki,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +N. Metcalfe,\altaffilmark{\DUR} +C.~W. Stubbs,\altaffilmark{\CfA} % W.~S. Burgett,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% K.~C. Chambers,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % T. Grav,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % J. N. Heasley,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% K. W. Hodapp,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R. Jedicke,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% H.~A. Flewelling,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% N. Kaiser,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R.-P. Kudritzki,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % G. A. Luppino,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % R. H. Lupton,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} @@ -56,30 +74,30 @@ % J.~S. Morgan,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % P. M. Onaka,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% P.~A. Price,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} -% W.~E. Sweeney,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% C.~W. Stubbs,\altaffilmark{\CfA} -% J.~L. Tonry, \altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R. J. Wainscoat,\altaffilmark{\IfA} and +R. J. Wainscoat\altaffilmark{\IfA} % M. F. Waterson,\altaffilmark{\IfA} } % this bracket terminates author list +\altaffiltext{\IfA}{Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu HI 96822} +\altaffiltext{\LBL}{Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA} +\altaffiltext{\Hubble}{Hubble Fellow} +\altaffiltext{\ITC}{Institute for Theory and Computation, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, MS-51, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA} +\altaffiltext{\Harvard}{Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA} +\altaffiltext{\MPIA}{Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K\"onigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany} +\altaffiltext{\ARI}{Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum f\"ur Astronomie der Universit\"at Heidelberg, M\"ochhofstrasse 12-14, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany} +\altaffiltext{\Princeton}{Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA} +\altaffiltext{\DUR}{Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK} +\altaffiltext{\CfA}{Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138} + % The ordering here should be sequential, matching the sequence in the list of authors: -\altaffiltext{\IfA}{Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu HI 96822} -% \altaffiltext{\CfA}{Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138} -% \altaffiltext{\Princeton}{Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA} % \altaffiltext{\USNO}{US Naval Observatory, Flagstaff Station, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA} % \altaffiltext{\JHU}{Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA} -% \altaffiltext{\MPIA}{Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K\"onigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany} + +% \altaffiltext{\Strassborg}{ + \begin{abstract} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum -bibendum nisi id tristique posuere. Duis eu mollis nulla. Maecenas est -turpis, mattis tempor urna vitae, placerat rhoncus sem. Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed quis velit -nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Cras lacinia, nisl tristique auctor -molestie, dolor nulla rhoncus purus, ac accumsan nunc nunc ac -nibh. Maecenas vitae mollis mauris. Ut sollicitudin pulvinar purus, -eget luctus lorem tincidunt vitae. Vestibulum eu mattis neque. Nulla -in tortor id urna dapibus gravida a vel leo. +The Pan-STARRS\,1 $3\pi$ survey has produced photometry and astrometry +covering the \approx 30,000 square degrees $\delta > -30$\degrees. +This article describes the photometric and astrometric calibration of this survey. \end{abstract} @@ -88,51 +106,1582 @@ \keywords{Surveys:\PSONE } +\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} + +This is the fifth in a series of seven papers describing the +Pan-STARRS1 Surveys, the data reduction techiques and the resulting +data products. This paper (Paper V) describes the final calibration +process, and the resulting photometric and astrometric quality. + +%Chambers et al. 2017 (Paper I) +%The Pan-STARRS\,1 Surveys +\citet[][Paper I]{chambers2017} +provides an overview of the Pan-STARRS System, the design and +execution of the Surveys, the resulting image and catalog data +products, a discussion of the overall data quality and basic +characteristics, and a brief summary of important results. + +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper II) +%Pan-STARRS Data Processing Stages +\citet[][Paper II]{magnier2017c} +describes how the various data processing stages are organised and implemented +in the Imaging Processing Pipeline (IPP), including details of the +the processing database which is a critical element in the IPP infrastructure . + +%Waters et al. 2017 (Paper III) +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Processing : Detrending, Warping, Stacking +\citet[][Paper III]{waters2017} +describes the details of the pixel processing algorithms, including detrending, warping, and adding (to create stacked images) and subtracting (to create difference images) and resulting image products and their properties. + + +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper IV) +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection +\citet[][Paper IV]{magnier2017a} +describes the details of the source detection and photometry, including point-spread-function and extended source fitting models, and the techniques for ``forced" photometry measurements. + +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper V) +%Pan-STARRS Photometric and Astrometric Calibration +%\citet[][Paper V]{magnier2017b} +%describes the final calibration process, and the resulting photometric and astrometric quality. + + +%Flewelling et al. 2017 (Paper VI) +%Pan-STARRS 1 Database and Data Products +\citet[][Paper VI]{flewelling2017} +describes the details of the resulting catalog data and its organization in the Pan-STARRS database. +% +% +\citet[][Paper VII]{huber2017} +%Huber et al. 2017 (Paper VII) +describes the Medium Deep Survey in detail, including the unique issues and data products specific to that survey. The Medium Deep Survey is not part of Data Release 1. (DR1) + +% +The Pan-STARRS1 filters and photometric system have already been +described in detail in \cite{2012ApJ...750...99T}. + +{\color{red} {\em Note: These papers are being placed on arXiv.org to + provide crucial support information at the time of the public + release of Data Release 1 (DR1). We expect the arXiv versions to + be updated prior to submission to the Astrophysical Journal in + January 2017. Feedback and suggestions for additional information + from early users of the data products are welcome during the + submission and refereeing process.}} + +\section{Pan-STARRS\,1} + +From May 2010 through March 2014, the Pan-STARRS Science Consortium +used the 1.8m \PSONE\ telescope to perform a set of wide-field science +surveys. These surveys are designed to address a range of science +goals included the search for hazardous asteroids, the study of the +formation and architecture of the Milky Way galaxy, and the search for +Type Ia supernovae to measure the history of the expansion of the +universe. + +The wide-field \PSONE\ telescope consists of a 1.8~meter diameter +$f$/4.4 primary mirror with an 0.9~m secondary, producing a 3.3 degree +field of view \citep{2004SPIE.5489..667H}. The optical design yields +low distortion and minimal vignetting even at the edges of the +illuminated region. The optics, in combination with the natural +seeing, result in generally good image quality: the median image +quality for the 3$\pi$ survey is FWHM = (1.31, 1.19, 1.11, 1.07, 1.02) +arcseconds for (\grizy), with a floor of $\sim0.7$ arcseconds. The +\PSONE\ camera \citep{2009amos.confE..40T} is a mosaic of 60 +edge-abutted $4800\times4800$ pixel back-illuminated CCID58 Orthogonal +Transfer Arrays manufactured by Lincoln Laboratory +\citep{2006amos.confE..47T,2008SPIE.7021E..05T}. The CCDs have +10~$\mu$m pixels subtending 0.258~arcsec and are 70$\mu$m thick. The +detectors are read out using a StarGrasp CCD controller, with a +readout time of 7 seconds for a full unbinned image +\citep{2008SPIE.7014E..0DO}. The active, usable pixels cover $\sim +80$\% of the FOV. + +Nightly observations are conducted remotely from the Advanced +Technology Research Center in Kula, the main facility of the +University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy operations on Maui. +During the \PSONE\ Science Survey, images obtained by the +\PSONE\ system were stored first on computers at the summit, then +copied with low latency via internet to the dedicated data analysis +cluster located at the Maui High Performance Computer Center in Kihei, +Maui. + +Images obtained by \PSONE\ are automatically processed in real time by +the \PSONE\ Image Processing Pipeline \citep[IPP,][]{magnier2017a}. +Real-time analysis goals are aimed at feeding the discovery pipelines +of the asteroid search and supernova search teams. The data obtained +for the \PSONE\ Science Survey has also been used in three additional +complete re-processing of the data: Processing Versions 1, 2, and 3 +(PV1, PV2, and PV3). The real-time processing of the data is +considered ``PV0''. Except as otherwise noted, the PV3 analysis of +the data is used for the purpose of this article. + +The data processing steps are described in detail by \cite{waters2017} +and \cite{magnier2017a,magnier2017b}. In summary, individual images +are detrended: non-linearity and bias corrections are applied, a dark +current model is subtracted and flat-field corrections are applied. +The \yps-band images are also corrected for fringing: a master fringe +pattern is scaled to match the observed fringing and subtracted. Mask +and variance image arrays are generated with the detrend analysis and +carried forward at each stage of the IPP processing. Source detection +and photometry are performed for each chip independently. As +discussed below, preliminary astrometric and photometric calibrations +are performed for all chips in a single exposure in a single analysis. + +Chip images are geometrically transformed based on the astrometric +solution into a set of pre-defined pixel grids covering the sky, +called skycells. These transformed images are called the warp images. +Sets of warps for a given part of the sky and in the same filter may +be added together to generate deeper `stack' images. PSF-matched +difference images are generated from combinations of warps and stacks; +the details of the difference images and their calibration are outside +of the scope of this article. + +% Individual warp images are differenced during the nightly processing +% to detect the fast moving asteroids. Stacks are subtracted from +% individual warps, and deep stacks are subtracted from stack generated +% from images for a single night (nightly stacks). + +Astronomical objects are detected and characterized in the stacks +images. The details of the analysis of the sources in the stack +images are discussed in \cite{magnier2017b}, but in brief these include +PSF photometry, along with a range of measurements driven by the goals +of understanding the galaxies in the images. Because of the +significant mask fraction of the GPC1 focal plane, and the varying +image quality both within and between exposures, the effective PSF of +the PS1 stack images is highly variable. The PSF varies significantly +on scales as small as a few to tens of pixels, making accurate PSF +modelling essentially infeasible. The PSF photometry of sources in +the stack images is thus degraded significantly compared to the +quality of the photometry measured for the individual chip images. + +To recover most of the photometric quality of the individual chip +images, while also exploiting the depth afforded by the stacks, the +PV3 analysis make use of forced photometry on the individual warp +images. PSF photometry is measured on the warp images for all sources +which are detected in the stack images images. The positions +determined in the stack images are used in the warp images, but the +PSF model is determined for each warp independently based on brighter +stars in the warp image. The only free parameter for each object is +the flux, which may be insignificant or even negative for sources +which are near the faint limit of the stack detections. When the +fluxes from the individual warp images are averaged, a reliable +measurement of the faint source flux is determined. The details of +this analysis are described in detail in Magnier et al +\cite{magnier2017b}. + +In this article, we discuss the photometric calibration of the +individual exposures, the stacks, and the warp imags. We also discuss +the astrometric calibration of the individual exposures and the stack +images. + +\section{Astrometric Models} + +% \note{include projection math?} +% \note{reference discussion somewhere on cell vs chip} + +Three somewhat distinct astrometric models are employed within the IPP +at different stages. The simplest model is defined independently for +each chip: a simple TAN projection as described by +\cite{2002AA...395.1077C} is used to relate sky coordinates to a +cartesian tangent-plane coordinate system. A pair of low-order +polynomials are used to relate the chip pixel coordinates to this +tangent-plane coordinate system. The transforming polynomials are of +the form: +\begin{eqnarray} +P & = & \sum_{i,j} C^P_{i,j} X^i_{\rm chip} Y^j_{\rm chip} \\ +Q & = & \sum_{i,j} C^Q_{i,j} X^i_{\rm chip} Y^j_{\rm chip} +\end{eqnarray} +where $P,Q$ are the tangent plane coordinates, $X_{\rm chip}, Y_{\rm + chip}$ are the coordinates on the 60 GPC1 chips, and $C^P_{i,j}, C^Q_{i,j}$ +are the polynomial coefficients for each order. In the \code{psastro} +analysis, $i + j <= N_{\rm order}$ where the order of the fit, $N_{\rm + order}$, may be 1 to 3, under the restriction that sufficient stars +are needed to constrain the order. + +% \note{describe a bit better: this is automatically selected based on the number of stars} + +A second form of astrometry model which yields somewhat higher +accuracy consists of a set of connected solutions for all chips in a +single exposure. This model also uses a TAN projection to relate the +sky coordinates to a locally cartesian tangent plane coordinate system. +A set of polynomials is then used to relate the tangent plane +coordinates to a 'focal plane' coordinate system, $L,M$: +\begin{eqnarray} +P & = & \sum_{i,j} C^P_{i,j} L^i M^j \\ +Q & = & \sum_{i,j} C^Q_{i,j} L^i M^j +\end{eqnarray} +This set of polynomial accounts for effects such as optical distortion +in the camera and distortions due to changing atmospheric refraction +across the field of the camera. Since these effects are smooth across +the field of the camera, a single pair of polynomials can be used for +each exposure. Like in the chip analysis about, the \code{psastro} +code restricts the exponents with the rule $i + j <= N_{\rm order}$ +where the order of the fit, $N_{\rm order}$, may be 1 to 3, under the +restriction that sufficient stars are needed to constrain the order +For each chip, a second set of polynomials describes the +transformation from the chip coordinate systems to the focal +coordinate system: +\begin{eqnarray} +L & = & \sum_{i,j} C^L_{i,j} X^i_{\rm chip} Y^j_{\rm chip} \\ +M & = & \sum_{i,j} C^M_{i,j} X^i_{\rm chip} Y^j_{\rm chip} +\end{eqnarray} + +A third form of the astrometry model is used in the context of the +calibration determined within the DVO database system. We retain the +two levels of transformations (chip $\rightarrow$ focal plane $\rightarrow$ +tangent plane), but the relationship between the chip and focal plane +is represented with only the linear terms in the polynomial, +supplemented by a course grid of displacements, $\delta L, \delta M$ sampled +across the coordinate range +of the chip. This displacement grid may have a resolution of up to +$6\times6$ samples across the chip. The displacement for a specific +chip coordinate value is determined via bilinear interpolation between +the nearest sample points. Thus, the chip to focal-plane +transformation may be written as: +\begin{eqnarray} + L & = & C^L_{0,0} + C^L_{1,0} X_{\rm chip} + C^L_{0,1} Y_{\rm chip} + \delta L(X_{\rm chip}, Y_{\rm chip}) \\ + M & = & C^M_{0,0} + C^M_{1,0} X_{\rm chip} + C^M_{0,1} Y_{\rm chip} + \delta M(X_{\rm chip}, Y_{\rm chip}) +\end{eqnarray} + +{\bf WCS Keywords} When this polynomial representation is written to +the output files, a set of WCS keywords are used to define the +astrometric transformation elements. It is necessary to transform the +simply polynomials above into an alternate form: +\begin{eqnarray} + P & = & \sum_{i,j} C^P_{i,j} (X_{\rm chip} - X_0)^i (Y_{\rm chip} - Y_0)^j \\ + Q & = & \sum_{i,j} C^Q_{i,j} (X_{\rm chip} - X_0)^i (Y_{\rm chip} - Y_0)^j +\end{eqnarray} + +%% \note{need to complete this discussion of the WCS keywords, both +%% standard and non-standard, used to represent these polynomial +%% transformations} + +%% \begin{verbatim} +%% Here is a list of the keywords +%% and the related terms from Eqns above: +%% CTYPE1,2 : RA---WRP, DEC--WRP +%% CTYPE1,2 : RA---DIS, DEC--DIS +%% CRVAL1,2 : C^{L,M}_{0,0} +%% CRPIX1,2 : X_0, Y_0 +%% PC001001 : C^{L}_{1,0} +%% PC001002 : C^{L}_{0,1} +%% PC002001 : C^{M}_{1,0} +%% PC002002 : C^{M}_{0,1} +%% PCA1XiYj : C^{L}_{i,j} +%% PCA2XiYj : C^{M}_{i,j} +%% \end{verbatim} + +\section{Real-time Calibration} + +\subsection{Overview} + +As images are processed by the data analysis system, every exposure is +calibrated individually with respect to a photometric and astrometric +database. The goal of this calibration step is to generate a preliminary +astrometric calibration, to be used by the warping analysis to determine +the geometric transformation of the pixels, and preliminary +photometric transformation, to be used by the stacking analysis to +ensure the warps are combined using consistent flux units. + +The program used for the real-time calibration, \code{psastro}, loads +the measurements of the chip detections from their individual +\code{cmf}-format files. It uses the header information populated at +the telescope to determine an initial astrometric calibration guess +based on the position of the telescope boresite right ascension, +declination and position angle as reported by the telescope \& camera +subsystems. Using the initial guess, \code{psastro} loads astrometric +and photometric data from the reference database. + +\subsection{Reference Catalogs} + +During the course of the PS1SC Survey, several reference databases +have been used. For the first 20 months of the survey, \code{psastro} +used a reference catalog with synthetic PS1 \grizy\ photometry +generated by the Pan-STARRS IPP team based on based combined +photometry from Tycho (B, V), USNO (red, blue, IR), and 2MASS $J, H, +K$. The astrometry in the database was from 2MASS. After 2012 May, a +reference catalog generated from internal re-calibration of the PV0 +analysis of PS1 photometry and astrometry was used for the reference +catalog. + +% \note{discuss history of the different refcats?} + +Coordinates and calibrated magnitudes of stars from the reference +database are loaded by \code{pasastro}. A model for the positions of +the 60 chips in the focal plane is used to determine the expected +astrometry for each chip based on the boresite coordinates and +position angle reported by the header. Reference stars are selected +from the full field of view of the GPC1 camera, padded by an +additional 25\% to ensure a match can be determined even in the +presence of substantial errors in the boresite coordinates. It is +important to choose an appropriate set of reference stars: if too few +are selected, the chance of finding a match between the reference and +observed stars is diminished. In addition, since stars are loaded in +brightness order, a selection which is too small is likely to contain +only stars which are saturated in the GPC1 images. On the other hand, +if too many reference stars are chosen, there is a higher chance of a +false-positive match, especially as many of the reference stars may +not be detected in the GPC1 image. The seletion of the reference +stars includes a limit on the brightest and fainted magnitude of the +stars selected. + +The astrometric analysis is necessarily performed first; after the +astrometry is determined, an automatic byproduct is a reliable match +between reference and observed stars, allowing a comparison of the +magnitudes to determine the photometric calibration. + +The astrometric calibration is performed in two major stages: first, +the chips are fitted independently with independent models for each +chip. This fit is sufficient to ensure a reliable match between +reference stars and observed sources in the image. Next, the set of +chip calibrations are used to define the transformation between the +focal plane coordinate system and the tangent plane coordinate +system. The chip-to-focal plane transformations are then determined +under the single common focal plane to tangent plane transformation. + +\subsection{Cross-Correlation Search} + +The first step of the analysis is to attempt to find the match between +the reference stars and the detected objects. \code{psastro} uses 2D +cross correlation to search for the match. The guess astrometry +calibration is used to define a predicted set of $X^{\rm ref}_{\rm + chip}, Y^{\rm ref}_{\rm chip}$ values for the reference catalog +stars. For all possible pairs between the two lists, the values of +\begin{eqnarray} +\Delta X & = & X^{\rm ref}_{\rm chip} - X^{\rm obs}_{\rm chip}\\ +\Delta Y & = & Y^{\rm ref}_{\rm chip} - Y^{\rm obs}_{\rm chip} +\end{eqnarray} +are generated. The collection of $\Delta X, \Delta Y$ values are +collected in a 2D histogram with sampling of 50 pixels and the +peak pixel is identified. If the astrometry guess were perfect, this +peak pixel would be expected to lie at (0,0) and contain all of the +matched stars. However, the astrometric guess may be wrong in +several ways. An error in the constant term above, $C^P_{0,0}, +C^Q_{0,0}$ shifts the peak to another pixel, from which $C^P_{0,0}, +C^Q_{0,0}$ can easily be determined. An error in the plate scale or a +rotation will smear out the peak pixel potentially across many pixels +in the 2D histogram. + +To find a good match in the face of plate scale and rotation errors, +the cross correlation analysis above is performed for a series of +trials in which the scale and rotation are perturbed from the nominal +value by a small amount. For each trial, the peak pixel is found and +a figure of merit is measured. The figure of merit is defined as +$\frac{\sigma^2_x + \sigma^2_y}{N_p^4}$ where $\sigma^2_{x,y}$ are the +second moment of $\Delta X,Y$ for the star pairs associated with the +peak pixel, and $N_p$ is the number of star pairs in the peak. This +figure of merit is thus most sensitive to a narrow distribution with +many matched pairs. For the PS1 exposures, rotation offsets of (-1.0, +-0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0) degrees, and plate scales of (+1\%, 0, -1\%) of +the nominal plate scale are tested. The best match among these 15 +cross-correlation tests is selected and used to generate a better +astrometry guess for the chip. + +%% \note{option to downweight based on photometric inconsistency : not used in PS1 analysis} + +\subsection{Chip Polynomial Fits} + +The astrometry solution from the cross correlation step above is again +used to selected matches between the reference stars and observed +stars in the image. The matching radius starts off quite large, and a +series of fits is performed to generate the transformation between +chip and tangent plane coordinates. Three clipping iterations are +performed, with outliers $> 3 \sigma$ rejected on each pass, where +here $\sigma$ is determined from the distribution of the residuals in +each dimension (X,Y) independently. After each fit cycle, the matches +are redetermined using a smaller radius and the fit re-tried. + +\subsection{Mosaic Astrometry Polynomial Fits} + +The astrometry solutions from the independent chip fits are used to +generate a single model for the camera-wide distortion terms. The +goal is to determine the two stage fit (chip $\rightarrow$ focal plane +$\rightarrow$ tangent plane). There are a number of degenerate terms +between these two levels of transformation, most obviously between the +parameters which define the constant offset from chip to focal plane +($C^{L,M}_{0,0}$) and those which define the offset from focal plane +to tangent plane ($C^{P,Q}_{0,0}$). We limit ($C^{P,Q}_{0,0}$) to be +0,0 to remove this degeneracy. + +The initial fit of the astrometry for each chip follows the distortion +introduced by the camera: the apparent plate scale for each chip is +the combination of the plate scale at the optical axis of the camera, +modified by the local average distortion. To isolate the effect of +distortion, we choose a single common plate scale for the set of chips +and re-define the chip $\rightarrow$ sky calibrations as a set of chip +$\rightarrow$ focal plane transformation using that common pixel +scale. We can now compare the observed focal plane coordinates, +derived from the chip coordinates, and the tangent plane coordiantes, +derived from the projection of the reference coordinates. One caveat +is that the chip reference coordinates are also degenerate with the +fitted distortion. In order to avoid being sensitive to the exact +positions of the chips at this stage, we measure the local gradient +between the focal plane and tangent plane coordinate systems. We then +fit the gradient with a polynomial of order 1 less than the polynomial +desired for the distortion fit. The coefficients of the gradient fit +are then used to determine the coefficients for the polynomials +representing the distortion. + +%% \note{write out the math of the gradients} + +Once the common distortion coming from the optics and atmosphere have +been modeled, \code{psastro} determines polynomial transformations +from the 60 chips to the focal plane coordinate system. In this +stage, 5 iterations of the chip fits are performed. Before each +iteration, the reference stars and detected objects are matched using +the current best set of transformations. These fits start with low +order (1) and large matching radius. As the iterations proceed, the +radius is reduced and the order is allowed to increaes, up to 3rd +order for the final iterations. + +%% \note{quality of the fits as a result of this stage}. + +\subsection{Real-time Photometric Calibration} + +%% \note{define / describe the robust median} + +After the astrometric calibration has finished, the photometric +calibration is performed by \code{psastro}. When the reference stars +are loaded, the apparent magnitude in the filter of interest is also +loaded. Stars for which the reference magnitude is brighter than +(\grizy) = (19, 19, 18.5, 18.5, 17.5) are used to determine the zero +points by comparison with the instrumental magnitudes. For the PV3 +analysis, an outlier-rejecting median is used to measure the zero +point. For early versions of the analysis, when the reference catalog +used synthetic magnitudes, it was necessary to search for the blue +edge of the distribution: the synthetic magnitude poorly predicted the +magnitudes of stars in the presence of significant extinction or for +the very red stars, making the blue edge somewhat more reliable. Note +that we do not include an airmass correction in this zero point +analysis: the airmass correction is folded into the observed zero +point. The zero point may be measured separately for each chip or as +a single value for the entire exposure; the latter option was used for +the PV3 analysis. + +\subsection{Real-time outputs} + +The calibrations determined by \code{psastro} as saved as part of the +header information in the output FITS tables. A single +multi-extension FITS table is written using the \code{smf} format. In +these files, the measurements from each chip are written as a separate +FITS table. A second FITS extension for each chip is used to store +the header information from the original chip image. The original +chip header is modified so that the extension corresponds to an image +with no pixels data: \code{NAXIS} is set to 0, even though +\code{NAXIS1} and \code{NAXIS2} are retained with the original +dimensions of the chip. A pixel-less primary header unit (PHU) is +generated with a summary of some of the important and common +chip-level keywords (e.g., \code{DATE-OBS}). The astrometric +transformation information for each chip is saved in the corresponding +header using standard (and some non-standard) WCS keywords. For the +two-level astrometric model, the PHU header carries the astrometric +transformation related to the projection and the camera-wide +distortions. Photometric calibrations are written as a set of +keywords to individual chip headers, and if the calibration is +performed at the exposure-level, to the PHU. The photometry +calibration keywords are: +\begin{itemize} +\item \code{ZPT_REF} : the nominal zero point for this filter +\item \code{ZPT_OBS} : the measured zero point for this chip / + exposure +\item \code{ZPT_ERR} : the measured error on \code{ZPT_OBS} +\item \code{ZPT_NREF} : the number of stars used to measure \code{ZPT_OBS} +\item \code{ZPT_MIN} : minimum reference magnitude included in analysis +\item \code{ZPT_MAX} : maximum reference magnitude included in analysis +\end{itemize} +The keyword \code{ZPT_OBS} is used to set the initial zero point when +the data from the exposure are loaded into the DVO database. + +\section{PV3 DVO Master Database} + +Data from the GPC1 chip images, the stack images, and the warp images +are loaded into DVO using the real-time analysis astrometric +calibration to guide the association of detections into objects. +After the full PV3 DVO database was constructed, including all of the +chip, stack, and warp detections, several external catalogs were +merged into the database. First, the complete 2MASS PSC was loaded +into a stand-alone DVO database, which was then merged into the PV3 +master database. Next the DVO database of synthetic photometry in the +PS1 bands (see Section~\ref{sec:synthdb}) was merged in. Next, the +full Tycho database was added, followed by the AllWISE database. +After the Gaia release in August 2016 \citep{2016AA...595A...2G}, we +generated a DVO database of the Gaia positional and photometric +information and merged that into the master DVO database. + +%% \note{need to describe the assignment of flags, etc, for the external data sources}. + +\section{Photometry Calibration} + +\subsection{Ubercal Analysis} + +% \note{clean up and re-word the pieces below} + +The photometric calibration of the DVO database starts with the +``ubercal'' analysis technique as described by +\cite{2012ApJ...756..158S}. This analysis is performed by the group +at Harvard, loading data from the \code{smf} files into their instance +of the Large Scale Database \citep[LSD,][]{2011AAS...21743319J}, a +system similar to DVO used to manage the detections and determine the +calibrations. + +Photometric nights are selected and all other exposures are ignored. +Each night is allowed to have a single fitted zero point and a single +fitted value for the airmass extinction coefficient per filter. The +zero points and extinction terms are determined as a least squares +minimization process using the repeated measurements of the same stars +from different nights to tie nights together. Flat-field corrections +are also determined as part of the minimization process. In the +original (PV1) ubercal analysis, \cite{2012ApJ...756..158S} determined +flat-field corrections for $2\times 2$ sub-regions of each chip in the +camera and four distinct time periods (``seasons''). Later analysis +(PV2) used an $8\times8$ grid of flat-field corrections to good +effect. + +The ubercal analysis was re-run for PV3 by the Harvard group. For the +PV3 analysis, under the pressure of time to complete the analysis, we +chose to use only a $2\times 2$ grid per chip as part of the ubercal +fit and to leave higher frequency structures to the later analysis. A +5th flat-field season consisting of nearly the last 2 years of data +was also included for PV3. In retrospect, as we show below, the data +from the latter part of the survey would probably benefit from +additional flat-field seasons. + +%% \note{something for PV4}. + +By excluding non-photometric data and only fitting 2 parameters for +each night, the Ubercal solution is robust and rigid. It is not +subject to unexpected drift or sensitivity of the solution to the +vagaries of the data set. The Ubercal analysis is also especially +aided by the inclusion of multiple Medium Deep field observations +every night, helping to tie down overall variations of the system +throughput and acting as internal standard star fields. The resulting +photometric system is shown by \cite{2012ApJ...756..158S} to have reliability +across the survey region at the level of (8.0, 7.0, 9.0, 10.7, 12.4) +millimags in (\grizy). As we discuss below, this conclusion is +reinforced by our external comparison. + +%% \note{do I have a measurement +%% of the bright end stability in PV3? basically, what is the scatter +%% per star as a function of position in the camera and magnitude?} + +The overall zero point for each filter is not naturally determined by +the Ubercal analysis; an external constraint on the overall +photometric system is required for each filter. +\cite{2012ApJ...756..158S} used photometry of the MD09 Medium Deep +field to match the photometry measured by \cite{2012ApJ...750...99T} +on the reference photometric night of MJD 55744 (UT 02 July 2011). +\cite{2014ApJ...795...45S} and \cite{2015ApJ...815..117S} have +re-examined the photometry of Calspec standards %% XXX FIX: \citep{Bohlin.1996} as +observed by PS1. \cite{2014ApJ...795...45S} reject 2 of the 7 stars +used by \cite{2012ApJ...750...99T} and add photometry of 5 additional +stars. \cite{2015ApJ...815..117S} further reject measurements of +Calspec standards obtained close to the center of the camera field of +view where the PSF size and shape changes very rapidly. The result of +this analysis modifies the over system zero points by 20 - 35 +millimags compared with the system determined by +\cite{2012ApJ...756..158S}. + +%% \note{The calspec spectrophotometry values have also been re-examined +%% by REF; using these new measurements, \cite{2015ApJ...815..117S} +%% determine new zero points for the PS1 system, which we have applied +%% (see below).} + +% http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/117/pdf + +\subsection{Applying the Ubercal Zero Points : Setphot} + +The ubercal analysis above results in a table of zero points for all +exposures considered to be photometric, along with a set of +low-resolution flat-field corrections. It is now necessary to use this +information to determine zero points for the remaining exposures and +to improve the resolution of the flat-field correction. This analysis +is done within the IPP DVO database system. + +The ubercal zero points and the flat-field correction data are loaded +into the PV3 DVO database using the program \code{setphot}. This +program converts the reported zero point and flat field values to the +DVO internal representation in which the zero point of each image is +split into three main components: +\[ +zp_{\rm total} = zp_{\rm nominal} + M_{cal} + K_{rm \lambda}(sec \zeta - 1) +\] +where $zp_{\rm nominal}$ and $K_{rm \lambda}$ are static values for +each filter representing respectively the nominal zero point and the +slope of the trend with respect to the airmass ($\zeta$) for each +filter. These static values are listed in Table~\ref{tab:zpts}. When +\code{setphot} was run, these static zero points have been adjusted by +the Calspec offsets listed in Table~\ref{tab:zpts} based on the +analysis of Calspec standards by \cite{2015ApJ...815..117S}. These +offsets bring the photometric system defined by the ubercal analysis +into alignment with \cite{2015ApJ...815..117S}. The value $M_{cal}$ +is the offset needed by each exposure to match the ubercal value, or +to bring the non-ubercal exposures into agreement with the rest of the +exposures, as discussed below. The flat-field information is encoded +in a table of flat-field offsets as a function of time, filter, and +camera position. Each image which is part of the ubercal subset is +marked with a bit in the field \code{Image.flags}: +\code{ID_IMAGE_PHOTOM_UBERCAL = 0x00000200} + +%% \note{give airmass formula for completeness?}. + +When \code{setphot} applies the ubercal information to the image +tables, it also updates the individual measurements associated with +those images. In the DVO database schema, the normalized instrumental +magnitude, $M_{\rm inst} = -2.5log_{10} (DN / sec) + 25.0$ are stored +for each measurement. The value of 25.0 is an arbitrary (but fixed) +constant offset to place the instrumental magnitudes into +approximately the correct range. Associated with each measurement are +two correction magnitudes: $M_{\rm cal}$ and $M_{\rm flat}$, along +with the airmass for the measurement, calculated using the altitude of +the individual detection as determined from the Right Ascension, +Declination, the observatory latitude, and the sidereal time. For a +camera with the field of view of the PS1 GPC1, the airmass may vary +significantly within the field of view, especially at low elevations. +In the worst cases, at the celestial pole, the airmass range within a +single exposure is XXX - XXX. The complete calibrated (`relative') +magnitude is determined from the stored database values as: +\[ +M_{\rm rel} = M_{\rm inst} - 25.0 + zp_{\rm ref} + M_{\rm cal} + M_{\rm flat} + K_\lambda (sec \zeta - 1). +\] +The calibration offsets, $M_{\rm cal}$ and $M_{\rm flat}$, represent +the per-exposure zero point correction and the slowly-changing +flat-field correction respectively. These two values are split so the +flat-field corrections may be determined and applied independently +from the time-resolved zero point variations. Note that the above +corrections are applied to each of the types of measurements stored in +the database, PSF, Aperture, Kron. The calibration math remains the +same regardless of the kind of magnitude being measured. Also note +that for the moment, this discussion should only be considered as +relevant to the chip measurements. Below we discuss the implications +for the stack and warp measurements. + +When the ubercal zero points and flat-field data are loaded, +\code{setphot} updates the $M_{\rm cal}$ values for all measurements +which have been derived from the ubercal images. These measurements +are also marked in the field \code{Measure.dbFlags} with the bit +\code{ID_MEAS_PHOTOM_UBERCAL = 0x00008000}. At this stage, +\code{setphot} also updates the values of $M_{\rm flat}$ for all GPC1 +measurements in the appropriate filters. + +\subsection{Relphot Analysis} + +%% \note{how many exposures are not in ubercal?} + +Relative photometry is used to determine the zero points of the +exposures which were not included in the ubercal analysis. The +relative photometry analysis has been described in the past by +\cite{2013ApJS..205...20M}. We review that analysis here, along with +specific updates for PV3. + +As described above, the instrumental magnitude and the calibrated magnitude +are related by arithmetic magnitude offsets which account for effects +such as the instrumental variations and atmospheric attenuation. +\[ +M_{rel} = m_{inst} + ZP + M_{cal} +\] + +From the collection of measurements, we can generate an average +magnitude for a single star (or other object): +\[ M_{ave} = \frac{\sum_i M_{rel,i} w_i}{\sum_i w_i} \] +We find that the color difference of the different chips can be +ignored, and set the value of $A$ to 0.0. +Note that we only use a single mean airmass extinction term for all +exposures -- the difference between the mean and the specific value +for a given night is taken up as an additional element of the +atmospheric attenuation. + +%% \note{color-color terms between chips?} + +We write a global $\chi^2$ equation which we attempt to minimize by +finding the best mean magnitudes for all objects and the best +$M_{\rm cal}$ offset for each exposure: +\[ \chi^2 = \sum_{i,j} (m_{inst}[i,j] + ZP + K \zeta + M_{clouds}[i] - M_{ave}[j]) w_{i,j} / \sum_{i,j} w_{i,j} \] + +If everything were fitted at once and allowed to float, this system of +equations would have $N_{exposures} + N_{stars} \sim 2 \times 10^5 + N +\times 10^9$ unknowns. We solve the system of equations by iteration, +solving first for the best set of mean magnitudes in the assumption of +zero clouds, then solving for the clouds implied by the differences +from these mean magnitudes. Even with 1-2 magnitudes of extinction, +the offsets converge to the milli-magnitude level within 8 iterations. + +Only brighter, high quality measurements are used in the relative +photometry analysis of the exposure zero points. We use only the +brighter objects, limiting the density to a maximum of 4000 objects +per square degree (lower in areas where we have more observations). +When limiting the density, we prefer objects which are brighter (but +not saturated), and those with the most measurements (to ensure better +coverage over the available images). + +There are a few classes of outliers which we need to be careful to +detect and avoid. First, any single measurement may be deviant for a +number of reasons (e.g., it lands in a bad region of the detector, +contamination by a diffraction spike or other optical artifact, etc). +We attempt to exclude these poor measurements in advance by rejecting +measurements which the photometric analysis has flagged the result as +suspcious. We reject detections which are excessively masked; these include +detections which are too close to other bright objects, diffraction +spikes, ghost images, or the detector edges. However, these +rejections do not catch all cases of bad measurements. + +%% \citep[\code{PSF_QF} $< 0.85$, see][]{magnier2017b}; +%% \note{refer to the PSPHOT bad and poor psphot bits?} + +After the initial iterations, we also perform outlier rejections based +on the consistency of the measurements. For each star, we use a two +pass outlier clipping process. We first define a robust median and +sigma from the inner 50\% of the measurements. Measurements which are +more than 5$\sigma$ from this median value are rejected, and the mean +\& standard deviation (weighted by the inverse error) are +recalculated. We then reject detections which are more than 3$\sigma$ +from the recalculated mean. + +Suspicious stars are also exclude from the analsis. We exclude stars +with reduced $\chi^2$ values more than 20.0, or more than 2$\times$ +the median, whichever is larger. We also exclude stars with standard +deviation (of the measurements used for the mean) greater than 0.005 +mags or 2$\times$ the median standard deviation, whichever is greater. + +%% \note{is this true?} + +Similarly for images, we exclude those with more than 2 magnitudes of +extinction or for which the deviation greater of the zero points per +star are than 0.075 mags or 2$\times$ the median value, whichever is +greater. These cuts are somewhat conservative to limit us to only +good measurements. The images and stars rejected above are not used +to calculate the system of zero points and mean magnitudes. These +cuts are updated several times as the iterations proceed. After the +iterations have completed, the images which have been reject are +calibrated based on their overlaps with other images. + +We overweight the ubercal measurements in order to tie the relative +photometry system to the ubercal zero points. Ubercal images and +measurements from those images are not allowed to float in the +relative photometry analysis. Detections from the Ubercal images are +assigned weights of 10x their default (inverse-variance) weight. The +calculation of the formal error on the mean magnitudes propagates this +additional weight, so that the errors on the Ubercal observations +dominates where they are present. + +% \note{do we drop this when calculating the final mean mags?} +% \note{do I need to present the math?} +\[ \mu = \frac{\sum m_i w_i \sigma_i^{-2}}{\sum w_i \sigma_i^{-2}} \] +\[ \sigma_\mu = \frac{\sum w_i^2 \sigma_i^{-2}}{(\sum w_i \sigma_i^{-2})^2} \] + +The calculation of the relative photometry zero points is performed +for the entire $3\pi$ data set in a single, highly parallelized +analysis. As discussed above, the measurement and object data in the +DVO database are distributed across a large number of computers in the +IPP cluster: for PV3, 100 parallel hosts are used. These machines by +design control data from a large number of unconnected small patches +on the sky, with the goal of speeding queries for arbitrary chunks of +the sky. As a result, this parallelization is entirely inappropriate +as the basis of the relative photometry analysis. For the relative +photometry calculation (and later for relative astrometry +calculation), the sky is divided into a number of large, contiguous +regions each bounded by lines of constant RA \& DEC, 73 regions in the +case of the PV3 analysis. A separate computer, called a ``region +host'' is responsible for each of these regions: that computer is +responsible for calculating the mean magnitudes of the objects which +land within its region and for determining the exposure zero points +for exposures for which the center of the exposure lands in the region +of responsibility. + +\begin{figure*}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \begin{minipage}{0.85\linewidth} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,clip]{{pics/photflat.example}.png} + \end{minipage} + \hspace{-3.0in} + \begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth} + \vspace{3.25in} + \caption{\label{fig:photflat} High-resolution flat-field correction images for the 5 filters $grizy$.} + \end{minipage} + \end{center} +\end{figure*} + +The iterations described above (calculate mean +magnitudes, calculate zero points, calculate new measurements) are +peformed on each of the 73 region hosts in parallel. However, between +certain iteration steps, the region hosts must share some information. +After mean object magnitudes are calculated, the region hosts must +share the object magnitudes for the objects which are observed by +exposures controlled by neighboring region hosts. After image +calibrations have been determined by each region host, the image +calibrations must be shared with the neighboring region hosts so +measurement values associated with objects owned by a neighboring +region host may be updated. + +The completely work flow of the all-sky relative photometry analysis +starts with an instance of the program running on a master computer. +This machine loads the image database table and assigns the images to +the 73 region hosts. A process is then launched on each of the region +hosts which is responsible for managing the image calibration analysis +on that host. These processes in turn make an intial request of the +photometry information (object and measurement) from the 100 parallel +DVO partition machines. In practice, the processes on the the region +hosts are launched in series by the master process to avoid +overloading the DVO partition machines with requests for photometry +data from all region hosts at once. Once all of the photometry has +been loaded, the region hosts perform their iterations, sharing the +data which they need to share with their neighbors and blocking while +they wait for the data they need to receive from their neighbors. The +management of this stage is performed by communication between the +region host. At the end of the iterations, the regions hosts write out +their final image calibrations. The master machine then loads the +full set of image calibrations and then applies these calibrations +back to all measurements in the database, updating the mean photometry +as part of this process. The calculations for this last step are +performed in parallel on the DVO partition machines. + +With the above software, we are able to perform the entire relphot +analysis for the full 3$\pi$ region at once, avoiding any possible +edge effects. The region host machines have internal memory ranging +from 96GB to 192GB. Regions are drawn, and the maximum allowed +density was chosen, to match the memory usage to the memory available +on each machine. A total of 9.8TB of RAM was available for the +analysis, allowing for up to 6000 objects per square degree in the +analysis. + +\begin{figure}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{{pics/allsky.photom.sigma}.png} + \caption{\label{fig:allsky.photom.sigma} Consistency of photometry + measurements across the sky. Each panel shows a map of the + standard deviation of photometry residuals for stars in each + pixel. The median value of the measure standard deviations across + the sky is $(\sigma_g, \sigma_r, \sigma_i, \sigma_z, \sigma_y) = + (14, 14, 15, 15, 18)$ millimags. These values reflect the typical + single-measurement errors for bright stars.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +%% \note{need to discuss the process of setting the final mean magnitudes} + +\subsubsection{Photometric Flat-field} + +For PV3, the relphot analysis was performed two times. The first +analysis used only the flat-field corrections determined by the +ubercal analysis, with a resolution of 2x2 flat-field values for each +GPC1 chip (corresponding to \approx 2400 pixels), and 5 separate +flat-field 'seasons'. However, we knew from prior studies that there +were significant flat-field structures on smaller scales. We used the +data in DVO after the initial relphot calibration to measure the +flat-field residual with much finer resolution: 124 x 124 flat-field +values for each GPC1 chip (40x40 pixels per point). We then used +\code{setphot} to apply this new flat-field correction, as well as the +ubercal flat-field corrections, to the data in the database. At this +point, we re-ran the entire relphot analysis to determine zero points +and to set the average magnitudes. + +Figure~\ref{fig:photflat} shows the high-resolution photometric +flat-field corrections applied to the measurements in the DVO +database. These flat-fields make low-level corrections of up to +\approx 0.03 magnitudes. Several features of interest are apparent in +these images. + +First, at the center of the camera is an important structure caused by +the telescope optics which we call the ``tent''. In this portion of +the focal plane, the image quality degrades very quickly. The +photometry is systematically biased because the point spread function +model cannot follow the real changes in the PSF shape on these small +scales. As is evident in the image, the effect is such that the flux +measured using a PSF model is systematically low, as expected if the +PSF model is too small. + +The square outline surrounding the ``tent'' is due to the 2$\times$2 +sampling per chip used for the Ubercal flat-field corrections. The +imprint of the Ubercal flat-field is visible throughout this +high-resolution flat-field: in regions where the underlying flat-field +structure follows a smooth gradient across a chip, the Ubercal +flat-field partly corrects the structure, leaving behind a saw-tooth +residual. The high-resolution flat-field corrects the residual +structures well. + +Especially notable in the bluer filters is a pattern of quarter +circles centered on the corners of the chips. These patterns are +similar to the ``tree rings'' reported by the DES team and others +(G. Berstein REF \& REFS). The details of these tree rings are beyond +the scope of this article, and will be explored in future work. +Unlike the tree ring features discussed by these other authors, the +features observed in the GPC1 photometry are not caused by an +interaction of the flat-field with the effective pixel geometry. +Instead, these photometric features are due to low-level changes in +the PSF size which we attribute to variable charge diffusion (Magnier +in prep). + +Other features include some poorly responding cells (e.g., in XY14) +and effects at the edges of chips, possibly where the PSF model fails +to follow the changes in the PSF. + +%% XXX : need to refer to system paper on the central tent? + +%% \note{show the flat-field residual images, discuss the features?}. + +For stacks and warps, the image calibrations were determined after the +relative photometry was performed on the individual chips. Each stack +and each warp was tied via relative photometry to the average +magnitudes from the chip photometry. In this case, no flat-field +corrections were applied. For the stacks, such a correction would not +be possible after the stack has been generated because multiple chip +coordinates contribute to each stack pixel coordinate. For the warps, +it is in principle possible to map back to the corresponding chip, but +the information was not available in the DVO database, and thus it was +not possible at this time to determine the flat-field correction +appropriate for a given warp. This latter effect is one of several +which degrade the warp photometry compared to the chip photometry at +the bright end. + +\subsection{Photometry Calibration Quality} + +Figure~\ref{fig:allsky.photom.sigma} shows the standard devitions of +the mean residual photometry for bright stars as a function of +position across the sky. For each pixel in these images, we selected +all objects with (14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.0, 13.0) $<$ ($g,r,i,z,y$) $<$ +(17, 17, 17, 16.5, 15.5), with at least 3 measurements in $i$-band (to +reject artifacts detected in a pair of exposures from the same night), +with \code{PSF_QF} $> 0.85$ (to reject excessively-masked objects), +and with $mag_{\rm PSF} - mag_{rm Kron} < 0.1$ (to reject galaxies). +We then generated histograms of the difference between the average +magnitude and the apparent magnitude in an individual image for each +filter for all stars in a given pixel in the images. From these +residual histograms, we can then determine the median and the 68\%-ile +range to calculate a robust standard deviation. This represents the +bright-end systematic error floor for a measurement from a single +exposure. The standard deviations are then plotted in +Figure~\ref{fig:allsky.photom.sigma}. + +The 5 panels in Figure~\ref{fig:allsky.photom.sigma} show several +features. The Galactic bulge is clearly seen in all five filters, +with the impact strongest in the reddest bands. We attribute this to +the effects of crowding and contamination of the photometry by +neighbors. Large-scale, roughly square features \approx 10 degrees on +a side in these images can be attributed to the vagaries of weather: +these patches correspond to the observing chunks. These images +include both photometric and non-photometric exposures. It seems +plausible that the non-photometric images from relatively poor quality +nights elevate the typical errors. On small scales, there are +circular patterns \approx 3 degrees in diameter corresponding to +individual exposures; these represent residual flat-fields structures +not corrected by our stellar flat-fielding. The median of the +standard deviations in the five filters are +$(\sigma_g,\sigma_r,\sigma_i,\sigma_z,\sigma_y) = (14, 14, 15, 15, +18)$ millimagnitudes. + +%% \note{recommendation} + +\subsection{Calculation of Object Photometry} + +\subsubsection{Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares Fitting (1D)} + +\subsubsection{Selection of Measurements} + +\subsubsection{Stack Photometry} + +\subsubsection{Warp Photometry} + +\begin{figure*}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{{pics/KHexample}.png} + \caption{\label{fig:KHexample} Illustration of the Koppenh\"ofer Effect + on chip XY04. In each plot, the solid line shows the measured + mean residual for stars detected on this chip as a function of the + instrumental magnitude / FWHM$^2$. {\bf top left} X-direction before correction. +{\bf top right} Y-direction before correction. +{\bf bottom left} X-direction after correction. +{\bf bottom right} Y-direction after correction. } + \end{center} +\end{figure*} + +\begin{figure}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{{pics/KHmap}.png} + \caption{\label{fig:KHmap} Map of the amplitude of the + Koppenh\"ofer Effect on chips across the focal plane. In the + affected chips, bright stars are up to 0.2 \note{arcsec} deviant + from their expected positions. {\bf bottom left} X-direction before + correction. {\bf bottom right} Y-direction before correction. {\bf + top left} X-direction after correction. {\bf top right} + Y-direction after correction. } + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\section{Astrometry Calibration} + +Once the full PV3 dataset loaded into the master PV3 DVO database, +along with supporting databases, and the photometric calibrations were +performed, relative astrometry could be performed on the database to +improve the overall astrometric calibration. + +In many respects the relative astrometric analysis is similar to the +relative photometric analysis: the repeated measurements of the same +object in different images are used to determine a high quality +average position for the object. The new average positions are then +used to determine improved astrometric calibrations for each of the +images. These improved calibrations are used to set the observed +coordinates of the measurements from those images, which are in turn +used to improve the average positions of the objects. The whole +process is repeated for several iterations. Like the photometric +analysis, the astrometric analysis is performed in a parallel fashion +with the same concept that specific machines are responsible for +exposures and objects which land within their regions of +responsibility, defined on the basis of lines of constant RA and DEC. +Between iteration steps, the astrometric calibrations are shared +between the parallel machines as are the improved positions for +objects controlled by one machine but detect in images controlled by +another machine. Like the photometric analysis, the entire sky is +processed in one pass. However, there are some important differences +in the details. + +\subsection{Systematic Effects} + +First, the astrometric calibration has a larger number of systematic +effects which must be performed. These consist of: 1) the +Koppenh\"offer Effect, 2) Differential Chromatic Refraction, 3) Static +deviations in the camera. We discuss each of these in turn below. + +\subsubsection{Koppenh\"offer Effect} + +The Koppenh\"offer Effect was first identified in February 2011 by +Johannes Koppenh\"offer (MPE) as part of the effort to search for +planet transists in the Stellar Transit Survey data. He noticed that +the astromety of bright stars and faint stars disagreed on overlapping +chips at the boundary between the STS fields. After some exploration, +it was determined that the X coordinate of the brightest stars was +offset from the expected location based on the faint stars for a +subset of the GPC1 chips. The essence of the effect was that a large +charge packet could be drawn prematurely over an intervening negative +serial phase into the summing well, and this leakage was +proportionately worse for brighter stars. The brighter the star, the +more the charge packet was pushed ahead on the serial register. The +amplitude of the effect was at most $0\farcs{}25$, corresponding to a +shift of about one pixel. This effect was only observed in 2-phase +OTA devices, with 22 / 30 of these suffering from this effect. By +adjusting the summing well high voltage down from a default +7 V to ++5.5V on the 2-phase devices, the effect was prevented in exposures +after 2011-05-03. However, this left 101,550 exposures (27\%) already +contaminated by the effect. +% This uses PV3 3-pi exposures: +% group N(<2011-05-03) N(total) % +% PV3-3pi 101550 375573 24.47 +% exptype=OBJECT 229272 936879 27.04 +% ALL 322922 1163377 27.76 + +% \note{was there is significant difference using a surface brightness version?} + +We measured the Koppenh\"offer Effect by accumulating the residual +astrometry statistics for stars in the database. For each chip, we +measured the mean X and Y displacements of the astrometric residuals +as function of the instrumental magnitude of the star divided by the +FWHM$^2$. We measured the trend for all chips in a +number of different time ranges and found the effect to be quite +stable, in the period where it was present. The effect only appeared +in the serial direction. Figure~\ref{fig:koppenhoefer} shows the KE +trend for a typical affected chip both before and after the +correction. For the PV3 dataset, we re-measured the KE trends using +stars in the Galactic pole regions after an initial relative +astrometry calibration pass: the Galactic pole is necessary because +the real-time astrometric calibration relies largely on the fainter +stars which are not affected by the KE. The trend is then stored in a +form which can be applied to the database measurements. + +\subsubsection{Differential Chromatic Refraction} + +Differential Chromatic Refraction (DCR) affects astrometry because the +reference stars used the calibrate the images are not the same color +(SED) as the rest of the stars in the image. For a given star of a +color different from the reference stars, as exposures are taken at +higher airmass, the apparent position of the star will be biased along +the parallactic angle. While it is possible to build a model for the +DCR impact based on the filter response functions and atmospheric +refraction, we have instead elected to use an empirical correction for +the DCR present in the PV3 database. We have measured the DCR trend +using the astrometric residuals of millions of stars after performing +an initial relative astrometry calibration. We define a blue DCR +color ($g-i$) to be used when correcting the filters \gps,\rps,\ips, and a red +DCR color ($z - y$) to be used when correcting the filters $zy$. In +the process of performing the relative astrometry calibration, we +record the median red and blue colors of the reference stars used to +measure the astrometry calibration for each image. As we determine +the astrometry parameters for each object in the database, we record +the median red and blue reference star colors for all images used to +determine the astrometry for a given object. For each star in the +database, we know both the color of the star and the typical color of +the reference stars used to calibrate the astrometry for that star. + +We measure the mean deviation of the residuals in the parallactic +angle direction and the direction perpendicular to the parallactic +angle. For each filter, we determine the DCR trend as a function of +the difference between the star color and the reference star color, +using the red or blue color approriate to the particular filter, times +the tangent of the zenith distance. Figure~\ref{fig:DCR} shows the +DCR trend for the 5 filters \grizy, as well as the measured +displacement in the direction perpendicular to the parallactic angle. +We represent the trend with a spline fitted to this dataset. + +\begin{figure}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{{pics/dcr.r2.g}.png} + \caption{\label{fig:DCRexample} Example of the DCR trend in the + g-band. {\bf top:} DCR trend in the parallactic direction {\bf + bottom:} DCR trend perpendicular to the parallactic angle.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +The amplitude of the DCR trend in the five filters is $(g,r,i,z,y) = +(0.010, 0.001, -0.003, -0.017, -0.021)$ arcsec airmass$^{-1}$ +magntiude$^{-1}$. We saturate the DCR correction if the term $color +TAN (\zeta)$ for a given measurement is outside a range where the +DCR correction is well measured. The maximum DCR correction applied +to the five filters is $(g,r,i,z,y) = (0.019, 0.002, 0.003, 0.006, +0.008)$ arcseconds. + +%% \note{write down the DCR formalae for reference}. + +\begin{figure*}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth,clip]{{pics/astroflat.gri}.png} + \caption{\label{fig:astroflat.gri} High-resolution astrometric flat-field correction images for $gri$.} + \end{center} +\end{figure*} + +\begin{figure*}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth,clip]{{pics/astroflat.zy}.png} + \caption{\label{fig:astroflat.zy} High-resolution astrometric flat-field correction images for $zy$.} + \end{center} +\end{figure*} + +\subsubsection{Astrometric Flat-field} + +After correction for both KE and DCR, we observe persistent residual +astrometric deviations which depend on the position in the camera. We +construct an astrometric ``flat-field'' response by determining the +mean residual displacement in the X and Y (chip) directions as a +function of position in the focal plane. We have measured the +astrometric flat using a sampling resolution of 40x40 pixels, matching +the photometric flat-field correction images. +Figures~\ref{fig:astroflat.gri} and \ref{fig:astroflat.zy} show the +astrometric flat-field images for the five filters \grizy\ in each of +the two coordinate directions. These plots show several types of +features. + +The dominant pattern in the astrometric residual is roughly a series +of concentric rings. The pattern is similar to the pattern of the +focal surface residuals measured by (REF), which also has a concentric +series of rings with similar spacing. The ``tent'' in the center of +the focal surface reflected in these astrometry residual plots. Our +interpretation of the structure is that the deviations of the focal +plane from the ideal focal surface introduces small-scale PSF changes, +presumably coupled to the optical aberrations, which result in small +changes in the centroid of the object relative to the PSF model at +that location. Since the PSF model shape parameters are only able to +vary at the level of a 6x6 grid per chips, the finer structures are +not included in the PSF model. The PV2 analysis shows the ring +structure more clearly, with a pattern much more closely following the +focal surface deviations. In the PV2 analysis, the PSF model used at +most a 3x3 grid per chip to follow the shape variations, so any +changes caused by the optical aberrations would be less well modeled in +the PV2 analysis, as we observe. + +A second pattern which is weakly seen in several chips consists of +consistent displacements in the X (serial) direction for certain +cells. This effect can be seen most clearly in chips XY45 and XY46. +In the PV2 analysis, this pattern is also more clearly seen. In this +case, the fact that the astrometric model used polynomials with a +maximum of 3rd order per chip means the deviation of individual cells +cannot be followed by the astrometric model. + +A third effect is seen at the edge of the chips, where there appears +to be a tendency for the residual to follow the chip edge. The origin +of this is unclear, but likely caused by the astrometry model failing +to follow the underlying variations because of the need to extrapolate +to the edge pixels. Finally, we also mention an interesting effect +{\em not} visible at the resolution of these astrometric flat-field +images. Fine structures are observed at the \approx 10 pixel scale +similar to the ``tree rings'' reported by the DES team and others +(G. Berstein REF \& REFS). The details of these tree rings are beyond +the scope of this article, and will be explored in future work. + +Unfortunately, we discovered a problem with the astrometric flat-field +correction too late to be repaired for DR1. As can be seen by +inspection of Figures~\ref{fig:astroflat.gri} and +\ref{fig:astroflat.zy}, there is significant pixel-to-pixel noise in +the the astrometric flat-field images. This pixel-to-pixel noise is +caused by too few stars used in the measuremnt of the flat-field +structure for the high-resolution sampling. As a result, the +astrometric flat-field correction reduces systematic structures on +large spatial scales, but at the expense of degrading the quality of +an individual measurement. Only $i$-band has sufficient +signal-to-noise per pixel to avoid significantly increasing the +per-measurement position errors. + +Figure~\ref{fig:allsky.astrom.sigma} shows the standard devitions of +the mean residual astrometry in $(\alpha,\delta)$ for bright stars as +a function of position across the sky. For each pixel in these +images, we selected all objects with $15 < i < 17$, with at least 3 +measurements in $i$-band (to reject artifacts detected in a pair of +exposures from the same night), with \code{PSF_QF} $> 0.85$ (to reject +excessively-masked objects), and with $mag_{\rm PSF} - mag_{rm Kron} < +0.1$ (to reject galaxies). We then generated histograms of the +difference between the object position predicted for the epoch of each +measurement (based on the proper motion and parallax fit) and the +observed position of that measurement, in both the Right Ascension and +Declination directions (in linear arcseconds), for all stars in a +given pixel in the images. From these residual histograms, we can +then determine the median and the 68\%-ile range to calculate a robust +standard deviation. This represents the bright-end systematic error +floor for a measurement from a single exposure. The standard +deviations are then plotted in Figure~\ref{fig:allsky.photom.sigma}. +The median value of the standard deviations across the sky is +$(\sigma_\alpha, \sigma_\delta) = (22, 23)$ milliarcseconds. + +The Galactic plane is clearly apparently in these images. Like +photometry, we attribute this to failure of the PSF fitting due to +crowding. The celestial North pole regions have somewhat elevated +errors in both R.A. and DEC. This may be due to the larger typical +seeing at these high airmass regions, but without further exploration +this is interpretation uncertain. Several features can be seen which +appear to be an effect of the tie to the Gaia astrometry: the stripes +near the center of the DEC image and the right side of the R.A. image. +The mesh of circular outlines is due to the outer edge of the focal +plane where the astrometric calibration is poorly determined. As +discussed above, the median values in the images are higher than +expected based on our PV2 analysis of the astrometry: the median +per-measurement error floor of \approx 22 mas is significantly worse +than the \approx 17 mas value in that earlier analysis. We attribute +this degradation to the noise introduced by the astrometric +flat-field. This noise can likely be addressed before the DR2 release +of the individual measurement data. + +\begin{figure}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{{pics/allsky.astrom.sigma}.png} + \caption{\label{fig:allsky.astrom.sigma} Consistency of photometry + measurements across the sky. Each panel shows a map of the + standard deviation of astrometry residuals for stars in each + pixel. The median value of the standard deviations across the sky + is $(\sigma_\alpha, \sigma_\delta) = (22, 23)$ milliarcseconds. + These values reflect the typical single-measurement errors for + bright stars. See discussion regarding the astrometric flat which + is likely responsible for these elevated value. } + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +% plot of the astrometric error floor per filter? + +% \note{SECTION or REF?}. + +After the initial analysis to measure the KE corrections, DCR +corrections, and astrometric flat-field corrections, we applied these +corrections to the entire database. Within the schema of the +database, each measurement has the raw chip coordinates +(\code{Measure.Xccd,Yccd}) as well as the offset for that object based on each of +these three corrections: \code{Measure.XoffKH,YoffKH, + Measure.XoffDCR,YoffDCR, Measure.XoffCAM,YoffCAM}. The offsets are +calculated for each measurement based on the observed instrumental +chip magnitudes and FWHM for the Koppenhoffer Effect, on the average +chip colors and the altitude \& azimuth of each measurement for the +DCR correction, and on the chip coordinates for the astrometric +flat-field corrections. The corrections are combined and applied to +the raw chip coordinates and saved back in the database in the fields +\code{Measure.Xfix,Yfix}. At this point, we are ready to run the +full astrometric calibration. + +\subsection{Galactic Rotation and Solar Motion} + +The initial analysis of the PV2 astrometry used the 2MASS positions as +an inertial constraint: the 2MASS coordiates were included in the +calculation of the mean positions for the objects in the database, +with weight corresponding to the reported astrometric errors. In this +analysis, the object positions used to determine the calibrations of +the image parameters ignored proper motion and parallax. After the +image calibrations were determined, then individual objects were +fitted for proper motion and possibly parallax, as discussed in detail +below. + +Using the PV2 analysis of the astrometry calibration, we discovered +large-scale systematic trends in the reported proper motions of +background quasars. This motion had an amplitude of 10 - 15 +milliarcseconds per year and clear trends with Galactic longitude. We +also observed systematic errors of the mean positions with respect to +the ICRF milliarcsecond radio quasar positions, with an amplitude of +\approx 60 milliarcseconds, again with trends associated with Galactic +longitude. Since the 2MASS data were believed to have minimal average +deviations relative to the ICRF quasars, this latter seemed to be a +real effect. + +We realized that both the proper motion and the mean position biases +could be caused by a single common effect: the proper motion of the +stars used as reference stars between the 2MASS epoch (\approx 2000) +and PS1 epoch (\approx 2012). Since we are fitting the image +calibrations without fitting for the proper motions of the stars, we +are in essencence forcing those stars to have proper motions of 0.0. +The background quasars would then be observed to have proper motions +corresponding to the proper motions of the reference stars, but in the +opposite direction. We demonstrated that the observed quasar proper +motions agreed well with the distribution expected if the median +distance to our reference stars was \approx 500 pc. + +For PV3, we desired to address this bias by including our knowledge +about the distances to the reference stars and the expected typical +proper motions for stars at those distances. With some constraint on +the distance to each star, we can determine the expected proper motion +based on a model of the Galactic rotation and solar motions. We can +then calculate the mean positions for the objects keeping the assumed +proper motion fixed. When calibrating a specific image, the reference +star mean position is then translated to the expected position at the +epoch of that image. The image calibration is then performed relative +to these predicted postions. This process naturally accounts for the +proper motion of the reference stars. In order to make the +calibrations consistent with the observed coordinates of an external +inertial reference, we perform the iterative fits using the technique +as described, but assign very high weights in the initial iterations +to the inertial reference, and reduce the weights as the astrometric +calibration iterations proceed. + +In order to perform this analysis, we need estimated distances for +every reference star used in the analysis. Green et al (REF) +performed SED fitting for 800M stars in the 3$\pi$ region using PV2 +data. The goal of this work was to determine the 3D structure of the +dust in the galaxy. By fitting model SEDs to stars meeting a basic +data quality cut, they determined the best spectral type, and thus +$T_{\rm eff}$, absolute $r$-band magnitude, distance modulus, and +extinction $A_V$ (the desired output and used to determine the dust +extinction as a function of distance throughout the galaxy). We use +the distance modulus determined in this analysis to predict the proper +motions. + +To convert the distances to proper motions, we use the Galactic +rotation parameters ($A,B$) = (14.82,-12.37) km sec$^{-1}$ pc$^{-1}$ +and Solar motion parameters ($U_{\rm sol}, V_{\rm sol}, W_{\rm sol}$) += (9.32, 11.18, 7.61) km sec$^{-1}$ as determined by Feast \& +Whitelock (REF) using Hipparchos data. Proper motions are determined +from the following: +\begin{eqnarray} +\mu^{\rm gal}_{l} & = & (A \cos (2 l) + B) \cos (b) \\ +\mu^{\rm gal}_{b} & = & \frac{-A \sin (2 l) \sin (2 b)}{2} \\ +\mu^{\rm sol}_{l} & = & \frac{U \sin(l) - V \cos(l)}{d} \\ +\mu^{\rm sol}_{b} & = & \frac{(U \cos(l) + V \sin(l)) \sin(b) - W \cos(b)}{d} +\end{eqnarray} +where $d$ is the distance and $l,b$ are the Galactic coordintes of the +star. Note that the proper motion induced by +%% \note{some reference for this?} +the Galactic rotation is independent of distance while the reflex +motion induced by the solar motion decreases with increasing +distance. Also note that this model assumes a flat rotation curve for +objects in the thin disk; any reference stars which are part of +the halo population will have proper motions which are not +described by this model; the mostly random nature of the halo motions +should act to increase the noise in the measurement, but should not +introduce detectable motion biases. Also, if the distance modulus is +not well determined, we can assume the object is simply following the +Galactic rotation curve and set a fixed proper motion. If we do not +have a distance modulus from the Green et al analysis, we assume a +value of 500pc. + +%% \note{plots to show how well this worked for PV3 pre Gaia} + +\subsection{Gaia Constraint} + +After the full relative astrometry analysis was performed for the PV3 +database, the Gaia Data Release 1 became available +\citep{2016A&A...595A...2G, 2016A&A...595A...4L}. This afforded us +the opportunity to constrain the astrometry on the basis of the Gaia +observations. Gaia DR1 objects which are bright enough to have proper +motion and parallax solutions are in general saturated in the PS1 +observations. Thus, we are limited to using the Gaia mean positions +reported for the fainter stars. We extracted all Gaia sources not +marked as a duplicate from the Gaia archive and generated a DVO +database from this dataset. We then merged the Gaia DVO into the PV3 +master DVO database. We re-ran the complete relative astrometry +analysis using Gaia as an additional measurement. We applied the +analysis described above, applying the estimated distances to +determine preliminary proper motions. The Gaia mean epoch is reported +as 2015.0, so all Gaia measurements were assigned this epoch. We +wanted to ensure the Gaia measurements dominated the astrometric +solutions, so we made the weight very high for the Gaia points: +1000$\times$ the nominal weight in the initial fits (to lock down the +reference frame), decreasing to 100$\times$ the nominal weight for the +last fits. We also retained the 2MASS measurements in the analysis, +but gave them somewhat lower weights than Gaia: while the 2MASS data +does not have the accuracy of Gaia, the coverage is known to be quite +complete, while the Gaia DR1 has clear gaps and holes. Having 2MASS, +even at a lower weight, helps to tile over those gaps. + +%% \note{Figures showing the Gaia residuals} + +\begin{figure*}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{{pics/gaia.photom}.png} + \caption{\label{fig:gaia.photom} Comparison with Gaia + photometry. {\bf Left} Mean of PS1 - Gaia, {\bf Right} Standard + deviation of PS1 - Gaia. For pixels with $|b| > 30$ and $\delta > + -30$, the standard deviation of the PS1 - Gaia mean values is 7 + millimagnitudes, while the median of the standard deviations is 12 + millimagnitudes. The former is a statement about the consistency + of the Gaia and Pan-STARRS\,1 photometry, while the latter + reflects the combined bright-end errors for both systems. } + \end{center} +\end{figure*} + +Figure~\ref{fig:gaia.photom} shows a comparison between the Pan-STARRS +photometry in $g,r,i$ and the Gaia photometry in the $G$-band. To +compare the PS1 photometry to the very broadband Gaia G filter, we +have determined a transformation based on a 3rd order polynomial fit +to $g-r$ and $g-i$ colors. This transformation reproduces Gaia +photometry reasonably well for stars which are not too red. For a +comparison, we have seleted all PS1 stars with Gaia measurements +meeting the following criteria: $14 < i < 19$, with at least 10 total +measurements, within a modest color range $0.2 < g - r < 0.9$. We +also restricted to objects with $i_{\rm PSF} - i_{\rm Kron} < 0.1$, +using the average $i$ magnitudes determined from the individual +exposures. + +For Figure~\ref{fig:gaia.photom}, we calculate the difference between +the estimated $G$-band magnitude based on PS1 $g,r,i$ photometry and +the $G$-band photometry reported by Gaia. For each pixel, we +determine the histogram of these differences and calculate the median +and the 68\%-ile range. In Figure~\ref{fig:gaia.photom}, these +values are plotted as a color scale. + +The Galactic plane is clearly poorly matched between the two +photometry systems. This may in part be due to the difficulty of +predicting $G$-band magnitudes for stars which are significantly +extincted: the $G$-band includes significant flux from the PS1 +$z$-band which was not used in our transformation. Many other large +scale feature in the median differences have structures similar to the +Gaia scanning pattern (large arcs and long parallel lines. There are +also structures related to the PS1 exposure footprint. These show up +as a mottling on the \approx 3 degree scale (e.g., lower right below +the Galactic plane). The amplitude of the residual structures is +fairly modest. The standard devition of the median difference values +is 7 millimagnitudes. This number gives an indication of the overall +photometric consistency of both Gaia and PS1 and implies that the +systematic error floor for each survey is less than 7 millimags. + +% set Gr = -0.090 + gr*gi*0.229 + gi*(-0.207+gi*(gi*0.015 - 0.250)) + gr*(0.491+gr*(-0.021*gr - 0.052)) + +%\[ +%G - r = -0.09 + 0.229(g-r)(g-r) + (g-i)(( + +\begin{figure*}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{{pics/gaia.astrom}.png} + \caption{\label{fig:gaia.astrom} Comparison with Gaia + astrometry. {\bf Left} Mean of PS1 - Gaia, {\bf Right} Standard + deviation of PS1 - Gaia. The median value of the standard + deviations is $(\sigma_\alpha, \sigma_\delta) = (4, 3)$ + milliarcseconds. } + \end{center} +\end{figure*} + +Figure~\ref{fig:gaia.astrom} shows a comparison between the Pan-STARRS +mean astrometry positions in $\alpha,\delta$ and the Gaia astrometry. +For this comparison, we have seleted all PS1 stars with Gaia +measurements with $14 < i < 19$ and with at least 10 total +measurements. For Figure~\ref{fig:gaia.astrom}, we calculate the +difference between the position predicted by PS1 at the Gaia epoch +(using the proper motion and parallax fit) and the position reported +by Gaia. For each pixel, we determine the histogram of these +differences in the R.A\. and DEC directions, and calculate the median +and the 68\%-ile range. In Figure~\ref{fig:gaia.astrom}, these +values are plotted as a color scale. + +There is good consistency between the PS1 and Gaia astrometry. There +are patterns from the Galactic plane (though not very strongly at the +bulge). There are also clear features due to the PS1 exposure +footprint (ring structure on \approx 3 degree scales). In the plots +of the scatter, there are patterns which are related to the Gaia +scanning rule. These are presumably regions with relatively low +signal to noise in Gaia; they were also apparent in the plots of the +statisics of the per-exposure measurement residuals +(Figure~\ref{fig:allsky.astrom.sigma}. The standard deviations of the +median differences are ($\sigma_\alpha, \sigma_\delta) = (4, 3)$ +milliarcseconds. + +\subsection{Calculation of Object Astrometry} + +\subsubsection{Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares Fitting} + +\subsubsection{Seletion of Measurements} + +\section{Discussion} + +\section{Conclusion} + +\acknowledgments + +The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) have been made possible through +contributions of the Institute for Astronomy, the University of +Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its +participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, +Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, +Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the +University of Edinburgh, Queen's University Belfast, the +Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres +Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National +Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, +the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant +No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the +NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation +under Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, and Eotvos +Lorand University (ELTE) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. + +\bibliographystyle{apj} +%\bibliography{lib}{} +\input{calibration.bbl} + +\end{document} + \begin{verbatim} -Intro - Pan-STARRS background - Scope: Source Detection \& Characterization, Galaxy modeling - Requirements / Goals - Comparable programs - PSPhot - -Figures which might be interesting: - -* kron vs psf star-galaxy separation -* lensing parameters for star-galaxy separation? -* color-color locus plots -* density of stars on the sky vs mag? -* density of galaxies on the sky -* good objects vs garbage? -* bright-end astrometry residuals -* bright-end photometry residuals -* photometry residuals vs camera - -in patches, measure dlogN/dmag slope and roll-off (scale?) - -chip vs warp vs stack photometry across the sky - -color-color plots: g-r,r-i r-i,i-z (the stats from photladder paper) - -number of stars @ 20.5 - -** do these plots in parallel : + Plots: +* illustration of the astrometric models (schematic) +* astrometry cross-correlation example? +* zero point history, including / excluding ubercal? (from Eddie) +* applied flat-field images [FITS -> png] +* Koppenhoffer plots [from presentations] +* DCR plots [exist] +* astrometric flat fields [FITS -> png] +* PV3 vs Gaia [exit] +* PV3 quasar motions [** need to extract **] +* bright-end astrometry residuals [running cdhist code, but is the density too low?] +* bright-end photometry residuals [running cdhist code, but is the density too low?] + +* careful discussion of calibration wrt scolnic et al \end{verbatim} -\section{INTRODUCTION}\label{sec:intro} - -\section{Pan-STARRS1} - -\section{Photometry Analysis} - -\section{Astrometry Analysis} - -\section{Systematic Residuals} - -\subsection{Camera-Scale Trends} - -\section{Discussion} - -\section{Conclusion} - -\end{document} +List of Figures and their sources: + +* KH example & map: + * kukui:/data/kukui.3/eugene/pv3.stats.20161202 + * kh.data.20151203.v1/spline.final.fits : spline fits to the KH data + * kh.data.20151203.v1.fits : densify images of residuals per chip : (dX,dY) & (T0, T1) = (pre fix, post fix) + * mana.sh : kh.example - plot of XY04 + * mana.sh : khmap (needs cleanup) + * ipp094:/data/ipp094.0/eugene/pv3.cam.20150607/astrom.corrections : extractions and original scripts to make spline, etc + +* DCR plots: + * need to rebuild density plots (density images used to make splines are poor for plots) + * old examples: + * /data/kukui.3/eugene/dcr.20141205 + * dcr.r2.g.png + * spline fits (DCR.example) + * g : dP/dQ = 0.010, dPmax = 0.019 + * r : dP/dQ = 0.001, dPmax = 0.002 + * i : dP/dQ = -0.003, dPmax = -0.003 + * z : dP/dQ = -0.017, dPmax = -0.006 + * y : dP/dQ = -0.021, dPmax = -0.008 + +* astroflats: + * kukui:/data/kukui.3/eugene/pv3.cam.20150607 + * plots.sh : + * photflat.20151127.fix.fits was made in: + * kukui:/data/kukui.3/eugene/setphot.20151213 + +* Gaia comparisons: + * ipp094:/data/ipp094.0/eugene/pv3.stats.20161022 + * kukui:/data/kukui.3/eugene/pv3.stats.20161022 + +* photom & astrom residuals: + kukui:/data/kukui.3/eugene/pv3.stats.20161202/maps.measure + Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/apj.bst =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/apj.bst (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/apj.bst (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,1681 @@ +%% +%% $Log: apj.bst,v $ +%% Revision 1.10 2013/03/11 13:01:55 alberto +%% Reworked code to use format.pid for articles without proper +%% pagination which then leads the system to use either an eprint +%% id or a DOI; this will solve most problems with citing early +%% access articles (no volume of page available, but online). +%% Removed bibliography count from preamble since it seems to +%% confuse some versions of latex. +%% +%% Revision 1.9 2013/2/19 Erik Tollerud +%% fixes for spurious error messages due to rev 1.8 changes +%% also fixed missing publisher field printing in "book" +%% +%% Revision 1.8 2013/01/10 16:31:34 alberto +%% Added proper formatting of arXiv eprint entries output by ADS +%% (thse are article records, but the eprint id is printed only +%% if no traditional page number is available). Also added support +%% for ASCL entries under the "misc" category. +%% +%% Revision 1.7 2011/11/21 13:10:12 alberto +%% Implemented new ApJ formatting rules: for papers with more than +%% 5 authors, print first 3 followed by "et al." +%% +%% Revision 1.6 2009/05/18 15:13:02 alberto +%% Fixed sorting of references with truncated lists of authors +%% in sort.format.names +%% Fix courtesy of Stephen Fegan +%% +%% Revision 1.5 2009/03/19 13:15:11 alberto +%% Truncate \bibitem entries with more than 8 authors. +%% Fix courtesy of Craig Wiegert +%% and Andrew R. Marble +%% +%% Revision 1.4 2002/06/18 16:37:48 alberto +%% Add comma after first author in two-author reference +%% Fix courtesy of Tim Robishaw +%% +%% Revision 1.3 2000/04/20 22:17:50 jbaker +%% Fixed INBOOK bug, now works essentially like BOOK. +%% +%% Revision 1.2 1998/08/30 22:35:45 jbaker +%% Added RCS keywords. +%% +%% 1998/08/12 J Baker +%% Tweaked by hand to get correct results for ApJ. Added functions from +%% astrobib. + + +%% +%% This is file `apj.bst', +%% generated with the docstrip utility. +%% +%% The original source files were: +%% +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `,ay,nat,nm-rev,nmdash,dt-beg,yr-per,note-yr,atit-u,jtit-x,jttl-rm,thtit-a,vnum-x,volp-com,jpg-1,pp-last,btit-rm,add-pub,pub-par,pre-edn,edby,edbyx,blk-com,fin-bare,ppx,ed,abr,ord,jabr,amper,em-x') +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** Bibliographic Style for ApJ *** +%% + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % The original source file contains the following version information: + % \ProvidesFile{merlin.mbs}[1998/02/25 3.85a (PWD)] + % + % NOTICE: + % This file may be used for non-profit purposes. + % It may not be distributed in exchange for money, + % other than distribution costs. + % + % The author provides it `as is' and does not guarantee it in any way. + % + % Copyright (C) 1994-98 Patrick W. Daly + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH + % This is an author-year citation style bibliography. As such, it is + % non-standard LaTeX, and requires a special package file to function properly. + % Such a package is natbib.sty by Patrick W. Daly + % The form of the \bibitem entries is + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)]{key}... + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)Jones, Baker, and Smith]{key}... + % The essential feature is that the label (the part in brackets) consists + % of the author names, as they should appear in the citation, with the year + % in parentheses following. There must be no space before the opening + % parenthesis! + % With natbib v5.3, a full list of authors may also follow the year. + % In natbib.sty, it is possible to define the type of enclosures that is + % really wanted (brackets or parentheses), but in either case, there must + % be parentheses in the label. + % The \cite command functions as follows: + % \citet{key} ==>> Jones et al. (1990) + % \citet*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith (1990) + % \citep{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep*{key} ==>> (Jones, Baker, and Smith, 1990) + % \citep[chap. 2]{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2) + % \citep[e.g.][]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep[e.g.][p. 32]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., p. 32) + % \citeauthor{key} ==>> Jones et al. + % \citeauthor*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith + % \citeyear{key} ==>> 1990 + %--------------------------------------------------------------------- + +ENTRY + { address + archivePrefix + author + booktitle + chapter + doi + edition + editor + eprint + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label extra.label sort.label short.list } + +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } + +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} + +STRINGS { s t } + +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} + +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'write$ + if$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {add.blank} +{ " " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {date.block} +{ + skip$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ skip$ } + +FUNCTION {capitalize} +{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ } + +FUNCTION {space.word} +{ " " swap$ * " " * } + + % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words. + % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word. + % The language selected here is ENGLISH +FUNCTION {bbl.and} +{ "and"} + +FUNCTION {bbl.editors} +{ "eds." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editor} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edby} +{ "edited by" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edition} +{ "edn." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.volume} +{ "Vol." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.of} +{ "of" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.number} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nr} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.in} +{ "in" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.pages} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.page} +{ "" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.chapter} +{ "Ch." } +%{ "chap." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.techrep} +{ "Tech. Rep." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis} +{ "Master's thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis} +{ "PhD thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.first} +{ "1st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.second} +{ "2nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.third} +{ "3rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fourth} +{ "4th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.fifth} +{ "5th" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.st} +{ "st" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nd} +{ "nd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.rd} +{ "rd" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.th} +{ "th" } + +MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} + +MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} + +MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} + +MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"Jun."} + +MACRO {jul} {"Jul."} + +MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} + +MACRO {sep} {"Sep."} + +MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} + +MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} + +MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} + +FUNCTION {eng.ord} +{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ * + #-2 #1 substring$ "1" = + { bbl.th * } + { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "1" = + { pop$ bbl.st * } + { duplicate$ "2" = + { pop$ bbl.nd * } + { "3" = + { bbl.rd * } + { bbl.th * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames numtrunc } + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 's := + #0 'numtrunc := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + numnames #5 > + { #3 'numtrunc := } + {} + if$ + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + nameptr #1 - numtrunc = + { + #1 'namesleft := + "others" 't := + } + {} + if$ + + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + numnames #1 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " {et~al.}" * + } + { " \& " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.names.ed} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" + format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " {et~al.}" * + } + { " \& " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.key} +{ empty$ + { key field.or.null } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author empty$ + { "" } + { author format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names + editor num.names$ #1 > + { ", " * bbl.editors * } + { ", " * bbl.editor * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names.ed + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ note empty$ + { "" } + { note #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "{" = + 'skip$ + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "u" } + if$ + change.case$ + } + if$ + note #2 global.max$ substring$ * + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title empty$ + { "" } + { title + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.full.names} +{'s := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " {et~al.}" * + } + { " \& " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.full} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.full.names} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.full + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.full + 'author.key.full + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem[{" write$ + label write$ + ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list = + { pop$ } + { * } + if$ + "}]{" * write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + + +FUNCTION {format.doi} +{ doi empty$ + { "" } + { "doi:" doi * } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.eprint} +{ eprint empty$ + { "" } + { archivePrefix empty$ + { "" } + { archivePrefix ":" * } + if$ + eprint field.or.null + * + } + if$ +} + +% Formats a persistent identifier (PID) +% (typically a DOI or an eprint id) +% You can easily swap the order of which PID +% gets picked +% +FUNCTION {format.pid} +{ eprint empty$ + { format.doi } + { format.eprint } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ + 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {word.in} +{ bbl.in + " " * } + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year duplicate$ empty$ + { "empty year in " cite$ * "; set to ????" * warning$ + pop$ "????" } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label * + before.all 'output.state := + after.sentence 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title +} + +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ * * +} + +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + 'skip$ + { bbl.of space.word * series emphasize * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { bbl.number } + { bbl.number capitalize } + if$ + number tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } + { bbl.in space.word * series * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {is.num} +{ chr.to.int$ + duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not + swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and +} + +FUNCTION {extract.num} +{ duplicate$ 't := + "" 's := + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + duplicate$ is.num + { s swap$ * 's := } + { pop$ "" 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + s empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ s } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {convert.edition} +{ edition extract.num "l" change.case$ 's := + s "first" = s "1" = or + { bbl.first 't := } + { s "second" = s "2" = or + { bbl.second 't := } + { s "third" = s "3" = or + { bbl.third 't := } + { s "fourth" = s "4" = or + { bbl.fourth 't := } + { s "fifth" = s "5" = or + { bbl.fifth 't := } + { s #1 #1 substring$ is.num + { s eng.ord 't := } + { edition 't := } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + t +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition empty$ + { "" } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { convert.edition "l" change.case$ " " * bbl.edition * } + { convert.edition "t" change.case$ " " * bbl.edition * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { multiresult } + +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} + +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages empty$ + { "" } + { pages multi.page.check +% { bbl.pages pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } +% { bbl.page pages tie.or.space.connect } + { pages n.dashify } + { pages } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {first.page} +{ 't := + "" + { t empty$ not t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = not and } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.journal.pages} +{ pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ format.pages } + { + ", " * + pages first.page * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + { "" } + { type empty$ + { bbl.chapter } + { type "l" change.case$ } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.connect + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { editor empty$ + { word.in booktitle emphasize * } + { word.in booktitle emphasize * + ", " * + editor num.names$ #1 > + { bbl.editors } + { bbl.editor } + if$ + * " " * + format.in.editors * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type empty$ + 'skip$ + { pop$ + type "t" change.case$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ type empty$ + { bbl.techrep } + 'type + if$ + number empty$ + { "t" change.case$ } + { number tie.or.space.connect } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + word.in + } + { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.connect + bbl.of space.word * + } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} + +FUNCTION {format.publisher} +{ publisher empty$ + { "empty publisher in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + "" + address empty$ publisher empty$ and + 'skip$ + { + add.blank "(" * + address empty$ + 'skip$ + { address * } + if$ + publisher empty$ + 'skip$ + { address empty$ + 'skip$ + { ": " * } + if$ + publisher * + } + if$ + ")" * + } + if$ + output +} + +STRINGS {oldname} + +FUNCTION {name.or.dash} +{ 's := + oldname empty$ + { s 'oldname := s } + { s oldname = + { "---" } + { s 'oldname := s } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +%%%%%%%% Functions added from astrobib + +FUNCTION {format.edn.btitle} % Title should be on stack. +{ duplicate$ empty$ edition empty$ or + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.edition * } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.ed.booktitle} % The title should be on the stack. +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { "no book title in " cite$ * warning$ "" pop$ } + { editor empty$ + author empty$ or % Empty author means editor already given. + 'format.edn.btitle + { format.edn.btitle ", " * bbl.editor * " " * format.in.editors * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.full.book.spec} % The title should be on the stack. +{ series empty$ + { format.ed.booktitle + volume empty$ + { number empty$ + 'skip$ + { " there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ + " No." number tie.or.space.connect * } + if$ + } + { ", Vol." volume tie.or.space.connect * + number empty$ + 'skip$ + {"Both volume and number fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { volume empty$ + { format.ed.booktitle ", " * series * + number empty$ + 'skip$ + { " No." number tie.or.space.connect * } + if$ + } + { series ", Vol." volume tie.or.space.connect * + ", " * swap$ format.ed.booktitle * + number empty$ + 'skip$ + {"Both volume and number fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +%%%%%%% End of functions from astrobib + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + crossref missing$ + { journal + "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + pages empty$ + { format.pid output } + { format.journal.pages } + if$ + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + name.or.dash + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + name.or.dash + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + title format.full.book.spec output +% format.btitle "title" output.check +% crossref missing$ +% { format.bvolume output +% format.number.series output +% format.edition output + format.publisher +% } +% { +% format.book.crossref output.nonnull +% } +% if$ + format.pages output + format.note output + format.pid output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished output + address output + format.note output + format.pid output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + name.or.dash + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + name.or.dash + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + title format.full.book.spec output +% format.btitle "title" output.check +% crossref missing$ +% { +% format.bvolume output +% format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check +% format.number.series output +% format.edition output + format.publisher +% } +% { +% format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check +% format.book.crossref output.nonnull +% } +% if$ + format.pages "pages" output.check + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + bbl.in " " * booktitle format.full.book.spec * output +% crossref missing$ +% { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check +% format.bvolume output +% format.number.series output +% format.edition output +% format.chapter.pages output + format.publisher +% } +% { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull +% format.chapter.pages output +% } +% if$ + format.pages "pages" output.check + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output % added + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + bbl.in " " * booktitle format.full.book.spec * output +% crossref missing$ +% { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check +% format.bvolume output +% format.number.series output + publisher empty$ + { organization output + address output + } + { organization output + format.publisher + } + if$ +% } +% { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull +% } +% if$ + format.pages output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } + +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.edition output + organization output + address output + format.note output + format.pid output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block +% format.title "title" output.check + bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.note output + format.pid output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title output + howpublished output + format.note output + format.pid output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block +% format.title "title" output.check + bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" output.check + address output + format.note output + format.pid output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + editor empty$ + { organization output + organization format.key output } + { format.editors output } + if$ +% format.editors output +% editor format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + title format.full.book.spec output +% format.btitle "title" output.check +% format.bvolume output +% format.number.series output + publisher empty$ not % No need for warning if no pub. + { format.publisher } + { editor empty$ % For empty editor, organization was already given. + 'skip$ + { organization output } + if$ + address output + } + if$ +% address output +% organization output +% publisher output + format.pages output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + format.tr.number output.nonnull + institution "institution" output.check + address output + format.note output + format.pid output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + name.or.dash + format.date "year" output.check + date.block +% format.title "title" output.check + format.note "note" output.check + format.pid output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } + +READ + +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} + +INTEGERS { len } + +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.lab.names} +{ 's := + s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + s num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ + " {et~al.}" * + } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { + " {et~al.}" * + } + { " \& " * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.short.authors} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + 'short.list := +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ calc.short.authors + short.list + "(" + * + year duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "????" } + 'skip$ + if$ + * + 'label := +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames #8 > + { s nameptr + "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + t sortify * + " " * + "zzzzz" * + } + { numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + " " * + namesleft #1 = t "others" = and + { "zzzzz" * } + { t sortify * } + if$ + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {presort} +{ calc.label + label sortify + " " + * + type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.label := + sort.label + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} + +SORT + +STRINGS { last.label next.extra } + +INTEGERS { last.extra.num number.label } + +FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := + #0 'number.label := +} + +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.label label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + label 'last.label := + } + if$ + number.label #1 + 'number.label := +} + +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := + extra.label + duplicate$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * } + if$ + 'extra.label := + label extra.label * 'label := +} + +EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} + +ITERATE {forward.pass} + +REVERSE {reverse.pass} + +FUNCTION {bib.sort.order} +{ sort.label + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {bib.sort.order} + +SORT + +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ +% "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * + "\begin{thebibliography}{}" + write$ newline$ + "\expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi" + write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {begin.bib} + +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} + +ITERATE {call.type$} + +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {end.bib} +%% End of customized bst file +%% +%% End of file `apj.bst'. Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/bibtex.bib =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/bibtex.bib (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/bibtex.bib (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,496 @@ +@INPROCEEDINGS{Heasley2006, + author = {{Heasley}, J. and {Smith}, W. and {Eek}, R. and {Rosen}, J.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS PS1 Published Science Products Subsystem}", +booktitle = {The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 2006, + pages = {E51}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006amos.confE..51H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Denneau2013, + author = {{Denneau}, L. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Grav}, T. and {Granvik}, M. and + {Kubica}, J. and {Milani}, A. and {Vere{\v s}}, P. and {Wainscoat}, R. and + {Chang}, D. and {Pierfederici}, F. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Myers}, J. and {Kleyna}, J. and {Hsieh}, H. and {Farnocchia}, D. and + {Waters}, C. and {Sweeney}, W.~H. and {Green}, D. and {Bolin}, B. and + {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Chastel}, S. and {Chesley}, S. and {Fitzsimmons}, A. and + {Holman}, M. and {Spahr}, T. and {Tholen}, D. and {Williams}, G.~V. and + {Abe}, S. and {Armstrong}, J.~D. and {Bressi}, T.~H. and {Holmes}, R. and + {Lister}, T. and {McMillan}, R.~S. and {Micheli}, M. and {Ryan}, E.~V. and + {Ryan}, W.~H. and {Scotti}, J.~V.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Moving Object Processing System}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.7281}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 125, + pages = {357-395}, + doi = {10.1086/670337}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PASP..125..357D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Magnier2017a, + author = {{Magnier}, E. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{Waters2017, + author = {{Waters}, C. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Magnier2017b, + author = {{Magnier}, E. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{Magnier2017c, + author = {{Magnier}, E. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Huber2017, + author = {{Huber}, M. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Tonry2012, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Lykke}, K.~R. and {Doherty}, P. and + {Shivvers}, I.~S. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS1 Photometric System}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1203.0297}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {atmospheric effects, instrumentation: photometers, surveys, techniques: photometric}, + year = 2012, + month = may, + volume = 750, + eid = {99}, + pages = {99}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/99}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...750...99T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{deVaucouleurs1948, + author = {{de Vaucouleurs}, G.}, + title = "{Recherches sur les Nebuleuses Extragalactiques}", + journal = {Annales d'Astrophysique}, + year = 1948, + month = jan, + volume = 11, + pages = {247}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948AnAp...11..247D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Sersic1963, + author = {{S{\'e}rsic}, J.~L.}, + title = "{Influence of the atmospheric and instrumental dispersion on the brightness distribution in a galaxy}", + journal = {Boletin de la Asociacion Argentina de Astronomia La Plata Argentina}, + year = 1963, + volume = 6, + pages = {41}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963BAAA....6...41S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{Kaiser1995, + author = {{Kaiser}, N. and {Squires}, G. and {Broadhurst}, T.}, + title = "{A Method for Weak Lensing Observations}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9411005}, + keywords = {COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS, COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER, GALAXIES: FORMATION, COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING, COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE}, + year = 1995, + month = aug, + volume = 449, + pages = {460}, + doi = {10.1086/176071}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...449..460K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Szalay2007, + author = {{Szalay}, A.~S. and {Gray}, J. and {Fekete}, G. and {Kunszt}, P.~Z. and + {Kukol}, P. and {Thakar}, A.}, + title = "{Indexing the Sphere with the Hierarchical Triangular Mesh}", + journal = {eprint arXiv:cs/0701164}, + eprint = {cs/0701164}, + keywords = {Computer Science - Databases, Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms}, + year = 2007, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007cs........1164S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Magnier2013, + author = {{Magnier}, E.~A. and {Schlafly}, E. and {Finkbeiner}, D. and + {Juric}, M. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Flewelling}, H.~A. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W.~E. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS 1 Photometric Reference Ladder, Release 12.01}", + journal = {\apjs}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.3634}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {catalogs, instrumentation: photometers, standards, surveys: PS1, techniques: photometric}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 205, + eid = {20}, + pages = {20}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/205/2/20}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJS..205...20M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Kron1980, + author = {{Kron}, R.~G.}, + title = "{Photometry of a complete sample of faint galaxies}", + journal = {\apjs}, + keywords = {Astronomical Photometry, Galactic Radiation, Galaxies, Star Distribution, Calibrating, Colorimetry, Distribution Functions, Galactic Evolution, Luminous Intensity, Tables (Data)}, + year = 1980, + month = jun, + volume = 43, + pages = {305-325}, + doi = {10.1086/190669}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980ApJS...43..305K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Stoughton2002, + author = {{Stoughton}, C. and {Lupton}, R.~H. and {Bernardi}, M. and {Blanton}, M.~R. and + {Burles}, S. and {Castander}, F.~J. and {Connolly}, A.~J. and + {Eisenstein}, D.~J. and {Frieman}, J.~A. and {Hennessy}, G.~S. and + {Hindsley}, R.~B. and {Ivezi{\'c}}, {\v Z}. and {Kent}, S. and + {Kunszt}, P.~Z. and {Lee}, B.~C. and {Meiksin}, A. and {Munn}, J.~A. and + {Newberg}, H.~J. and {Nichol}, R.~C. and {Nicinski}, T. and + {Pier}, J.~R. and {Richards}, G.~T. and {Richmond}, M.~W. and + {Schlegel}, D.~J. and {Smith}, J.~A. and {Strauss}, M.~A. and + {SubbaRao}, M. and {Szalay}, A.~S. and {Thakar}, A.~R. and {Tucker}, D.~L. and + {Vanden Berk}, D.~E. and {Yanny}, B. and {Adelman}, J.~K. and + {Anderson}, Jr., J.~E. and {Anderson}, S.~F. and {Annis}, J. and + {Bahcall}, N.~A. and {Bakken}, J.~A. and {Bartelmann}, M. and + {Bastian}, S. and {Bauer}, A. and {Berman}, E. and {B{\"o}hringer}, H. and + {Boroski}, W.~N. and {Bracker}, S. and {Briegel}, C. and {Briggs}, J.~W. and + {Brinkmann}, J. and {Brunner}, R. and {Carey}, L. and {Carr}, M.~A. and + {Chen}, B. and {Christian}, D. and {Colestock}, P.~L. and {Crocker}, J.~H. and + {Csabai}, I. and {Czarapata}, P.~C. and {Dalcanton}, J. and + {Davidsen}, A.~F. and {Davis}, J.~E. and {Dehnen}, W. and {Dodelson}, S. and + {Doi}, M. and {Dombeck}, T. and {Donahue}, M. and {Ellman}, N. and + {Elms}, B.~R. and {Evans}, M.~L. and {Eyer}, L. and {Fan}, X. and + {Federwitz}, G.~R. and {Friedman}, S. and {Fukugita}, M. and + {Gal}, R. and {Gillespie}, B. and {Glazebrook}, K. and {Gray}, J. and + {Grebel}, E.~K. and {Greenawalt}, B. and {Greene}, G. and {Gunn}, J.~E. and + {de Haas}, E. and {Haiman}, Z. and {Haldeman}, M. and {Hall}, P.~B. and + {Hamabe}, M. and {Hansen}, B. and {Harris}, F.~H. and {Harris}, H. and + {Harvanek}, M. and {Hawley}, S.~L. and {Hayes}, J.~J.~E. and + {Heckman}, T.~M. and {Helmi}, A. and {Henden}, A. and {Hogan}, C.~J. and + {Hogg}, D.~W. and {Holmgren}, D.~J. and {Holtzman}, J. and {Huang}, C.-H. and + {Hull}, C. and {Ichikawa}, S.-I. and {Ichikawa}, T. and {Johnston}, D.~E. and + {Kauffmann}, G. and {Kim}, R.~S.~J. and {Kimball}, T. and {Kinney}, E. and + {Klaene}, M. and {Kleinman}, S.~J. and {Klypin}, A. and {Knapp}, G.~R. and + {Korienek}, J. and {Krolik}, J. and {Kron}, R.~G. and {Krzesi{\'n}ski}, J. and + {Lamb}, D.~Q. and {Leger}, R.~F. and {Limmongkol}, S. and {Lindenmeyer}, C. and + {Long}, D.~C. and {Loomis}, C. and {Loveday}, J. and {MacKinnon}, B. and + {Mannery}, E.~J. and {Mantsch}, P.~M. and {Margon}, B. and {McGehee}, P. and + {McKay}, T.~A. and {McLean}, B. and {Menou}, K. and {Merelli}, A. and + {Mo}, H.~J. and {Monet}, D.~G. and {Nakamura}, O. and {Narayanan}, V.~K. and + {Nash}, T. and {Neilsen}, Jr., E.~H. and {Newman}, P.~R. and + {Nitta}, A. and {Odenkirchen}, M. and {Okada}, N. and {Okamura}, S. and + {Ostriker}, J.~P. and {Owen}, R. and {Pauls}, A.~G. and {Peoples}, J. and + {Peterson}, R.~S. and {Petravick}, D. and {Pope}, A. and {Pordes}, R. and + {Postman}, M. and {Prosapio}, A. and {Quinn}, T.~R. and {Rechenmacher}, R. and + {Rivetta}, C.~H. and {Rix}, H.-W. and {Rockosi}, C.~M. and {Rosner}, R. and + {Ruthmansdorfer}, K. and {Sandford}, D. and {Schneider}, D.~P. and + {Scranton}, R. and {Sekiguchi}, M. and {Sergey}, G. and {Sheth}, R. and + {Shimasaku}, K. and {Smee}, S. and {Snedden}, S.~A. and {Stebbins}, A. and + {Stubbs}, C. and {Szapudi}, I. and {Szkody}, P. and {Szokoly}, G.~P. and + {Tabachnik}, S. and {Tsvetanov}, Z. and {Uomoto}, A. and {Vogeley}, M.~S. and + {Voges}, W. and {Waddell}, P. and {Walterbos}, R. and {Wang}, S.-i. and + {Watanabe}, M. and {Weinberg}, D.~H. and {White}, R.~L. and + {White}, S.~D.~M. and {Wilhite}, B. and {Wolfe}, D. and {Yasuda}, N. and + {York}, D.~G. and {Zehavi}, I. and {Zheng}, W.}, + title = "{Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Early Data Release}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {Atlases, Catalogs, Surveys}, + year = 2002, + month = jan, + volume = 123, + pages = {485-548}, + doi = {10.1086/324741}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AJ....123..485S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Blakeslee2006, + author = {{Blakeslee}, J.~P. and {Holden}, B.~P. and {Franx}, M. and {Rosati}, P. and + {Bouwens}, R.~J. and {Demarco}, R. and {Ford}, H.~C. and {Homeier}, N.~L. and + {Illingworth}, G.~D. and {Jee}, M.~J. and {Mei}, S. and {Menanteau}, F. and + {Meurer}, G.~R. and {Postman}, M. and {Tran}, K.-V.~H.}, + title = "{Clusters at Half Hubble Time: Galaxy Structure and Colors in RX J0152.7-1357 and MS 1054-03}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603058}, + keywords = {Cosmology: Observations, Galaxies: Clusters: Individual: Alphanumeric: MS 1054-0321, galaxies: clusters: individual (RX J0152.7-1357), Galaxies: Elliptical and Lenticular, cD, Galaxies: Evolution}, + year = 2006, + month = jun, + volume = 644, + pages = {30-53}, + doi = {10.1086/503539}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...644...30B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Schade1995, + author = {{Schade}, D. and {Lilly}, S.~J. and {Crampton}, D. and {Hammer}, F. and + {Le Fevre}, O. and {Tresse}, L.}, + title = "{Canada-France Redshift Survey: Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of High-Redshift Field Galaxies}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9507028}, + keywords = {GALAXIES: EVOLUTION, GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS}, + year = 1995, + month = sep, + volume = 451, + pages = {L1}, + doi = {10.1086/309677}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...451L...1S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Simard2011, + author = {{Simard}, L. and {Mendel}, J.~T. and {Patton}, D.~R. and {Ellison}, S.~L. and + {McConnachie}, A.~W.}, + title = "{A Catalog of Bulge+disk Decompositions and Updated Photometry for 1.12 Million Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey}", + journal = {\apjs}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1107.1518}, + keywords = {galaxies: evolution, galaxies: fundamental parameters}, + year = 2011, + month = sep, + volume = 196, + eid = {11}, + pages = {11}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/196/1/11}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJS..196...11S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Simard2002, + author = {{Simard}, L. and {Willmer}, C.~N.~A. and {Vogt}, N.~P. and {Sarajedini}, V.~L. and + {Phillips}, A.~C. and {Weiner}, B.~J. and {Koo}, D.~C. and {Im}, M. and + {Illingworth}, G.~D. and {Faber}, S.~M.}, + title = "{The DEEP Groth Strip Survey. II. Hubble Space Telescope Structural Parameters of Galaxies in the Groth Strip}", + journal = {\apjs}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0205025}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Evolution, Galaxies: Fundamental Parameters, Galaxies: High-Redshift}, + year = 2002, + month = sep, + volume = 142, + pages = {1-33}, + doi = {10.1086/341399}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJS..142....1S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Petrosian1976, + author = {{Petrosian}, V.}, + title = "{Surface brightness and evolution of galaxies}", + journal = {\apjl}, + keywords = {Astronomical Models, Galactic Evolution, Luminous Intensity, Red Shift, Surface Properties, Big Bang Cosmology, Cosmology, Hubble Diagram, Iterative Solution, Point Sources}, + year = 1976, + month = oct, + volume = 209, + pages = {L1-L5}, + doi = {10.1086/182253}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ApJ...209L...1P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{Chambers2017, + author = {{Chambers}, K. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{Heasley2008, + author = {{Heasley}, J.~N.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Data Processing and Science Analysis Software Systems}", + keywords = {X- and gamma-ray telescopes and instrumentation, Astronomical catalogs atlases sky surveys databases retrieval systems archives etc., Cosmology}, +booktitle = {American Institute of Physics Conference Series}, + year = 2008, + series = {American Institute of Physics Conference Series}, + volume = 1082, + editor = {{Bailer-Jones}, C.~A.~L.}, + month = dec, + pages = {352-358}, + doi = {10.1063/1.3059075}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AIPC.1082..352H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{Thakar2003, + author = {{Thakar}, A.~R. and {Szalay}, A.~S. and {Vandenberg}, J.~V. and + {Gray}, J. and {Stoughton}, A.~S.}, + title = "{Data Organization in the SDSS Data Release 1}", +booktitle = {Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XII}, + year = 2003, + series = {Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series}, + volume = 295, + editor = {{Payne}, H.~E. and {Jedrzejewski}, R.~I. and {Hook}, R.~N.}, + pages = {217}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASPC..295..217T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Gaia2016, + author = {{Gaia Collaboration} and {Brown}, A.~G.~A. and {Vallenari}, A. and + {Prusti}, T. and {de Bruijne}, J.~H.~J. and {Mignard}, F. and + {Drimmel}, R. and {Babusiaux}, C. and {Bailer-Jones}, C.~A.~L. and + {Bastian}, U. and et al.}, + title = "{Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1609.04172}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {catalogs, astrometry, parallaxes, proper motions, surveys}, + year = 2016, + month = nov, + volume = 595, + eid = {A2}, + pages = {A2}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201629512}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A26A...595A...2G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Cheng2011, + author = {{Cheng}, J.~Y. and {Faber}, S.~M. and {Simard}, L. and {Graves}, G.~J. and + {Lopez}, E.~D. and {Yan}, R. and {Cooper}, M.~C.}, + title = "{Automated morphological classification of Sloan Digital Sky Survey red sequence galaxies}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1010.2495}, + keywords = {galaxies: bulges, galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD, galaxies: evolution, galaxies: structure}, + year = 2011, + month = apr, + volume = 412, + pages = {727-747}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17829.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.412..727C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{Taylor2006, + author = {{Taylor}, M.~B.}, + title = "{STILTS - A Package for Command-Line Processing of Tabular Data}", +booktitle = {Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XV}, + year = 2006, + series = {Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series}, + volume = 351, + editor = {{Gabriel}, C. and {Arviset}, C. and {Ponz}, D. and {Enrique}, S. + }, + month = jul, + pages = {666}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ASPC..351..666T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@techreport{Szalay2005, +author = {Szalay, A. S. and Gray, J. and Fekete, G. and Kunszt, P. Z. and Thakar, A. R.}, +title = {Indexing the Sphere with the Hierarchical Triangular Mesh}, +booktitle = {}, +year = {2005}, +month = {September}, +publisher = {}, +url = {https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/indexing-the-sphere-with-the-hierarchical-triangular-mesh/}, +institution = {}, +address = {}, +pages = {}, +journal = {}, +volume = {}, +chapter = {}, +isbn = {}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Thakar2008, +author = {Thakar,A. R. and Li, N.}, +title = {CasJobs and MyDB: A Batch Query Workbench}, +journal = {Computing in Science \& Engineering}, +volume = {10}, +number = {undefined}, +issn = {1521-9615}, +year = {2008}, +pages = {18-29}, +doi = {doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MCSE.2008.6}, +publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, +address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, +} Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/emulateapj.cls =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/emulateapj.cls (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/emulateapj.cls (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,1894 @@ +%% This is emulateapj.cls, version January 23, 2015 +%% For the latest version check http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~alexey/emulateapj +%% +%% NOTE: ApJ has moved its publishing to IOP and they have slightly changed +%% the formatting. To implement these changes, call emulateapj with the iop +%% option, as in +%% \documentclass[iop]{emulateapj} +%% +%% Other available options: +%% +%% [chicago] - (default) typeset as was done in the University of Chicago Press +%% [twocolumn] - (default) two-column mode +%% [onecolumn] - main text in one-column mode +%% [apj] - typeset as for main journal +%% [apjl] - (default) typeset as for ApJ Letters +%% [tighten] - some adjustments to approximate grid typesetting +%% [numberedappendix] - number appendix sections as A, B, etc +%% [appendixfloats] - use separate numbering for floats within appendix +%% [twocolappendix] - make appendix in two-col mode in a two-col paper +%% [revtex4] - force using revtex4 +%% [astrosymb] - load Astrosymb font and define \astro commands from aastex +%% +%% NOTE 2: Starting from version 11/10/2009, emulateapj tries to load +%% revtex4-1 if present on the system. This may cause small changes in +%% typesetting for old documents. Also, revtex4-1 does not interact +%% well with the lscape package which is needed for typesetting of +%% long rotated tables. If you want full compatibility, please +%% download the last version based on revtex4, +%% http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~alexey/emulateapj/emulateapj-rtx4.cls +%% and bundle it with your TeX source code. Starting with the +%% 8/17/2012 version, you can also use the [revtex4] option. +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Copyright 2000-2015 Alexey Vikhlinin +%% +%% The first version of this package was written by Maxim Markevitch. +%% Pieces of AASTeX code are used for compatibility with aastex.cls. +%% +%% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms of +%% the LaTeX Project Public License available from CTAN archives in +%% macros/latex/base/lppl.txt. This means you are free to use and +%% distribute this package; however, if you modify anything, please +%% change the file name and remove the author's email address. +%% +%% Alexey Vikhlinin +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%% `emulateapj' is a LaTeX2e class to emulate the Astrophysical Journal +%% (ApJ) page layout. The page length of the resulting document is very +%% close to that in ApJ when Times fonts are used instead of the LaTeX +%% default CM fonts. +%% +%% If a manuscript is prepared for ApJ submission using the standard +%% American Astronomical Society LaTeX macros and the `aastex' style +%% (see instructions for authors on the ApJ web site), the only thing +%% required from the user should be to replace \documentclass{aastex} +%% with \documentclass{emulateapj}, and perhaps resize figures as +%% desired and replace {deluxetable} with {deluxetable*}. Possible minor +%% problems are described below. +%% +%% emulateapj requires revtex4.cls. If you don't have it already, it can be +%% downloaded from http://publish.aps.org/revtex4/ (it's a small package). +%% Other extrnal packages used are latexsym, graphicx, amssymb, longtable, +%% epsf. They should already be present in the modern TeX distributions; if +%% not, download them from www.ctan.org. +%% +%% +%% For release notes and change log, see at bottom +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\emulapj@ver{01/23/15} + + +\ProvidesClass{emulateapj} + +\newif\if@revtex@four@one@ +\@revtex@four@one@true +\DeclareOption{revtex4}{\@revtex@four@one@false} + +\newif\if@two@col +\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@two@coltrue} +\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@two@colfalse} + +\newif\if@two@col@app +\DeclareOption{twocolappendix}{\@two@col@apptrue} +\DeclareOption{onecolappendix}{\@two@col@appfalse} + + +\newif\if@chicago +\DeclareOption{chicago}{\@chicagotrue} +\DeclareOption{iop}{\@chicagofalse} + +\newlength{\bibbaselineskip}\setlength{\bibbaselineskip}{3.075mm} +\newif\if@apj@letter +\DeclareOption{apj}{ + \setlength{\bibbaselineskip}{2.7mm} + \def\apjsecfont{\normalsize} + \def\secnum@size{\small} + \def\subsecnum@size{\normalsize} + \@apj@letterfalse +} +\DeclareOption{apjl}{ + \setlength{\bibbaselineskip}{3.075mm} + \def\apjsecfont{\footnotesize} + \def\secnum@size{\small} + \def\subsecnum@size{\small} + \@apj@lettertrue +} + +\DeclareOption{astrosymb}{ + \def\astro#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\astro@font#1}}% + \def\load@astro@font{% + \font\astro@font=Astrosym at\f@size pt + }% + \AtBeginDocument{\load@astro@font} +} + +\DeclareOption{tighten}{ +% lineskiplimits to facilitate grid typesetting + \lineskiplimit=-2mm +} + +\def\AppendixApjSectionMarkInTitle#1{\relax} +\DeclareOption{numberedappendix}{ + \def\AppendixApjSectionMarkInTitle#1{#1.\ } +} + +\newif\if@number@appendix@floats\@number@appendix@floatsfalse +\DeclareOption{appendixfloats}{ + \@number@appendix@floatstrue +} + + +\def\center@table@notes{% + \def\@spew@tblnotes{% + \centerline{\begin{minipage}{\pt@width}\spew@tblnotes\end{minipage}}% + }% +} + +\def\left@just@table@notes{% + \def\@spew@tblnotes{\spew@tblnotes}% +} + + +\left@just@table@notes + +\ExecuteOptions{apjl,twocolumn,chicago,onecolappendix} + +\ProcessOptions + +\if@revtex@four@one@ + \IfFileExists{revtex4-1.cls}{ + \def\@revtex@cls{revtex4-1} + }{ + \@revtex@four@one@false + \def\@revtex@cls{revtex4} + } +\else + \def\@revtex@cls{revtex4} +\fi + +\let\@startsection@from@latex=\@startsection + +\if@two@col + \LoadClass[twocolumn,nofootinbib,showkeys,twoside,floatfix,unsortedaddress,flushbottom,10pt,aps,pra]{\@revtex@cls} +\else + \LoadClass[nofootinbib,showkeys,twoside,floatfix,unsortedaddress,flushbottom,notitlepage,10pt,aps,pra]{\@revtex@cls} +\fi +\def\blankaffiliation{~}% + +\if@chicago + \def\@eapj@cap@font{\scshape} + \def\@eapj@figname{Fig.} + \def\@eapj@tabname{TABLE} + \def\@eapj@ApJLetters{ApJ} +\else + \def\@eapj@cap@font{\bfseries} + \def\@eapj@figname{Figure} + \def\@eapj@tabname{Table} + \def\@eapj@ApJLetters{ApJL} +\fi + +% Restore natbib package without sorting. +\def\NAT@sort{0} +\def\NAT@cmprs{0} +% only redefine sort@cites for natbib versions < 2009 +\@ifundefined{NAT@sort@cites@}{\def\NAT@sort@cites#1{\edef\NAT@cite@list{#1}}}% + +\RequirePackage{latexsym}% +\RequirePackage{graphicx}% +\RequirePackage{amssymb}% +\RequirePackage{longtable}% + +\newcommand{\bibstyle@aas}{\bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{}{,}}% +\@citestyle{aas}% + + +\let\@startsection=\@startsection@from@latex +\def\baselinestretch{1.0} +\AtBeginDocument{\def\arraystretch{1.0}} + +\if@revtex@four@one@ +\def\raggedcolumn@sw#1#2{#2} % implement flushbottom as it was in revtex4 +\fi + +\RequirePackage{epsf,graphicx} + +%%%%%%%% The following code is taken from size10.clo; it fixes +%%%%%%%% aastex's definition of type sizes +\renewcommand\normalsize{% + \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt{10.56} + \abovedisplayskip 2.2mm \@plus2\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 2.2mm \@plus2\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \let\@listi\@listI} +\normalsize +\renewcommand\small{% + \@setfontsize\small\@ixpt{9.68}% + \abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +} +\renewcommand\footnotesize{% + \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@viiipt{8.36}% + \abovedisplayskip 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 3\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@ + \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +} +\renewcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viipt\@viiipt} +\renewcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vpt\@vipt} +\renewcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14}} +\renewcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18}} +\renewcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{22}} +\renewcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}} +\renewcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}} +\setlength\smallskipamount{3\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@} +\setlength\medskipamount{6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@} +\setlength\bigskipamount{12\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 4\p@} +\setlength\headheight{12\p@} +\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \parsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@ + \topsep 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \itemsep4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@} +\let\@listI\@listi +\@listi +\def\@listii {\leftmargin\leftmarginii + \labelwidth\leftmarginii + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@ + \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@ + \itemsep \parsep} +\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii + \labelwidth\leftmarginiii + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@\@minus\p@ + \parsep \z@ + \partopsep \p@ \@plus\z@ \@minus\p@ + \itemsep \topsep} +\def\@listiv {\leftmargin\leftmarginiv + \labelwidth\leftmarginiv + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} +\def\@listv {\leftmargin\leftmarginv + \labelwidth\leftmarginv + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} +\def\@listvi {\leftmargin\leftmarginvi + \labelwidth\leftmarginvi + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} + + + + +% **************************************************** +% * TWO AND SINGLE ONE COLUMN STYLES: AV * +% **************************************************** +% + +%%%%% include atbeginend.sty by AV: + +% Copy \begin and \end to \BeginEnvironment and \EndEnvironment +\let\BeginEnvironment=\begin +\let\EndEnvironment=\end +%% \ifundefined from TeXbook +\def\IfUnDef#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax} +% Null command needed to eat its argument +\def\NullCom#1{} +\def\begin#1{% +% if defined \BeforeBeg for this environment, execute it +\IfUnDef{BeforeBeg#1}\else\csname BeforeBeg#1\endcsname\fi% +\IfUnDef{AfterBeg#1}% This is done to skip the command for environments + % which can take arguments, like multicols; YOU MUST NOT + % USE \AfterBegin{...}{...} for such environments! + \let\SaveBegEnd=\BeginEnvironment% +\else + % Start this environment + \BeginEnvironment{#1}% + % and execute code after \begin{environment} + \csname AfterBeg#1\endcsname + \let\SaveBegEnd=\NullCom +\fi +\SaveBegEnd{#1} +} +\def\end#1{% +% execute code before \end{environment} +\IfUnDef{BeforeEnd#1}\else\csname BeforeEnd#1\endcsname\fi% +% close this environment +\EndEnvironment{#1} +% and execute code after \begin{environment} +\IfUnDef{AfterEnd#1}\else\csname AfterEnd#1\endcsname\fi% +} +\long\def\BeforeBegin#1#2{\expandafter\gdef\csname BeforeBeg#1\endcsname {#2}} +\long\def\BeforeEnd #1#2{\expandafter\gdef\csname BeforeEnd#1\endcsname {#2}} +\long\def\AfterBegin #1#2{\expandafter\gdef\csname AfterBeg#1\endcsname {#2}} +\long\def\AfterEnd #1#2{\expandafter\gdef\csname AfterEnd#1\endcsname{#2}} + +%%%% end of atbeginend.sty + +% **************************************** +% * PAGE LAYOUT * +% **************************************** + +% Page size, spacing parameters, etc. + +\textwidth=7.1in +\columnsep=0.3125in +\parindent=0.125in +\voffset=-20mm +\hoffset=-7.5mm + +\topmargin=0in +\headheight=.15in +\headsep=0.5in +\oddsidemargin=0in +\evensidemargin=0in +\parskip=0cm + +%\tolerance=600 % 3x "normal" value; cuts down on overfull complaints + +%% AV,MM, to have 64 lines per column, with textheight 25cm: +\textheight=64\baselineskip +\textheight=\baselinestretch\textheight +\ifdim\textheight>25.2cm\textheight=25.0cm\fi + +\topskip\baselineskip +\maxdepth\baselineskip + + +\let\tighten=\relax +\let\tightenlines=\tighten +\let\singlespace=\relax +\let\doublespace=\relax + +\def\eqsecnum{ + \@newctr{equation}[section] + \def\theequation{\hbox{\normalsize\arabic{section}-\arabic{equation}}}} + +%% running heads: +\def\lefthead#1{\gdef\@versohead{#1}} \lefthead{\relax} +\def\righthead#1{\gdef\@rectohead{#1}} \righthead{\relax} +\let\shorttitle=\lefthead % New AASTEX commands +\let\shortauthors\righthead % New AASTEX commands + +\if@chicago +%% MM Create "apjheads" page style: +\def\ps@apjheads{\let\@mkboth\markboth + \def\@evenfoot{} + \def\@evenhead{\lower9mm\hbox to\textwidth{ + \rm\thepage\hfil \rm\@rectohead \hfil}}} + \def\@oddfoot{} + \def\@oddhead{\lower9mm\hbox to\textwidth{ + \hfil\rm\@versohead\hfil \rm\thepage}} +\else +\def\ps@apjheads{\let\@mkboth\markboth + \def\@evenfoot{} + \def\@evenhead{\lower9mm\hbox to\textwidth{ + \rm\thepage\hfil \rm\textsc{\@rectohead} \hfil}}} + \def\@oddfoot{} + \def\@oddhead{\lower9mm\hbox to\textwidth{ + \hfil\rm\textsc{\@versohead}\hfil \rm\thepage}} +\fi + +\@twosidetrue +\ps@apjheads + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% TITLE PAGE % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\long\def\frontmatter@title@above{ +\vspace*{-\headsep}\vspace*{\headheight} +\footnotesize +{\footnotesize\textsc{\@journalinfo}}\par +{\scriptsize Preprint typeset using \LaTeX\ style emulateapj v.\ + \emulapj@ver}\par\vspace*{-\baselineskip}\vspace*{0.625in} +}% +\def\frontmatter@title@produce{% + \begingroup + \frontmatter@title@above + \frontmatter@title@format + \@title + \@ifx{\@title@aux\@title@aux@cleared}{}{% + \expandafter\frontmatter@footnote\expandafter{\@title@aux}% + }% + \par +%% \class@warn{Unused short title ignored}% + \frontmatter@title@below + \endgroup +}% +\renewcommand\title[2][]{% + \def\@title{\uppercase{#2}}% + \def\@shorttitle{#1}% + \let\@AF@join\@title@join +}% +\def\frontmatter@title@format{\normalsize\centering} +\def\frontmatter@title@below{\vspace*{-2.63\baselineskip\vspace*{0.25in}}}% + +\def\frontmatter@above@affilgroup{\vspace*{0.25in}}% +\def\frontmatter@authorformat{\small\scshape\centering}% +\def\frontmatter@affiliationfont{\normalfont\footnotesize}% + +\def\frontmatter@finalspace{\vspace*{-\baselineskip}\vspace*{0.375in}} + +\def\@separator{\\}% + +\def\frontmatter@footnote#1{% + \begingroup + \@booleanfalse\temp@sw + \def\@tempa{#1}% + \let\@tempb\@empty + \def\@TBN@opr{\y@match\@tempa}% + \@FMN@list + \temp@sw{% + \expandafter\frontmatter@footnotemark + \expandafter{\@tempb}% + }{% + \def\@thefnmark{\relax} + \frontmatter@footnotetext{#1} + }% + \endgroup +}% + +\newcounter{front@matter@foot@note}\setcounter{front@matter@foot@note}{0} + +\def\frontmatter@above@affiliation{\vspace*{0.5mm}}% +\renewcommand\affiliation[1]{% + \move@AU\move@AF% + \begingroup% + \@affiliation{\hspace*{2mm}#1}% +}% +\let\affil=\affiliation + +\def\affil@mark#1{\textsuperscript{#1}} +\def\affile@mark@pad{0.2em} + +\def\altaffilmark#1{\affil@mark{#1}} + +% Fight poor revtex algorithm for altaffiliation: +\def\@alt@affil@kill@next@symbol#1{\relax} +\newtoks\alt@affil@toks \alt@affil@toks{\@alt@affil@kill@next@symbol} +\newtoks\alt@affil@toks@count \alt@affil@toks@count{} + + +\def\altaffiltext#1#2{% +\global\alt@affil@toks\expandafter{\the\alt@affil@toks\\\hspace*{3mm}\affil@mark{#1}\hspace*{\affile@mark@pad}#2}% +\global\alt@affil@toks@count\expandafter{\the\alt@affil@toks@count\stepcounter{front@matter@foot@note}}% +} +\let\@author@finish@revtex=\@author@finish +\def\@author@finish{% +\if!\the\alt@affil@toks@count!% +\relax +\else +\altaffiliation{\the\alt@affil@toks}\the\alt@affil@toks@count +\fi +\@author@finish@revtex +} + +%\def\altaffiltext#1#2{\altaffiliation{\hspace*{3mm}\textsuperscript{#1}\hspace*{0.7mm}#2}\stepcounter{front@matter@foot@note}} + +%% end altaffiliation + +\let\old@foot@note@mark=\footnotemark +\let\old@foot@note@text=\footnotetext +\def\footnotemark[#1]{\altaffilmark{#1}} +\def\footnotetext[#1]#2{\altaffiltext{#1}{#2}} + +% ABSTRACT +\if@chicago + \def\frontmatter@abstractfont{\normalsize\parindent=0.125in}% +\else + \def\frontmatter@abstractfont{\normalsize\parindent=0.0in}% +\fi +\def\frontmatter@abstractwidth{6in} +\def\frontmatter@preabstractspace{0.0\baselineskip} +\def\frontmatter@postabstractspace{0.0\baselineskip} + +\def\abstractname{ABSTRACT} +\long\def\frontmatter@abstractheading{% + \vspace*{-\baselineskip}\vspace*{1.5pt} + \centerline{\itshape\footnotesize\@submitted} + \vspace*{0.13189in} + \begingroup + \centering + \abstractname + \vskip 1mm + \par + \endgroup + \everypar{\rightskip=0.5in\leftskip=\rightskip}\par +}% + +% Redefine the LaTeX \and command for this style. +\def\and{\author{\vspace*{-0.2in}and\vspace*{-0.558cm}}\noaffiliation} +\def\@listand{\@ifnum{\@tempcnta=\tw@}{\andname\space}{}}% + +% **************************************** +% * KEYWORDS * +% **************************************** + +\if@chicago + \def\@keys@name{\textit{Subject headings:}\/~\mbox{}}% +\else + \def\@keys@name{\textit{Keywords:}\/~\mbox{}}% +\fi +\newlength{\keys@width} +\def\frontmatter@keys@format{\vspace*{0.5mm}% + \settowidth{\keys@width}{\normalsize\@keys@name}% + \rightskip=0.5in\leftskip=\rightskip\parindent=0pt% + \hangindent=\keys@width\hangafter=1\normalsize}% +\def\@keywords@produce#1{% + \showKEYS@sw{% + \begingroup% + \frontmatter@keys@format% + \@keys@name#1\par + \endgroup + }{% + \@if@empty{#1}{}{% + \class@warn{If you want your keywords to appear in your output, use document class option showkeys}% + }% + }% +}% + +\let\subjectheadings=\keywords + +% **************************************** +% * FOOTNOTES * +% **************************************** + +% Modify code from revtex: +\def\@xfootnotemark@ltx[#1]{% + \begingroup +% \csname c@\@mpfn\endcsname #1\relax + \unrestored@protected@xdef\@thefnmark{#1}% + \endgroup + \H@@footnotemark +}% +% Modify code from LaTeX to fix footnotes: +\def\@xfootnotenext[#1]{% + \begingroup +% \csname c@\@mpfn\endcsname #1\relax + \unrestored@protected@xdef\@thefnmark{#1}% + \endgroup + \@footnotetext} + + + +% Footnotes on the last page: user issues \lastpagefootnotes. It catches all +% footnotes and issues them before \begin{refernces} or +% \begin{\thebibliography} or \begin{appendix}, whichever comes first, +% at the end of right column. +\newcounter{lastfootnote} +\let\orig@footnote=\footnote +% +\def\spit@out@footnotes@{\addtocounter{footnote}{-\c@lastfootnote}\vspace*{-\baselineskip}\vspace*{\skip\footins}\bgroup\footnotesize\lastfootnote\par\egroup\let\footnote=\orig@footnote} +% +\let\spit@out@footnotes\relax +% +\long\def\lastpagefootnotes{% +\raggedbottom% Have to use flushbottom with revtex4-1 but it eats away + % last page footnotes +\setcounter{lastfootnote}{0} +\long\gdef\lastfootnote{\mbox{}} +\let\spit@out@footnotes\spit@out@footnotes@ +\long\def\footnote##1{\refstepcounter{lastfootnote}\footnotemark\g@addto@macro\lastfootnote{\\[\footnotesep]\refstepcounter{footnote}\mbox{}\hspace*{3mm}\textsuperscript{\thefootnote}~##1}} +% We need to mess with footnotes in appendiz only if it is in a +% different mode (twocol vs onecol) than the main text +\def\mess@with@appendix@footnotes{ +\BeforeBegin{appendix}{\spit@out@footnotes\let\spit@out@footnotes\relax} +\BeforeEnd{appendix}{\spit@out@footnotes\let\spit@out@footnotes\relax} +\AfterEnd{appendix}{\let\footnote=\orig@footnote} +} +\if@two@col + \if@two@col@app\else + \mess@with@appendix@footnotes + \fi +% \else % Something is broken for pathological case of 2col appendix in +% % a 1col paper, so comment this out +% \if@two@col@app +% \mess@with@appendix@footnotes +% \fi +\fi + +\BeforeBegin{references}{\spit@out@footnotes\let\spit@out@footnotes\relax} +\BeforeBegin{thebibliography}{\spit@out@footnotes\let\spit@out@footnotes\relax} +% in case \lastpagefootnotes were given inside \begin{appendix}\end{appendix}, +\AfterEnd{references}{\let\footnote=\orig@footnote} +\AfterEnd{thebibliography}{\let\footnote=\orig@footnote} +} +\let\lastpagefootnote=\lastpagefootnotes + +\if@revtex@four@one@\else +% this command is copied from the original revtex, but adds space above +% footnote (if any) above the references. +\@namedef{balance@2}{% + \expandafter\balance@two\csname col@1\endcsname\@outputbox + % Avoid a bug by preventing a restore when leaving this group + \global\setbox\csname col@1\endcsname\box\csname col@1\endcsname + \@ifvoid\footbox{}{% + \global\setbox\footbox\vbox{% + \setbox\z@\box\@tempboxa + \let\recover@footins\relax + \balance@two\footbox\@tempboxa + \vskip\skip\footins + \hb@xt@\textwidth{\box\footbox\hfil\box\@tempboxa}% + }% + }% +}% +\fi + +\skip\footins 4.5mm plus 1mm minus 1mm +\footnotesep 0pt +\let\footnoterule\relax + +\def\@makefntext#1{\mbox{}\hspace*{3mm}\@makefnmark~#1} + +\def\notetoeditor#1{}% % We do not need notes to editor in the preprint +\def\placetable#1{}% % We do not need notes to editor in the preprint +\def\placefigure#1{}% % We do not need notes to editor in the preprint + +% **************************************** +% * SECTIONS * +% **************************************** + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} + +\newif\if@firstsection \@firstsectiontrue + +\def\section{% + \if@firstsection\@firstsectionfalse + \maketitle\setcounter{footnote}{\thefront@matter@foot@note}% + \let\footnotetext=\old@foot@note@text + \let\footnotemark=\old@foot@note@mark + \fi + \@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{9pt plus 2pt minus 1pt}{4pt}{\apjsecfont\center}} + +\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{9pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}{4pt}% + {\normalsize\itshape \center}} + +\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% + {2ex plus 1ex minus .2ex}{1ex plus .2ex}{\small\itshape \center}} + +\def\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {1.5ex plus 1ex minus .2ex}{-0.5\parindent}{\small\it}} + +\def\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\z@}% + {1ex plus 1ex minus .2ex}{-0.5\parindent}{\small\it}} + +\def\thesection{\@arabic{\c@section}} +\def\thesubsection{\thesection.\@arabic{\c@subsection}} +\def\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection.\@arabic{\c@subsubsection}} +\def\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection.\@arabic{\c@paragraph}} +\def\p@section {} +\def\p@subsection {} +\def\p@subsubsection {} +\def\p@paragraph {} +\def\p@subparagraph {} + + +\def\sec@upcase#1{\uppercase{#1}} +\def\subsec@upcase#1{\relax{#1}} + +% +% How the section number will appear in the section title - AV +\def\ApjSectionMarkInTitle#1{#1.\ } +\def\ApjSectionpenalty{0} + +\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8% +{\@tempskipa #5\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa >\z@ \begingroup + #6\relax + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \def \@svsec {}\else + \refstepcounter{#1} \edef \@svsec {\ApjSectionMarkInTitle + {\csname the#1\endcsname}}\fi + \@hangfrom {\hskip #3\relax + \ifnum #2=1{\secnum@size {\rm\@svsec~}}% + \else {\subsecnum@size {\rm\@svsec~}}\fi }% + {\interlinepenalty \@M + \ifnum #2=1\sec@upcase{#8}% + \else \subsec@upcase{#8}\fi\par}\endgroup + \csname #1mark\endcsname {#7}\addcontentsline{toc}{#1}% + {\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else \protect \numberline + {\csname the#1\endcsname }\fi #7}% + \else + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \def \@svsec {}\else + \refstepcounter{#1} \edef \@svsec {\ApjSectionMarkInTitle + {\csname the#1\endcsname}}\fi + \def \@svsechd {#6\hskip #3% + \ifnum #2=1{\secnum@size{\rm\@svsec~}}\else{\subsecnum@size{\rm\@svsec~}}\fi% + \ifnum #2=1\sec@upcase{#8}\else\subsec@upcase{#8}\fi% + \ifnum #2=4\hskip 0.4ex{\rm ---}\fi% + \csname #1mark\endcsname {#7}\addcontentsline{toc}{#1}% + {\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else \protect \numberline {\csname + the#1\endcsname }\fi #7}}\fi \@xsect {#5} \penalty \ApjSectionpenalty +%-refstepcounter is now within a group. So \@currentlabel, which is normally +%-set by \refstepcounter is hidden within a group. Need to set it manually. +\protected@edef\@currentlabel{\csname p@#1\endcsname\csname the#1\endcsname} +} + + +\def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{\@tempskipa #3\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ + \begingroup #4\@hangfrom{\hskip #1}{\interlinepenalty \@M + \sec@upcase{#5}\par}\endgroup + \else \def\@svsechd{#4\hskip #1\relax \sec@upcase{#5}}\fi + \@xsect{#3} +% MM: +\penalty \ApjSectionpenalty} + + +\def\acknowledgments{\vskip 5.8mm plus 1mm minus 1mm} +\let\acknowledgements=\acknowledgments % second spelling + + +% **************************************** +% * APPENDIX * +% **************************************** + +\newcounter{remember@figure@num} +\newcounter{remember@table@num} + +\renewenvironment{appendix}[0]{ + \vspace*{0pt plus 20pt minus 5pt} % otherwise revtex4-1 sometimes eats +% away the last line before appendix + \if@two@col + \if@two@col@app\else + \onecolumngrid + \fi + % \else% Something is broken for pathological case of 2col appendix in + % % a 1col paper, so comment this out + % \if@two@col@app + % \set@column@hsize{2}\twocolumngrid + % \fi + \fi + \vskip 10pt plus 2pt minus 1pt + \noindent\mbox{}\hfill{\apjsecfont APPENDIX}\hfill\mbox{}\par + \nopagebreak\medskip\@nobreaktrue\def\ApjSectionpenalty{\@M} + \@firstsectionfalse + \setcounter{section}{0} + \setcounter{subsection}{0} + \setcounter{equation}{0} + \setcounter{remember@figure@num}{\c@figure} + \setcounter{remember@table@num}{\c@table} +% \def\fnum@figure{Figure \Alph{section}\thefigure:} +% \def\fnum@table{Table \Alph{section}\thetable:} + \def\thesection{\Alph{section}} + \def\theequation{\hbox{\Alph{section}\arabic{equation}}} + + \if@number@appendix@floats + \setcounter{figure}{0} + \setcounter{table}{0} + \def\thefigure{\thesection\@arabic\c@figure} + \def\thetable{\thesection\@arabic\c@table} + \fi +% +% Do not use appendix numbers in the titles + \def\ApjSectionMarkInTitle{\AppendixApjSectionMarkInTitle} + \def\section{\setcounter{equation}{0}\if@number@appendix@floats\setcounter{figure}{0}\setcounter{table}{0}\fi\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@} + {10pt}{5pt}{\centering\scshape\apjsecfont}} +% +% + }{% + \if@number@appendix@floats + \setcounter{figure}{\c@remember@figure@num}% + \setcounter{table}{\c@remember@table@num}% + \fi + } + + + +% **************************************** +% * BIBLIOGRAPHY * +% **************************************** + +\renewenvironment{references}[0]{ + \onecolumngrid + \par + \vspace{10pt plus 3pt} + \noindent \makebox[\textwidth][c]{\small\scshape REFERENCES} + \par + \vspace*{4pt plus 3pt} + \set@column@hsize{2}\twocolumngrid + \parindent=0cm \parskip=0cm + \def\baselinestretch{1.0} + \footnotesize \baselineskip=\baselinestretch\bibbaselineskip plus 1pt + minus 1pt \interlinepenalty \@M + \hyphenpenalty=10000 + \frenchspacing % AV - to get right spacing after ``et al.'' + \def\refpar{\par\hangindent=1.2em\hangafter=1}} +{ + \onecolumngrid +} + +% redefine thebibliography +% redefine thebibliography + +% remove numbers from the reference list +\def\@biblabel#1{\relax} + +\newdimen\bibindent +\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1]{ + \if@chicago \onecolumngrid \else \twocolumngrid \fi + \par + \raggedright + \vspace{10pt plus 3pt} + \if@chicago + \noindent \makebox[\textwidth][c]{\footnotesize REFERENCES} + \else + \centerline{\normalsize REFERENCES} + \fi + \par + \if@chicago + \vspace*{4pt plus 3pt} + \set@column@hsize{2} + \twocolumngrid + \fi + \list{}% + { + \parindent=0pt \parskip=0pt \parsep=0pt % AV + \bibindent=0pt % + \def\baselinestretch{1.0} + \footnotesize \baselineskip=\bibbaselineskip \interlinepenalty \@M % AV + \frenchspacing % AV - to get right spacing after ``et al.'' + \hyphenpenalty=10000 + \itemindent=-1.0em % + \itemsep=0pt % + \listparindent=0pt % + \settowidth\labelwidth{0pt} % + \labelsep=0pt % + \leftmargin=1.0em + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep +%%% \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\relax}}% + \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist + \onecolumngrid % to balance references + \if@two@col \twocolumngrid \fi + } + +% %% AV: + +\def\reference{\@ifnextchar\bgroup {\@reference} + {\@latexerr{Missing key on reference command} + {Each reference command should have a key corresponding to a markcite somewhere in the text}}} +\def\@reference#1{\refpar} + +%% subtitle header and journal info: +\def\submitted#1{\gdef\@submitted{#1}} +\def\journalinfo#1{\gdef\@journalinfo{#1}} +\def\subtitle{ + \vspace*{-12mm} + \noindent + {\scriptsize {\sc \@journalinfo} \\ + Preprint typeset using \LaTeX\ style emulateapj v.\ \emulapj@ver} +} +\let\slugcomment\submitted % slugcomment == submitted +\submitted{Draft version \today} +\journalinfo{\@submitted} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Equations % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% EQNARRAY with reduced spacing around tab characters - AV +\def\eqnarray{% + \stepcounter{equation}% + \def\@currentlabel{\p@equation\theequation}% + \global\@eqnswtrue + \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0.25\arraycolsep} + \m@th + \global\@eqcnt\z@ + \tabskip\@centering + \let\\\@eqncr + $$\everycr{}\halign to\displaywidth\bgroup + \hskip\@centering$\displaystyle\tabskip\z@skip{##}$\@eqnsel + &\global\@eqcnt\@ne\hskip \tw@\arraycolsep \hfil${##}$\hfil + &\global\@eqcnt\tw@ \hskip \tw@\arraycolsep + $\displaystyle{##}$\hfil\tabskip\@centering + &\global\@eqcnt\thr@@ \hb@xt@\z@\bgroup\hss##\egroup + \tabskip\z@skip + \cr + } + +% **************************************** +% * TABLES AND FIGURES * +% **************************************** + + + +\def\@arstrut@hline@clnc{0.5\p@}% % Klootch: magic number + +\setcounter{topnumber}{7} + +\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt} +\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{5pt} + +\setlength{\textfloatsep}{-\baselinestretch\baselineskip} +\setlength{\dbltextfloatsep}{-\baselinestretch\baselineskip} +\if@apj@letter + \addtolength{\textfloatsep}{5mm plus 10mm minus 10mm} + \addtolength{\dbltextfloatsep}{5mm plus 10mm minus 10mm} +\else + \addtolength{\textfloatsep}{7mm plus 10mm minus 10mm} + \addtolength{\dbltextfloatsep}{7mm plus 10mm minus 10mm} +\fi + +\renewcommand{\topfraction}{1.0} +\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{1.0} +\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.0} +\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.85} +\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{0.85} +\setcounter{topnumber}{9} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{9} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{20} +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{9} + +% Copied from revtex4.cls; without it, captions are centered +\def\@xfloat@prep{% + \let\footnote\footnote@latex + \def\@mpfn{mpfootnote}% + \def\thempfn{\thempfootnote}% + \c@mpfootnote\z@ + \let\@footnotetext\@mpfootnotetext + \let\H@@footnotetext\@mpfootnotetext + \let\@makefntext\@mpmakefntext +}% + +\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% + \noindent\begin{minipage}{0.9999\linewidth} %% \noindent is needed because + %% otherwise minipage + parindent does not fit into the line and spurious + %% vertical skip appear after caption + \if\csname ftype@\@captype\endcsname 2 + \vskip 2ex\noindent \centering\@table@type@size{\@eapj@cap@font #1}\par + \if@chicago\@eapj@cap@font\fi #2\par\medskip + \else + \vspace*{\abovecaptionskip}\noindent\footnotesize #1 #2\par\vskip \belowcaptionskip + \fi + \end{minipage}\par + } + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%% FIX \cutinhead +\def\@ptabularcr{\\} +\newcommand\cutinhead[1]{% + \noalign{\vskip 1.5ex}% + \hline + \@ptabularcr + \noalign{\vskip -1.5ex}% + \multicolumn{\LT@cols}{c}{#1}% + \@ptabularcr + \noalign{\vskip .8ex}% + \hline + \@ptabularcr + \noalign{\vskip -2ex}% +}% + +\newcommand\sidehead[1]{% + \noalign{\vskip 1.5ex}% +% \hline +% \@ptabularcr +% \noalign{\vskip -1.5ex}% + \multicolumn{\LT@cols}{l}{#1}% + \@ptabularcr + \noalign{\vskip .8ex}% +% \hline +% \@ptabularcr +% \noalign{\vskip -2ex}% +}% + + +\newcommand\figcaption{\@testopt{\@xfigcaption}{}}% +%% suggested by Joern Wilms +\def\@figcaption#1{{\def\@captype{figure}\caption{\footnotesize #1}}} +\def\@xfigcaption[#1]#2{{\def\@captype{figure}\caption{\footnotesize #2}}} + +\def\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure} +\def\fnum@figure{{\footnotesize{\@eapj@cap@font\if@chicago~~\fi\mbox{\@eapj@figname~\thefigure.}\if@chicago---\else~\fi}}} + +\def\thetable{\@arabic\c@table} +%%% Table captions without making a floating table +\def\tabcaption{\@ifnextchar[{\@xtabcaption}{\@tabcaption}} +\def\@tabcaption#1{{\def\@captype{table}\caption{#1}}} +\def\@xtabcaption[#1]#2{{\def\@captype{table}\caption{#2}}} +\def\fnum@table{{\@eapj@cap@font \@eapj@tabname~\thetable}} +% \let\fnum@ptable=\fnum@table +% \def\fnum@ptablecont{{\centering{\scshape Table~\thetable}---{\itshape +% Continued}}}% +% \long\def\@make@caption@text#1#2{% +% {\small\centering#1{\scshape #2}\par\vskip1.4ex} +% }% +\long\def\@makecaption@plano@cont#1#2{% + {\small \centering#1\par}\vskip1.4ex\relax +}% + + +%% Commands from aastex.cls: +\newcommand\dataset{\@testopt\@dataset{[}}% +\def\@dataset[#1]#2{#2}% +\newcommand\facility{\@testopt\@facility{[}}% +\def\@facility[#1]#2{#2}% +\newcommand\object{\@testopt\@object{[}}% +\def\@object[#1]#2{#2}% +\newcommand\objectname{\@testopt\@objectname{[]}}% +\def\@objectname[#1]#2{#2}% +\newlength{\plot@width} +\def\eps@scaling{1.0}% +\newcommand\epsscale[1]{\def\eps@scaling{#1}}% +\newcommand\plotone[1]{% + \centering + \leavevmode + \setlength{\plot@width}{0.85\linewidth} + \includegraphics[width={\eps@scaling\plot@width}]{#1}% +}% +\newcommand\plottwo[2]{% + \centering + \leavevmode + \setlength{\plot@width}{0.425\linewidth} + \includegraphics[width={\eps@scaling\plot@width}]{#1}% + \hfil + \includegraphics[width={\eps@scaling\plot@width}]{#2}% +}% +\newcommand\plotfiddle[7]{% + \centering + \leavevmode + \vbox\@to#2{\rule{\z@}{#2}}% + \includegraphics[% + scale=#4, + angle=#3, + origin=c + ]{#1}% +}% +\newcommand\figurenum[1]{% + \def\thefigure{#1}% + \let\@currentlabel\thefigure + \addtocounter{figure}{\m@ne}% +}% + +\newcommand\phn{\phantom{0}}% +\newcommand\phd{\phantom{.}}% +\newcommand\phs{\phantom{$-$}}% +\newcommand\phm[1]{\phantom{#1}}% +\let\la=\lesssim % For Springer A&A compliance... +\let\ga=\gtrsim +\newcommand\sq{\mbox{\rlap{$\sqcap$}$\sqcup$}}% +\newcommand\arcdeg{\mbox{$^\circ$}}% +\newcommand\arcmin{\mbox{$^\prime$}}% +\newcommand\arcsec{\mbox{$^{\prime\prime}$}}% +\newcommand\fd{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\mathrm d}$}}% +\newcommand\fh{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\mathrm h}$}}% +\newcommand\fm{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\mathrm m}$}}% +\newcommand\fs{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\mathrm s}$}}% +\newcommand\fdg{\mbox{$.\!\!^\circ$}}% +\newcommand\farcm@mss{\mbox{$.\mkern-4mu^\prime$}}% +\let\farcm\farcm@mss +\newcommand\farcs@mss{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\prime\prime}$}}% +\let\farcs\farcs@mss +\newcommand\fp{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\scriptscriptstyle\mathrm p}$}}% +\newcommand\micron{\mbox{$\mu$m}}% +\def\farcm@apj{% + \mbox{.\kern -0.7ex\raisebox{.9ex}{\scriptsize$\prime$}}% +}% +\def\farcs@apj{% + \mbox{% + \kern 0.13ex.% + \kern -0.95ex\raisebox{.9ex}{\scriptsize$\prime\prime$}% + \kern -0.1ex% + }% +}% + + +\newcommand\ion[2]{#1$\;${% +\ifx\@currsize\normalsize\small \else +\ifx\@currsize\small\footnotesize \else +\ifx\@currsize\footnotesize\scriptsize \else +\ifx\@currsize\scriptsize\tiny \else +\ifx\@currsize\large\normalsize \else +\ifx\@currsize\Large\large +\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi +\rmfamily\@Roman{#2}}\relax}% + +\renewcommand\case[2]{\mbox{$\frac{#1}{#2}$}}% +\renewcommand\slantfrac{\case}% +\newcommand\onehalf{\slantfrac{1}{2}}% +\newcommand\onethird{\slantfrac{1}{3}}% +\newcommand\twothirds{\slantfrac{2}{3}}% +\newcommand\onequarter{\slantfrac{1}{4}}% +\newcommand\threequarters{\slantfrac{3}{4}}% +\newcommand\ubvr{\mbox{$U\!BV\!R$}}%% UBVR system +\newcommand\ub{\mbox{$U\!-\!B$}}% % U-B +\newcommand\bv{\mbox{$B\!-\!V$}}% % B-V +\renewcommand\vr{\mbox{$V\!-\!R$}}% % V-R +\newcommand\ur{\mbox{$U\!-\!R$}}% % U-R +\newcommand\nodata{ ~$\cdots$~ }% +\newcommand\diameter{\ooalign{\hfil/\hfil\crcr\mathhexbox20D}}% +\newcommand\degr{\arcdeg}% +\newcommand\Sun{\sun}% +\newcommand\Sol{\sun}% +\newcommand\sun{\odot}% +\newcommand\Mercury{\astro{\char1}}% Mercury symbol, "1" +\newcommand\Venus{\astro{\char2}}% Venus symbol, "2" +\newcommand\Earth{\earth}% +\newcommand\Terra{\earth}% +\newcommand\earth{\oplus}% +\newcommand\Mars{\astro{\char4}}% Mars symbol, "4" +\newcommand\Jupiter{\astro{\char5}}% Jupiter symbol, "5" +\newcommand\Saturn{\astro{\char6}}% Saturn symbol, "6" +\newcommand\Uranus{\astro{\char7}}% Uranus symbol, "7" +\newcommand\Neptune{\astro{\char8}}% Neptune symbol, "8" +\newcommand\Pluto{\astro{\char9}}% Pluo symbol, "9" +\newcommand\Moon{\astro{\char10}}% Moon symbol, "M" +\newcommand\Luna{\Moon}% +\newcommand\Aries{\astro{\char11}}% +\newcommand\VEq{\Aries}% vernal equinox (Aries) +\newcommand\Taurus{\astro{\char12}}% +\newcommand\Gemini{\astro{\char13}}% +\newcommand\Cancer{\astro{\char14}}% +\newcommand\Leo{\astro{\char15}}% +\newcommand\Virgo{\astro{\char16}}% +\newcommand\Libra{\astro{\char17}}% +\newcommand\AEq{\Libra}% autumnal equinox (Libra) +\newcommand\Scorpius{\astro{\char18}}% +\newcommand\Sagittarius{\astro{\char19}}% +\newcommand\Capricornus{\astro{\char20}}% +\newcommand\Aquarius{\astro{\char21}}% +\newcommand\Pisces{\astro{\char22}}% + +\newcommand\sbond{\chem@bnd{\@sbnd}}% +\newcommand\dbond{\chem@bnd{\@dbnd}}% +\newcommand\tbond{\chem@bnd{\@tbnd}}% +\def\chem@bnd#1{% + {% + \kern.1em\relax + \setbox\z@\hbox{M}% + \dimen@ii.8em\relax + \p@=.1em\relax + \dimen@.5\ht\z@\dimen@i-\dimen@ + \advance\dimen@1.5\p@\advance\dimen@i-1.0\p@ + #1% + \kern.1em\relax + }% + }% +\def\@sbnd{% + \advance\dimen@-1.5\p@\advance\dimen@i1.5\p@ + \vrule\@height\dimen@\@depth\dimen@i\@width\dimen@ii\nobreak + }% +\def\@dbnd{% + \advance\dimen@-0.5\p@\advance\dimen@i0.5\p@ + \vrule\@height\dimen@\@depth\dimen@i\@width\dimen@ii\nobreak + \advance\dimen@-1.5\p@\advance\dimen@i1.5\p@ + \hskip-\dimen@ii + \vrule\@height\dimen@\@depth\dimen@i\@width\dimen@ii\nobreak + }% +\def\@tbnd{% + \vrule\@height\dimen@\@depth\dimen@i\@width\dimen@ii\nobreak + \advance\dimen@-1.5\p@\advance\dimen@i1.5\p@ + \hskip-\dimen@ii + \vrule\@height\dimen@\@depth\dimen@i\@width\dimen@ii\nobreak + \advance\dimen@-1.5\p@\advance\dimen@i1.5\p@ + \hskip-\dimen@ii + \vrule\@height\dimen@\@depth\dimen@i\@width\dimen@ii\nobreak + }% + +\newcommand\anchor[2]{#2}% +\renewcommand\url{\@dblarg\@url}% +\def\@url[#1]{\anchor{#1}}% + +\let\jnl@style=\rmfamily +\def\ref@jnl#1{{\jnl@style#1}}% +\newcommand\aj{\ref@jnl{AJ}}% % Astronomical Journal +\newcommand\araa{\ref@jnl{ARA\&A}}% % Annual Review of Astron and Astrophys +\renewcommand\apj{\ref@jnl{ApJ}}% % Astrophysical Journal +\newcommand\apjl{\ref@jnl{\@eapj@ApJLetters}}% % Astrophysical Journal, Letters +\newcommand\apjs{\ref@jnl{ApJS}}% % Astrophysical Journal, Supplement +\renewcommand\ao{\ref@jnl{Appl.~Opt.}}% % Applied Optics +\newcommand\apss{\ref@jnl{Ap\&SS}}% % Astrophysics and Space Science +\newcommand\aap{\ref@jnl{A\&A}}% % Astronomy and Astrophysics +\newcommand\aapr{\ref@jnl{A\&A~Rev.}}% % Astronomy and Astrophysics Reviews +\newcommand\aaps{\ref@jnl{A\&AS}}% % Astronomy and Astrophysics, Supplement +\newcommand\azh{\ref@jnl{AZh}}% % Astronomicheskii Zhurnal +\newcommand\baas{\ref@jnl{BAAS}}% % Bulletin of the AAS +\newcommand\icarus{\ref@jnl{Icarus}}% % Icarus +\newcommand\jrasc{\ref@jnl{JRASC}}% % Journal of the RAS of Canada +\newcommand\memras{\ref@jnl{MmRAS}}% % Memoirs of the RAS +\newcommand\mnras{\ref@jnl{MNRAS}}% % Monthly Notices of the RAS +\renewcommand\pra{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~A}}% % Physical Review A: General Physics +\renewcommand\prb{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~B}}% % Physical Review B: Solid State +\renewcommand\prc{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~C}}% % Physical Review C +\renewcommand\prd{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~D}}% % Physical Review D +\renewcommand\pre{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~E}}% % Physical Review E +\renewcommand\prl{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~Lett.}}% % Physical Review Letters +\newcommand\pasp{\ref@jnl{PASP}}% % Publications of the ASP +\newcommand\pasj{\ref@jnl{PASJ}}% % Publications of the ASJ +\newcommand\qjras{\ref@jnl{QJRAS}}% % Quarterly Journal of the RAS +\newcommand\skytel{\ref@jnl{S\&T}}% % Sky and Telescope +\newcommand\solphys{\ref@jnl{Sol.~Phys.}}% % Solar Physics +\newcommand\sovast{\ref@jnl{Soviet~Ast.}}% % Soviet Astronomy +\newcommand\ssr{\ref@jnl{Space~Sci.~Rev.}}% % Space Science Reviews +\newcommand\zap{\ref@jnl{ZAp}}% % Zeitschrift fuer Astrophysik +\renewcommand\nat{\ref@jnl{Nature}}% % Nature +\newcommand\iaucirc{\ref@jnl{IAU~Circ.}}% % IAU Cirulars +\newcommand\aplett{\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~Lett.}}% % Astrophysics Letters +\newcommand\apspr{\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~Space~Phys.~Res.}}% % Astrophysics Space Physics Research +\newcommand\bain{\ref@jnl{Bull.~Astron.~Inst.~Netherlands}}% % Bulletin Astronomical Institute of the Netherlands +\newcommand\fcp{\ref@jnl{Fund.~Cosmic~Phys.}}% % Fundamental Cosmic Physics +\newcommand\gca{\ref@jnl{Geochim.~Cosmochim.~Acta}}% % Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta +\newcommand\grl{\ref@jnl{Geophys.~Res.~Lett.}}% % Geophysics Research Letters +\renewcommand\jcp{\ref@jnl{J.~Chem.~Phys.}}% % Journal of Chemical Physics +\newcommand\jgr{\ref@jnl{J.~Geophys.~Res.}}% % Journal of Geophysics Research +\newcommand\jqsrt{\ref@jnl{J.~Quant.~Spec.~Radiat.~Transf.}}% % Journal of Quantitiative Spectroscopy and Radiative Trasfer +\newcommand\memsai{\ref@jnl{Mem.~Soc.~Astron.~Italiana}}% % Mem. Societa Astronomica Italiana +\newcommand\nphysa{\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Phys.~A}}% % Nuclear Physics A +\newcommand\physrep{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rep.}}% % Physics Reports +\newcommand\physscr{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Scr}}% % Physica Scripta +\newcommand\planss{\ref@jnl{Planet.~Space~Sci.}}% % Planetary Space Science +\newcommand\procspie{\ref@jnl{Proc.~SPIE}}% % Proceedings of the SPIE + +\newcommand\actaa{\ref@jnl{Acta Astron.}}% % Acta Astronomica +\newcommand\caa{\ref@jnl{Chinese Astron. Astrophys.}}% % Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics +\newcommand\cjaa{\ref@jnl{Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys.}}% % Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics +\newcommand\jcap{\ref@jnl{J. Cosmology Astropart. Phys.}}% % Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics +\newcommand\na{\ref@jnl{New A}}% % New Astronomy +\newcommand\nar{\ref@jnl{New A Rev.}}% % New Astronomy Review +\newcommand\pasa{\ref@jnl{PASA}}% % Publications of the Astron. Soc. of Australia +\newcommand\rmxaa{\ref@jnl{Rev. Mexicana Astron. Astrofis.}}% % Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica + + +\let\astap=\aap +\let\apjlett=\apjl +\let\apjsupp=\apjs +\let\applopt=\ao + +\renewcommand\nodata{ ~$\cdots$~ }% +\newcommand\ulap[1]{\vbox\@to\z@{{\vss#1}}}% +\newcommand\dlap[1]{\vbox\@to\z@{{#1\vss}}}% + + +% Implementation of deluxetables via the longtable package + + +\newcounter{table@save} +\def\save@label#1{ + \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{% + \string\newlabel{#1}{{\@currentlabel}{\thepage}}}% + \fi% +} + +\def\tablenum#1{% + \setcounter{table@save}{\the\c@table} + \gdef\use@tablenum{1} + \setcounter{table}{#1}\def\thetable{#1}\def\@currentlabel{#1} + \def\label##1{\save@label{##1}} +}% +\gdef\use@tablenum{0} +\def\restore@tablenum{\if\use@tablenum0\else\setcounter{table}{\the\c@table@save}\addtocounter{table}{\m@ne}\gdef\use@tablenum{0}\fi} + + +\def\tabletypesize#1{\def\table@hook{#1}\gdef\@table@type@size{#1}} +\tabletypesize{\footnotesize} +\let\tablefontsize=\tabletypesize % for compatibility with old documents + +\gdef\@tablecaption{} +\def\tablecaption#1{\gdef\@tablecaption{\if@chicago \@eapj@cap@font \fi #1}} + +\def\LT@endpbox{% + \@finalstrut\@arstrutbox + \egroup + \the\LT@p@ftn + \global\LT@p@ftn{}% + \hfil} + +\def\LT@makecaption#1#2#3{% + \LT@mcol\LT@cols c{\hbox to\z@{\hss\parbox[t]\LTcapwidth{% +% \sbox\@tempboxa{#2.~~#3}% + % \ifdim\wd\@tempboxa>\hsize + \centering + #2~~#3% +% \else +% \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}% +% \fi + \endgraf\vskip\baselineskip}% + \hss}}} +\let\LT@makecaption@rtx=\LT@makecaption % to fight redefinition in Revtex-4.1 + +\global\let\tablenotemark\relax +\global\def\tablenotemark#1{{\normalfont\textsuperscript{#1}}} +\global\let\tablenotetext\relax +\global\def\tablenotetext#1#2{\footnotetext[#1]{\@table@type@size#2}} + + +\newif\if@table@not@headed + +\def\startdata{\if@table@not@headed\kill\caption{\\% + \@tablecaption}\endhead\hline\endfoot% + \fi% +} + +\def\tablehead#1{ + \@table@not@headedfalse% + \kill + \caption{\\% + \@tablecaption}% + \\ + \hline + \hline\\[-1.7ex] + #1\hskip\tabcolsep\\[.7ex] + \hline\\[-1.5ex] + \endfirsthead + \caption[]{--- \emph{Continued}}\\ + \hline + \hline\\[-1.7ex] + #1\hskip\tabcolsep\\[.7ex] + \hline\\[-1.5ex] + \endhead + \hline + \endfoot% +} + +\newlength{\table@note@skip} +\setlength{\table@note@skip}{0.5ex} +\newlength{\deluxe@table@width} +\newlength{\@d@t@a} +\newcounter{deluxe@table@num} + +\def\colhead#1{\multicolumn{1}{c}{#1}} + + +\def\tablewidth#1{% + \ifdim#1=\z@ + \else + \gdef\@d@t@@flag{1} + \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{% + \gdef\expandafter\noexpand + \csname deluxe@table@width@\romannumeral\c@LT@tables\endcsname + {#1}} + \fi + \fi +} + + +\def\save@natural@width{% + \ifnum\@d@t@@flag=0 + \setlength{\@d@t@a}{0pt}% + \let\@d@t@b=\LT@entry% + \def\LT@entry##1##2{\addtolength{\@d@t@a}{##2}% + }% + \expandafter\csname LT@\romannumeral\c@deluxe@table@num\endcsname + \setlength{\@d@t@a}{-\@d@t@a} + \tablewidth{\the\@d@t@a} + \def\LT@entry{\@d@t@b} + \fi +} + +\def\lt@expand@linewidth@one{\setlength\LTleft{0pt}\setlength\LTright{0pt}} +\def\lt@expand@linewidth@two{@{\extracolsep{0pt plus 1filll}}} +\def\find@table@width{% +%%% set table width using aux file and command \tablewidth + \setcounter{deluxe@table@num}{\c@LT@tables} + \refstepcounter{deluxe@table@num} + \expandafter\ifx\csname deluxe@table@width@\romannumeral\c@deluxe@table@num\endcsname\relax + \def\@d@t@{0.999\linewidth} + \else + \edef\@d@t@{\expandafter\csname deluxe@table@width@\romannumeral\c@deluxe@table@num\endcsname} + \fi + \ifdim\@d@t@<\z@% then natural width is used + \setlength{\deluxe@table@width}{-\@d@t@} + \setlength{\LTcapwidth}{-\@d@t@} + \def\lt@expand@linewidth{\relax} + \def\lt@expand@linewidth@{} + \else% we will enclose table in the minipage of the given width and make + % longtable to span the full minipage width + \ifdim\@d@t@>\z@\else\def\@d@t@{0.999\linewidth}\fi + \setlength{\deluxe@table@width}{\@d@t@} + \setlength{\LTcapwidth}{\@d@t@} + \def\lt@expand@linewidth{\lt@expand@linewidth@one} + \def\lt@expand@linewidth@{\lt@expand@linewidth@two} + \fi +} + +\newlength{\abovedeluxetableskip} +\newlength{\belowdeluxetableskip} +\setlength{\abovedeluxetableskip}{0pt} +\setlength{\belowdeluxetableskip}{0pt} +\setlength{\tabcolsep}{5pt} + +\setlength\doublerulesep{1.5pt} +\newdimen\lastrowheight +\def\set@last@row@height{\setlength{\lastrowheight}{\ht\strutbox}\addtolength{\lastrowheight}{\dp\strutbox}\setlength{\lastrowheight}{-\arraystretch\lastrowheight}} + +\let\tableline=\hline % Revtex said: Command \tableline is obsolete; Use \colrule instead.. + +\newtoks\DT@p@ftn +\global\def\tablenotetext@DT#1#2{ +% \edef\@tempa{\the\DT@p@ftn\noexpand\footnotetext[#1]} + \edef\@tempa{\the\DT@p@ftn\noexpand\tablenotemark{#1}~} + \global\DT@p@ftn\expandafter{\@tempa{\@table@type@size#2}\par}}% + + +\newenvironment{deluxetable}[1]{ + \lineskiplimit=\z@ % restore default setting + \def\tablenotetext{\tablenotetext@DT} + \gdef\tblnote@list{} + \gdef\tblref@list{} + \DT@p@ftn{}% + \set@last@row@height\edef\lastrowheight@{\the\lastrowheight} + \renewcommand\tablecomments[1]{\gdef\tblnote@list{\@tablecom{##1}}}% + \renewcommand\tablerefs[1]{\gdef\tblref@list{\@tableref{##1}}}% + \@table@not@headedtrue + \begin{table} + \vspace*{\abovedeluxetableskip} + \gdef\@d@t@@flag{0} + \def\nl{\\} +% \def\tabcolsep{5pt} + \let\caption=\LT@caption + \find@table@width + \centering + \begin{minipage}{\deluxe@table@width} + \lt@expand@linewidth + \def\@tmpa{\begin{longtable}} + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\@tmpa% + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter{\lt@expand@linewidth@#1} +% \begin{longtable}{\lt@expand@linewidth@#1} + }{ + \restore@tablenum% + \end{longtable}% + \save@natural@width + \@spew@tblnotes\end{minipage} + \vspace*{\belowdeluxetableskip} + \end{table} +} + + +\newenvironment{deluxetable*}[1]{ + \lineskiplimit=\z@ % restore default setting + \def\tablenotetext{\tablenotetext@DT} + \gdef\tblnote@list{} + \gdef\tblref@list{} + \DT@p@ftn{}% + \set@last@row@height\edef\lastrowheight@{\the\lastrowheight} + \renewcommand\tablecomments[1]{\gdef\tblnote@list{\@tablecom{##1}}}% + \renewcommand\tablerefs[1]{\gdef\tblref@list{\@tableref{##1}}}% + \@table@not@headedtrue + \begin{table*} + \vspace*{\abovedeluxetableskip} + \gdef\@d@t@@flag{0} + \def\nl{\\} +% \def\tabcolsep{5pt} + \let\caption=\LT@caption + \centering + \find@table@width + \begin{minipage}{\deluxe@table@width} + \lt@expand@linewidth + \def\@tmpa{\begin{longtable*}} + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\@tmpa% + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter{\lt@expand@linewidth@#1} + %\begin{longtable*}{\lt@expand@linewidth@#1} + }{\gdef\pt@width{\LTcapwidth}% + \restore@tablenum% + \end{longtable*}% + \save@natural@width + \@spew@tblnotes% + \end{minipage}% + \vspace*{\belowdeluxetableskip} +\end{table*}} + +\def\enddata{\\[\lastrowheight@]\vspace*{1.5mm}} + + +\def\LongTables{ + \renewcommand\tablecomments[1]{\gdef\tblnote@list{\@tablecom{##1}}}% + \renewcommand\tablerefs[1]{\gdef\tblref@list{\@tableref{##1}}}% + \renewenvironment{deluxetable}[1]{ + \def\tablenotetext{\tablenotetext@DT} + \global\DT@p@ftn{}% + \def\nl{\\} +% \def\tabcolsep{5pt} + \let\caption=\LT@caption + \begin{longtable}{##1} + \set@last@row@height\global\edef\lastrowheight@{\the\lastrowheight} + \@table@not@headedtrue + }{\gdef\pt@width{\LTcapwidth}\restore@tablenum + \end{longtable}% + \vspace*{-1.5ex} + \begin{minipage}{0.99\linewidth} + \@spew@tblnotes% + \end{minipage} + } + \renewenvironment{deluxetable*}[1]{ + \def\tablenotetext{\tablenotetext@DT} + \global\DT@p@ftn{}% + %\@table@not@headedtrue % -- wrong per exchange with Giovanni Fossati + \def\nl{\\} +% \def\tabcolsep{5pt} + \let\caption=\LT@caption + \begin{longtable*}{##1} + \set@last@row@height\global\edef\lastrowheight@{\the\lastrowheight} + \@table@not@headedtrue + }{\gdef\pt@width{\LTcapwidth}% + \restore@tablenum% + \end{longtable*}% + \vspace*{-1.5ex} + \begin{minipage}{0.99\linewidth} + \@spew@tblnotes% + \end{minipage} +} +} + +\def\tableheadfrac#1{} +\newcount\pt@column +\newcount\pt@ncol +\newcommand\tablecolumns[1]{% + \pt@column=#1\relax + \pt@ncol=#1\relax + \global\let\pt@addcol\@empty +}% +\def\cutinhead@ppt#1{% + \noalign{\vskip 1.5ex}% + \hline + \@ptabularcr + \noalign{\vskip -2ex}% Style Note: in apj, it is -1.5ex + \multicolumn{\pt@ncol}{c}{#1}% + \\ + \noalign{\vskip .8ex}% + \hline + \\ + \noalign{\vskip -2ex}% +}% +% \newcommand\sidehead[1]{% +% \noalign{\vskip 1.5ex}% +% \multicolumn{\pt@ncol}{@{\hskip\z@}l}{#1}% +% \\ +% \noalign{\vskip .5ex}% +% }% +%\def\startdata{\relax} + +\gdef\tblnote@list{} +\gdef\tblref@list{} +\newcommand\tablecomments[1]{\@tablecom{#1}}% +\newcommand\tablerefs[1]{\@tableref{#1}}% +\def\@tablecom#1{% + \vspace*{\table@note@skip} +\par +{\parbox{\linewidth}{\hskip1em\rmfamily {\@eapj@cap@font Note}. --- #1}\par}% +}% +\def\@tableref#1{% + \vspace*{\table@note@skip} +\par +{\parbox{\linewidth}{\hskip1em\rmfamily {\@eapj@cap@font References}. --- #1}\par}% +}% +\def\spew@tblnotes{% + \@ifx@empty\tblref@list{}{% + \@tablenotes{\tblref@list}% + \vspace*{\table@note@skip}% + \global\let\tblref@list\@empty + }% + \@ifx@empty\tblnote@list{}{% + \@tablenotes{\tblnote@list}% + \vspace*{\table@note@skip}% + \global\let\tblnote@list\@empty + } + \the\DT@p@ftn% +}% +\def\@tablenotes#1{% + \par +% \footnoterule% + {\@table@type@size#1}% +}% + +\endinput +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Release notes (02/09/03): +%% +%% 1) This is a complete rewrite of emulateapj. The package is now +%% based on revtex instead of aastex + multicol. +%% +%% 2) The {deluxetable} environment is re-implemented (the problem with the +%% the aastex's deluxetable is it does not float). There is also a new +%% environment {deluxetable*} (absent in aastex) to set a floating table +%% two-column wide. Known problems: +%% (a) \rotate doesn't work (too difficult to implement). However, +%% you can use revtex's turnpage environment +%% - load package lscape (\usepackage{lscape} in the header) +%% - move table at the end of the paper after references +%% - \clearpage before the table +%% - \LongTables if the table will span more than 1 page (see next item) +%% - put the table inside the landscape environment and \clearpage +%% at the end: +%% \clearpage +%% \LongTables % optionally +%% \begin{landscape} +%% \begin{deluxetable} +%% .... +%% \end{deluxetable} +%% \clearpage +%% \end{landscape} +%% +%% 3) Multi-page tables cannot be set properly inside the main text; you +%% need to move the table to the end of the paper (after the references) and +%% issue the command \LongTables before it. +%% +%% 4) By default, deluxetables are typeset with \footnotesize. If you want +%% to use a different size, use, e.g., \tabletypesize{\normalsize} _outside_ +%% the deluxetable environment. If you need to increase interline spacing +%% in the tables, use \def\arraystretch{1.XXX} also _outside_ deluxetables. +%% +%% 5) Option `onecolumn' (as in \documentclass[onecolumn]{emulateapj}) +%% sets the whole paper (except the reference section) in one column +%% as done by the ApJ for papers with long equations. +%% +%% 6) Options `apj' and `apjl' (\documentclass[apj]{emulateapj}) change the +%% spacing of the references (the default is ApJL wide spacing), and +%% also the spacing between figures and text (last check with printed +%% Journal in 4/2005). +%% +%% 7) By default, appendix subsections are not numbered: +%% APPENDIX +%% Derivation of Equations +%% If you want them numbered (`A. Derivation of Equations'), use the option +%% \documentclass[numberedappendix]{emulateapj} +%% +%% It is recommended to use the {appendix} environment instead of the +%% \appendix command. Equation (and optionally also table and figure) +%% counters are reset within the {appendix} to something like A1,A2,B1 +%% etc. The counters are restored at \end{appendix} because sometimes we +%% want to place figures and tables belonging to the main matter at the +%% end of the paper. +%% +%% 8) By default, the comment in the upper-left corner of the title page and +%% under the abstract will say "Draft version \today". There are additional +%% commands \journalinfo{} and \submitted{} (the latter is equivalent to the +%% aastex \slugcomment{} which also works) to change those comments. Used +%% alone, \submitted{} will act on both those places. +%% +%% 9) The \title command sets the entire title, including math, in upper +%% case. If this is undesirable, use \lowercase{} macro, e.g., +%% \title{UPPER CASE OK HERE \lowercase{$a+b=c$}}. +%% +%% 10) On the last page where the references or appendix start, there +%% may be problems with placement of footnotes. There is a command +%% \lastpagefoot notes which can be issued somewhere before those +%% footnotes. It will result in the remaining footnotes set together at +%% the end of the text, properly adjusted. +%% +%% 11) There may be problems with single-column figure placements on the +%% last page; try moving the figure around or explicitly specifying the [t] +%% placement. There may also be minor column misalignments on +%% complicated pages with footnotes, sections, etc.; these are too difficult +%% to fix. +%% +%% 12) Any footnotes in the paper title should be set as +%% \title{Title\footnotemark[1]} \footnotetext[1]{text} (with foootnotetext +%% outside the title), rather that simply a \footnote{}. +%% +%% NOTE that if you use the footnote in the title, the footnote counter for +%% the main text will be wrong. You need to reset it manually _after_ the +%% first \section. For example, if the frontmatter footnotes (title + +%% affiliations) stop at 3, you need \setcounter{footnote}{3} +%% +%% 13) \label's within the deluxetable environments should go INSIDE the +%% \tablecaption{...} command or after \tablehead +%% +%% 14) ... if, however, you use \tablenum [not recommended], \label should +%% go IMMEDIATELY AFTER the \tablenum command +%% +%% 15) Marc Audard reports that if the bibliography is exactly finishing the +%% page, and the next page should be a table, latex is not working. If an +%% empty character (\mbox{~}) is added after (or before) the bibliography, +%% i.e., starting a new page, the problem disappears. +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Change Log +%% +%% 2/14/3: fixed several bugs in deluxetable and footnotes inside the title. +%% +%% 3/3/3: Table caption is made in two lines. works only in {table} or +%% {table*}, but not in {deluxetable} +%% +%% 3/3/3: Redefine p@subsection etc. for ApJ-style cross-references. +%% +%% 3/16/3: Define \tablerefs +%% +%% 3/25/3: Fix two-column references in the onecolumn mode (see +%% \set@column@hsize{2}) +%% +%% 4/9/3: Change the definition of \tablenotemark. It is less general but +%% works in the table caption. Also, put the body of deluxetable* +%% inside a minipage to fix table footnotes. +%% +%% 5/14/3: Change section title font sizes. They are now different for 'apj' +%% and 'apjl' options +%% +%% 7/8/3: redefine NAT@sort@cites after loding revtex4 to prevent citations +%% from being sorted +%% +%% 7/15/3: Fix \and in the author list +%% +%% 7/17/3: Make \colhead to center column titles by default +%% +%% 7/27/3: Redefile \@biblabel to remove the numbered list from thebibliography +%% +%% 9/08/3: Further fixes to cutinhead: define @ptabularcr and use LT@cols +%% +%% 10/08/3: Copy definitions for \anchor and \url from aastex. +%% +%% 10/10/3: define \paragraph, \subparagraph. suppress section numbering +%% below \subsection. If you want subsubsections numbered, use +%% \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} +%% in the header +%% +%% 11/13/3: add 'unsortedaddress' option to revtex4 to prevent groupin the +%% authors by the institute +%% +%% 11/26/3: define \def\blankaffiliation{~} after revtex4 to prevent \and's +%% from combining +%% +%% 2/10/4: implement \tablewidth; works as documented in aastex; +%% change format for caption of deluxetables from Table 1. Title to +%% Table 1. +%% Title +%% Make table notes of the same width as the table. +%% Fix tabletypesize for table notes +%% +%% 2/12/4: fix \tablewidth: \tablewidth{0pt} gives natural size (as does no +%% \tablewidth at all) +%% Remove dot after "Table 1." +%% Also change format to Table 1--- Continued +%% +%% 2/19/4: implement \tablenum within deluxetable; abstract paragraphs +%% indented; +%% +%% 3/19/4: if no \tablehead is given, \startdata still prints out the caption +%% +%% 4/2/4: remove a spurious space from the definition of \tablehead +%% +%% 4/12/4: Due to popular demand, define \tablecomments and \tablerefs for +%% ordinary {table}s. +%% +%% 6/6/4: Proper implementation of \sidehead in the deluxetable +%% +%% 6/21/4: Fix issues with table heading which were introduced when I tried +%% to implement deluxetable's _without_ any heading. +%% +%% 6/22/4: correct implementation of \tablenotetext in the \LongTable mode +%% (they previously generated plain footnotes at the end of the table) +%% +%% 9/21/4: fix bug fix figure and table numbers in the appendicies +%% +%% 10/8/4: add \object \facility \dataset from aastex +%% +%% 11/26/4: Change floats-to-text distance to 5mm in ApJLetter style and +%% 7mm in ApJ style (verified with Journal version in Dec 2004) +%% +%% 4/21/5: change \renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.85}; add +%% \renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{0.85} +%% \setcounter{topnumber}{9} +%% \setcounter{bottomnumber}{9} +%% \setcounter{totalnumber}{20} +%% \setcounter{dbltopnumber}{9} +%% +%% 11/27/5: Add parameters to fine-tune spacing to deluxetables: +%% \abovedeluxetableskip % = 0 by default +%% \belowdeluxetableskip % = 0 +%% +%% Use these to fiddle with the spacing, e.g. +%% \setlength{\abovetableskipamount}{-1\baselineskip} +%% +%% 12/14/5: no more explicit setting of tabcolsep inside deluxetables (so +%% the user has control over this parameter) +%% +%% 05/04/6: redefine \tableline as \hrule; otherwise it weirdly interact +%% with my implementation of deluxetable +%% +%% 08/13/6: Collect altaffiltext into token and issue \altaffiliation +%% only once. This overcomes the problem with 2**n processing +%% time for long affiliation lists. +%% +%% 08/29/6: fix a problem with alignment of last row in deluxetables +%% +%% 09/06/6: Change code of tablenotetext in all deluxetables (otherwise +%% the change introduced on 6/22/4 sometimes causes the notes to +%% disappear) +%% +%% 09/19/6: Correct propagation of the [apj] and [apjl] for subsection +%% formatting +%% +%% 09/19/6: Appendix no longer changes the numbering for figure and +%% unless the [appendixfloats] option is selected +%% +%% 09/22/6 Fix a bug with last row in deluxetables after \LongTables +%% +%% 10/04/6 redefine tablenotetext again because hyperref incompatibly +%% changes the definition of \footnotetext +%% +%% 10/04/6 Fix spacing before thebilbiography and refereneces +%% (\vspace*->\vspace) +%% +%% 12/01/6 Add \par to the definition of \tablenotetext (to make sure +%% each note is in a separate block) +%% +%% 02/7/07 By popular demand, \tablenotetext is reintroduced in the +%% regular {table} environments. BEWARE: the use of this +%% feature makes your documents non-portable as \tablenotetext +%% is not a part of standard LaTeX +%% +%% 03/7/07 Misc. fixes to \lastpagefootnotes +%% +%% 04/21/07 introduce \affil@mark to facilitate integration with the +%% MinionPro package; slightly change the spacing in the +%% altaffiltext mark +%% +%% 03/31/08 new option [tighten] to facilitate grid typesetting (by +%% setting negative lineskiplimit etc). Correspondingly increase +%% v-spacing at \enddata in the tables +%% +%% 04/15/08 improve table@note@skip (put it inside spew@tblnotes) +%% +%% 04/17/08 set baselinestretch to 1 +%% +%% 04/20/08 Fix above and below display skips (too much of negative stretch +%% was possible) +%% +%% 12/19/08 Fix \ion to use relative sizes (not \small); thanks to Gabor +%% Worseck for pointing this out +%% +%% 12/19/08 Option for IOP formatting: \usepackage[iop,...]{emulateapj} +%% +%% 08/22/09 Fix NAT@sort coding for new release of bibtex +%% +%% 11/10/09 Switch to revtex4-1 +%% +%% 11/10/09 Add stretchable space before appendix; otherwise, the last +%% line can be eaten away. +%% +%% 5/25/10 call revtex with notitlepage in the 1-col mode +%% +%% 8/13/10 put \par after \end{minipage} in makecaption to avoid +%% underfull boxes +%% +%% 5/3/11 new option: twocolappendix +%% comment out \table@not@headedtrue in deluxtable* after +%% \LongTables per exchange with Giovanni Fossati +%% +%% 12/16/11: copy \sbond, dbond, tbond commands from AASTeX +% +%% 08/17/12: option to force using revtex4 +%% +%% 03/07/13: load astro@font to go with the \astro commands +%% ([astrosymb] option) +%% +%% 04/17/13: in the two column mode, force a switch to twocolumngrid +%% after references. This is needed for twocolappendix, +%% among other things +%% +%% 05/03/13 add 10pt,aps,pra option to \LoadClass revtex4 to avoid warnings +%% +%% 05/12/14 More journal abbreviations +%% +%% 01/23/15 Fix collision with array package: expand +%% \lt@expand@linewidth@ twice before passing into longtable +%% +%% 01/23/15 \apjl with the iop option expands to ApJL +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/lib.bib =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/lib.bib (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/lib.bib (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,14938 @@ +@ARTICLE{magnier2017a, + author = {{Magnier}, E. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{waters2017, + author = {{Waters}, C. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{magnier2017b, + author = {{Magnier}, E. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{magnier2017c, + author = {{Magnier}, E. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{flewelling2017, + author = {{Flewelling}, H. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{huber2017, + author = {{Huber}, M. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@manual{chambers_k_c_2006_199843, + title = {Mission Concept Statement for PS1}, + author = {Chambers, K. C.}, + month = sep, + year = 2006, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.199843}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.199843} +} + + +@manual{chambers_k_c_2007_199832, + title = {PS1 Science Goals Statement}, + author = {Chambers, K. C.}, + month = feb, + year = 2007, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.199832}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.199832} +} + + +@manual{chambers_k_c_2008_199860, + title = {PS1 Design Reference Mission}, + author = {Chambers, K. C. and + Denneau, Larry Jr.}, + month = apr, + year = 2008, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.199860}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.199860} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2008SPIE.7021E..05T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Burke}, B.~E. and {Isani}, S. and {Onaka}, P.~M. and + {Cooper}, M.~J.}, + title = "{Results from the Pan-STARRS Orthogonal Transfer Array (OTA)}", +booktitle = {High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy III}, + year = 2008, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 7021, + month = jul, + eid = {702105}, + pages = {702105}, + doi = {10.1117/12.789617}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7021E..05T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2007AAS...210.6206C, + author = {{Chambers}, K. and {Pan-STARRS Telescope No.~1} and {PS1 Science Consortium} + }, + title = "{The PS1 Sky Surveys and Science Mission}", +booktitle = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts \#210}, + year = 2007, + series = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society}, + volume = 39, + month = may, + eid = {62.06}, + pages = {171}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AAS...210.6206C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2006amos.confE..39C, + author = {{Chambers}, K.}, + title = "{PS1 and the PS1 Science Mission}", +booktitle = {The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 2006, + pages = {E39}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006amos.confE..39C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2012SPIE.8444E..0HM, + author = {{Morgan}, J.~S. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Moreau}, V. and {Anderson}, D. and + {Burgett}, W.}, + title = "{Design differences between the Pan-STARRS PS1 and PS2 telescopes}", +booktitle = {Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes IV}, + year = 2012, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 8444, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.2513}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + month = sep, + eid = {84440H}, + pages = {84440H}, + doi = {10.1117/12.926646}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8444E..0HM}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJS..191..376S, + author = {{Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Doherty}, P. and {Cramer}, C. and {Narayan}, G. and + {Brown}, Y.~J. and {Lykke}, K.~R. and {Woodward}, J.~T. and + {Tonry}, J.~L.}, + title = "{Precise Throughput Determination of the PanSTARRS Telescope and the Gigapixel Imager Using a Calibrated Silicon Photodiode and a Tunable Laser: Initial Results}", + journal = {\apjs}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1003.3465}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {instrumentation: detectors, instrumentation: photometers, surveys, techniques: photometric}, + year = 2010, + month = dec, + volume = 191, + pages = {376-388}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/191/2/376}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJS..191..376S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2008AIPC.1082..352H, + author = {{Heasley}, J.~N.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Data Processing and Science Analysis Software Systems}", + keywords = {X- and gamma-ray telescopes and instrumentation, Astronomical catalogs atlases sky surveys databases retrieval systems archives etc., Cosmology}, +booktitle = {American Institute of Physics Conference Series}, + year = 2008, + series = {American Institute of Physics Conference Series}, + volume = 1082, + editor = {{Bailer-Jones}, C.~A.~L.}, + month = dec, + pages = {352-358}, + doi = {10.1063/1.3059075}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AIPC.1082..352H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2006amos.confE..50M, + author = {{Magnier}, E.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS PS1 Image Processing Pipeline}", +booktitle = {The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 2006, + pages = {E50}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006amos.confE..50M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{1973egfs.conf..433C, + author = {{Carter}, W.~E. and {Williams}, J.~D.}, + title = "{University of Hawaii LURE Observatory}", +booktitle = {The Earth's Gravitational Field and Secular Variations in Position}, + year = 1973, + editor = {{Angus-Leppan}, P.~V. and {Bomford}, A.~G. and {Dooley}, J.~C. and + {Mather}, R.~S.}, + pages = {433}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973egfs.conf..433C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2004AN....325..636H, + author = {{Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Aussel}, H. and {Burgett}, W. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Chun}, M. and {Dombeck}, T. and {Douglas}, A. and + {Hafner}, D. and {Heasley}, J. and {Hoblitt}, J. and {Hude}, C. and + {Isani}, S. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Jewitt}, D. and {Laux}, U. and + {Luppino}, G.~A. and {Lupton}, R. and {Maberry}, M. and {Magnier}, E. and + {Mannery}, E. and {Monet}, D. and {Morgan}, J. and {Onaka}, P. and + {Price}, P. and {Ryan}, A. and {Siegmund}, W. and {Szapudi}, I. and + {Tonry}, J. and {Wainscoat}, R. and {Waterson}, M.}, + title = "{Design of the Pan-STARRS telescopes}", + journal = {Astronomische Nachrichten}, + keywords = {survey telescope, optical design}, + year = 2004, + month = oct, + volume = 325, + pages = {636-642}, + doi = {10.1002/asna.200410300}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AN....325..636H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2008SPIE.7012E..1KM, + author = {{Morgan}, J.~S. and {Kaiser}, N.}, + title = "{Alignment of the Pan-STARRS PS1 prototype telescope optics}", +booktitle = {Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes II}, + year = 2008, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 7012, + month = jul, + eid = {70121K}, + pages = {70121K}, + doi = {10.1117/12.788426}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7012E..1KM}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2008SPIE.7021E..05T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Burke}, B.~E. and {Isani}, S. and {Onaka}, P.~M. and + {Cooper}, M.~J.}, + title = "{Results from the Pan-STARRS Orthogonal Transfer Array (OTA)}", +booktitle = {High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy III}, + year = 2008, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 7021, + month = jul, + eid = {702105}, + pages = {702105}, + doi = {10.1117/12.789617}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7021E..05T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009ApJS..185..124S, + author = {{Stalder}, B. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Vacca}, W.~D.}, + title = "{58 Radio Sources Near Bright Natural Guide Stars}", + journal = {\apjs}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0909.1566}, + keywords = {galaxies: evolution, galaxies: formation, galaxies: fundamental parameters, galaxies: high-redshift}, + year = 2009, + month = nov, + volume = 185, + pages = {124-155}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/185/1/124}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJS..185..124S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2012SPIE.8453E..0KO, + author = {{Onaka}, P. and {Rae}, C. and {Isani}, S. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Lee}, A. and {Uyeshiro}, R. and {Robertson}, L. and {Ching}, G. + }, + title = "{GPC1 and GPC2: the Pan-STARRS 1.4 gigapixel mosaic focal plane CCD cameras with an on-sky on-CCD tip-tilt image compensation}", +booktitle = {High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy V}, + year = 2012, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 8453, + month = jul, + eid = {84530K}, + pages = {84530K}, + doi = {10.1117/12.925830}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8453E..0KO}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160203842A, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{The Rate of Binary Black Hole Mergers Inferred from Advanced LIGO Observations Surrounding GW150914}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.03842}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{amos2006, + author = {{Chambers}, K.}, + title = "{PS1 and the PS1 Science Mission}", +booktitle = {The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 2006, + pages = {E39}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006amos.confE..39C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2009AAS...21330107C, + author = {{Chambers}, K.~C.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS Telescope \#1 Status and Science Mission}", +booktitle = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts \#213}, + year = 2009, + series = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society}, + volume = 41, + month = jan, + eid = {301.07}, + pages = {270}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AAS...21330107C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2007AAS...21114206C, + author = {{Chambers}, K.~C.}, + title = "{The PS1 System and Science Mission}", +booktitle = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts}, + year = 2007, + series = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society}, + volume = 39, + month = dec, + eid = {142.06}, + pages = {995}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AAS...21114206C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2002SPIE.4836..154K, + author = {{Kaiser}, N. and {Aussel}, H. and {Burke}, B.~E. and {Boesgaard}, H. and + {Chambers}, K. and {Chun}, M.~R. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Hodapp}, K.-W. and + {Hunt}, B. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Jewitt}, D. and {Kudritzki}, R. and + {Luppino}, G.~A. and {Maberry}, M. and {Magnier}, E. and {Monet}, D.~G. and + {Onaka}, P.~M. and {Pickles}, A.~J. and {Rhoads}, P.~H.~H. and + {Simon}, T. and {Szalay}, A. and {Szapudi}, I. and {Tholen}, D.~J. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Waterson}, M. and {Wick}, J.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS: A Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Array}", +booktitle = {Survey and Other Telescope Technologies and Discoveries}, + year = 2002, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 4836, + editor = {{Tyson}, J.~A. and {Wolff}, S.}, + month = dec, + pages = {154-164}, + doi = {10.1117/12.457365}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SPIE.4836..154K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{kaiser2002, + author = {{Kaiser}, N. and {Aussel}, H. and {Burke}, B.~E. and {Boesgaard}, H. and + {Chambers}, K. and {Chun}, M.~R. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Hodapp}, K.-W. and + {Hunt}, B. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Jewitt}, D. and {Kudritzki}, R. and + {Luppino}, G.~A. and {Maberry}, M. and {Magnier}, E. and {Monet}, D.~G. and + {Onaka}, P.~M. and {Pickles}, A.~J. and {Rhoads}, P.~H.~H. and + {Simon}, T. and {Szalay}, A. and {Szapudi}, I. and {Tholen}, D.~J. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Waterson}, M. and {Wick}, J.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS: A Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Array}", +booktitle = {Survey and Other Telescope Technologies and Discoveries}, + year = 2002, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 4836, + editor = {{Tyson}, J.~A. and {Wolff}, S.}, + month = dec, + pages = {154-164}, + doi = {10.1117/12.457365}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SPIE.4836..154K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{kaiser2010, + author = {{Kaiser}, N. and {Burgett}, W. and {Chambers}, K. and {Denneau}, L. and + {Heasley}, J. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Magnier}, E. and {Morgan}, J. and + {Onaka}, P. and {Tonry}, J.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS wide-field optical/NIR imaging survey}", +booktitle = {Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III}, + year = 2010, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 7733, + month = jul, + eid = {77330E}, + pages = {77330E}, + doi = {10.1117/12.859188}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7733E..0EK}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{{2010SPIE.7733E..0EK}, + author = {{Kaiser}, N. and {Burgett}, W. and {Chambers}, K. and {Denneau}, L. and + {Heasley}, J. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Magnier}, E. and {Morgan}, J. and + {Onaka}, P. and {Tonry}, J.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS wide-field optical/NIR imaging survey}", +booktitle = {Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III}, + year = 2010, + series = {\procspie}, + volume = 7733, + month = jul, + eid = {77330E}, + pages = {77330E}, + doi = {10.1117/12.859188}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7733E..0EK}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{theprizepaper, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger}", + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.03837}, + primaryClass = "gr-qc", + year = 2016, + month = jan, + volume = 116, + number = 6, + eid = {061102}, + pages = {061102}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvL.116f1102A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{gw151226, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{GW151226}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {8888.99999}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, + year = 2016, + month = jun, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016ApJ...818L..22A, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{Astrophysical Implications of the Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.03846}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gravitational waves, stars: black holes, stars: massive}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + volume = 818, + eid = {L22}, + pages = {L22}, + doi = {10.3847/2041-8205/818/2/L22}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...818L..22A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160203842A, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{The Rate of Binary Black Hole Mergers Inferred from Advanced LIGO Observations Surrounding GW150914}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.03842}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160208492A, + author = {{Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abbott}, T.~D. and {Abernathy}, M.~R. and + {Acernese}, F. and {Ackley}, K. and {Adams}, C. and {Adams}, T. and + {Addesso}, P. and {Adhikari}, R.~X. and et al.}, + title = "{Localization and broadband follow-up of the gravitational-wave transient GW150914}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.08492}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160208492A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160203840T, + author = {{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration} and {the Virgo Collaboration} + }, + title = "{Properties of the binary 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Instrumentation and Detectors}, + year = 2016, + month = apr, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160400439T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160203920C, + author = {{Connaughton}, V. and {Burns}, E. and {Goldstein}, A. and {Briggs}, M.~S. and + {Zhang}, B.-B. and {Hui}, C.~M. and {Jenke}, P. and {Racusin}, J. and + {Wilson-Hodge}, C.~A. and {Bhat}, P.~N. and {Bissaldi}, E. and + {Cleveland}, W. and {Fitzpatrick}, G. and {Giles}, M.~M. and + {Gibby}, M.~H. and {Greiner}, J. and {von Kienlin}, A. and {Kippen}, R.~M. and + {McBreen}, S. and {Mailyan}, B. and {Meegan}, C.~A. and {Paciesas}, W.~S. and + {Preece}, R.~D. and {Roberts}, O. and {Sparke}, L. and {Stanbro}, M. and + {Toelge}, K. and {Veres}, P. and {Yu}, H.-F. and {authors}, o. + }, + title = "{Fermi GBM Observations of LIGO Gravitational Wave event GW150914}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.03920}, + primaryClass 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author = {{Tanaka}, M. and {Hotokezaka}, K.}, + title = "{Radiative Transfer Simulations of Neutron Star Merger Ejecta}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1306.3742}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gamma-ray burst: general, gravitational waves, nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances, radiative transfer, supernovae: general}, + year = 2013, + month = oct, + volume = 775, + eid = {113}, + pages = {113}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/113}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...775..113T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007ARep...51..308B, + author = {{Bogomazov}, A.~I. and {Lipunov}, V.~M. and {Tutukov}, A.~V. + }, + title = "{Evolution of close binaries and gamma-ray bursts}", + journal = {Astronomy Reports}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0607329}, + keywords = {97.80.Fk, 97.10.Cv, 98.70.Rz}, + year = 2007, + month = apr, + volume = 51, + pages = {308-317}, + doi = 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{Vreeswijk}, P.~M. and + {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Chotard}, N. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and + {Cao}, Y. and {De Cia}, A. and {Yaron}, O. and {Tal}, D. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Sullivan}, M. and + {Chen}, J.}, + title = "{iPTF13beo: the double-peaked light curve of a Type Ibn supernova discovered shortly after explosion}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1312.0012}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: iPTF13beo, stars: winds, outflows, stars: Wolf-Rayet}, + year = 2014, + month = sep, + volume = 443, + pages = {671-677}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu1184}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.443..671G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2010Natur.463..513S, + author = {{Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Chakraborti}, S. and {Pignata}, G. and + {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Chandra}, P. and {Ray}, A. and {Wieringa}, M.~H. and + 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Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...811L..22J, + author = {{Jin}, Z.-P. and {Li}, X. and {Cano}, Z. and {Covino}, S. and + {Fan}, Y.-Z. and {Wei}, D.-M.}, + title = "{The Light Curve of the Macronova Associated with the Long-Short Burst GRB 060614}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1507.07206}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {binaries: general, gamma-ray burst: individual: GRB 060614, radiation mechanisms: thermal, stars: neutron}, + year = 2015, + month = oct, + volume = 811, + eid = {L22}, + pages = {L22}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/811/2/L22}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...811L..22J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2010MNRAS.403L..41C, + author = {{Crowther}, P.~A. and {Barnard}, R. and {Carpano}, S. and {Clark}, J.~S. and + {Dhillon}, V.~S. and {Pollock}, A.~M.~T.}, + title = "{NGC 300 X-1 is a Wolf-Rayet/black hole binary}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1001.4616}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: Wolf-Rayet, galaxies: individual: NGC 300, X-rays: binaries, X-rays: individual: NGC 300 X-1}, + year = 2010, + month = mar, + volume = 403, + pages = {L41-L45}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00811.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.403L..41C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJ...669L..21P, + author = {{Prestwich}, A.~H. and {Kilgard}, R. and {Crowther}, P.~A. and + {Carpano}, S. and {Pollock}, A.~M.~T. and {Zezas}, A. and {Saar}, S.~H. and + {Roberts}, T.~P. and {Ward}, M.~J.}, + title = "{The Orbital Period of the Wolf-Rayet Binary IC 10 X-1: Dynamic Evidence that the Compact Object Is a Black Hole}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0709.2892}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Starburst, Stars: Wolf-Rayet, X-Rays: Binaries, X-Rays: Galaxies}, + year = 2007, + month = nov, + volume = 669, + pages = 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{Tsvetkov}, D.~Y. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Tomasella}, L. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Rich}, D.~J. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Bufano}, F. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Ergon}, M. and {Gorbovskoy}, E.~S. and + {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Huang}, F. and {Kotak}, R. and {Lipunov}, V.~M. and + {Magill}, L. and {Miluzio}, M. and {Morrell}, N. and {Ochner}, P. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Spiro}, S. and {Stritzinger}, M.~D. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Valenti}, S. and {Wang}, X. and {Wright}, D.~E. and + {Yurkov}, V.~V. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Zhang}, T.}, + title = "{Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - IV. Transitional Type Ibn supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1502.04946}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2010al, supernovae: individual: SN 2011hw, supernovae: individual: SN 2006jc, supernovae: individual: SN 2005la, supernovae: individual: SN 2000er}, + year = 2015, + month = may, + volume = 449, + pages = {1921-1940}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu2745}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449.1921P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2007Natur.447..829P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Mattila}, S. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and + {Young}, D. and {Itagaki}, K. and {Yamaoka}, H. and {Navasardyan}, H. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Patat}, F. and {Agnoletto}, I. and {Augusteijn}, T. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Boles}, T. and {Bonnet-Bidaud}, J.-M. and + {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Bufano}, F. and {Cao}, C. and {Deng}, J. and + {Dennefeld}, M. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Keenan}, F.~P. and {Iijima}, T. and {Lorenzi}, V. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Meng}, X. and {Nakano}, S. and {Nielsen}, T.~B. and {Smoker}, J.~V. and + {Stanishev}, V. and {Turatto}, M. and {Xu}, D. and {Zampieri}, L. + }, + title = "{A giant outburst two years before the core-collapse of a massive star}", + journal = {\nat}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0703663}, + year = 2007, + month = jun, + volume = 447, + pages = {829-832}, + doi = {10.1038/nature05825}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..829P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..113P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Mattila}, S. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Della Valle}, M. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Agnoletto}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Branch}, D. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Dennefeld}, M. and + {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Hunter}, I. and {Kjeldsen}, H. and {Lipkin}, Y. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Milne}, P. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Pian}, E. and + {Shemmer}, O. and {Spiro}, S. and {Stathakis}, R.~A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Yamaoka}, H.}, + title = "{Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - I. Type Ibn (SN 2006jc-like) events}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0801.2277}, + keywords = {supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2006jc , supernovae: individual: SN 1999cq , supernovae: individual: SN 2000er , supernovae: individual: SN 2002ao , supernovae: individual: SN 1885A}, + year = 2008, + month = sep, + volume = 389, + pages = {113-130}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13602.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..113P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2011PASP..123...58T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L.}, + title = "{An Early Warning System for Asteroid Impact}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1011.1028}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + year = 2011, + month = jan, + volume = 123, + pages = {58-73}, + doi = {10.1086/657997}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PASP..123...58T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015A&A...584A..62C, + author = {{Cappellaro}, E. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Pignata}, G. and + {Grado}, A. and {Greggio}, L. and {Limatola}, L. and {Vaccari}, M. and + {Baruffolo}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and {Capaccioli}, M. and + {Cascone}, E. and {Covone}, G. and {De Cicco}, D. and {Falocco}, S. and + {Della Valle}, M. and {Jarvis}, M. and {Marchetti}, L. and {Napolitano}, N.~R. and + {Paolillo}, M. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Radovich}, M. and {Schipani}, P. and + {Spiro}, S. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{Supernova rates from the SUDARE VST-OmegaCAM search. I. Rates per unit volume}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1509.04496}, + keywords = {supernovae: general, galaxies: star formation, Galaxy: stellar content, surveys}, + year = 2015, + month = dec, + volume = 584, + eid = {A62}, + pages = {A62}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201526712}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...584A..62C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + + + +@ARTICLE{2009MNRAS.397..677T, + author = {{Taubenberger}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Della Valle}, M. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Hachinger}, S. and + {Hillebrandt}, W. and {Maeda}, K. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Patat}, F. and {Sim}, S.~A. and {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{Nebular emission-line profiles of Type Ib/c supernovae - probing the ejecta asphericity}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0904.4632}, + keywords = {line: profiles , techniques: spectroscopic , supernovae: general}, + year = 2009, + month = aug, + volume = 397, + pages = {677-694}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15003.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.397..677T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2008Sci...319.1220M, + author = {{Maeda}, K. and {Kawabata}, K. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Tanaka}, M. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Hattori}, T. and {Deng}, J. and + {Pian}, E. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Iye}, M. and {Matheson}, T. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Aoki}, K. and {Kosugi}, G. and {Ohyama}, Y. and + {Sasaki}, T. and {Takata}, T.}, + title = "{Asphericity in Supernova Explosions from Late-Time Spectroscopy}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0801.1100}, + year = 2008, + month = feb, + volume = 319, + pages = {1220}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1149437}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1220M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...761...63P, + author = {{Piro}, A.~L. and {Thrane}, E.}, + title = "{Gravitational Waves from Fallback Accretion onto Neutron Stars}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.3805}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {black hole physics, gravitational waves, stars: neutron, supernovae: general }, + year = 2012, + month = dec, + volume = 761, + eid = {63}, + pages = {63}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/761/1/63}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...761...63P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015arXiv151201214F, + author = {{Finkbeiner}, D.~P. and {Schlafly}, E.~F. and {Schlegel}, D.~J. and + {Padmanabhan}, N. and {Juric}, M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Denneau}, L. and {Draper}, P.~W. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Tonry}, J.~L.}, + title = "{Hypercalibration: A Pan-STARRS1-based recalibration of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1512.01214}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics}, + year = 2015, + month = dec, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv151201214F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...806...52S, + author = {{Singer}, L.~P. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Perley}, D.~A. and {Anderson}, G.~E. and {Anupama}, G.~C. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Bhalerao}, V. and {Bue}, B.~D. and {Cao}, Y. and + {Connaughton}, V. and {Corsi}, A. and {Cucchiara}, A. and {Fender}, R.~P. and + {Fox}, D.~B. and {Gehrels}, N. and {Goldstein}, A. and {Gorosabel}, J. and + {Horesh}, A. and {Hurley}, K. and {Johansson}, J. and {Kann}, D.~A. and + {Kouveliotou}, C. and {Huang}, K. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and + {Masci}, F. and {Nugent}, P. and {Rau}, A. and {Rebbapragada}, U.~D. and + {Staley}, T.~D. and {Svinkin}, D. and {Th{\"o}ne}, C.~C. and + {de Ugarte Postigo}, A. and {Urata}, Y. and {Weinstein}, A.}, + title = "{The Needle in the 100 deg$^{2}$ Haystack: Uncovering Afterglows of Fermi GRBs with the Palomar Transient Factory}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1501.00495}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gamma-ray burst: individual: GRB 130702A, GRB 140606B, gravitational waves, methods: observational, supernovae: general, surveys}, + year = 2015, + month = jun, + volume = 806, + eid = {52}, + pages = {52}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/52}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...806...52S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2016arXiv160201736P, + author = {{Prentice}, S.~J. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Pian}, E. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Rubin}, A. and {Corsi}, A. and {Fremling}, C. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Yaron}, O. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Zheng}, W. and + {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Filippenko}, V.~V. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Cao}, Y. and {Nugent}, P.}, + title = "{The bolometric light curves and physical parameters of stripped-envelope supernovae}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1602.01736}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, + year = 2016, + month = feb, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160201736P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +} + +@ARTICLE{2015arXiv151200733R, + author = {{Rubin}, A. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {De Cia}, A. and {Horesh}, A. and + {Khazov}, D. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Arcavi}, I. and + {Manulis}, I. and {Yaron}, O. and {Vreeswijk}, P. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Perley}, D.~A. and {Cao}, Y. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Rebbapragada}, U.~D. and {Wo{\'z}niak}, P.~R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Pan}, Y.-C. and {Badenes}, C. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Valenti}, S. and {Sand}, D. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Johansson}, J. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and {Horst}, J.~C. and + {Armen}, S.~F. and {Fedrow}, J.~M. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Mazzali}, P. and + {Pian}, E. and {Sternberg}, A. and {Matheson}, T. and {Sullivan}, M. and + {Maguire}, K. and {Lazarevic}, S.}, + title = "{Type II supernova energetics and comparison of light curves to shock-cooling models}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1512.00733}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics}, + year = 2015, + month = nov, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv151200733R}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...650..510A, + author = {{Aldering}, G. and {Antilogus}, P. and {Bailey}, S. and {Baltay}, C. and + {Bauer}, A. and {Blanc}, N. and {Bongard}, S. and {Copin}, Y. and + {Gangler}, E. and {Gilles}, S. and {Kessler}, R. and {Kocevski}, D. and + {Lee}, B.~C. and {Loken}, S. and {Nugent}, P. and {Pain}, R. and + {P{\'e}contal}, E. and {Pereira}, R. and {Perlmutter}, S. and + {Rabinowitz}, D. and {Rigaudier}, G. and {Scalzo}, R. and {Smadja}, G. and + {Thomas}, R.~C. and {Wang}, L. and {Weaver}, B.~A. and {Nearby Supernova Factory} + }, + title = "{Nearby Supernova Factory Observations of SN 2005gj: Another Type Ia Supernova in a Massive Circumstellar Envelope}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0606499}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Abundances, Stars: Winds, Outflows, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2005gj), Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 2002ic}, + year = 2006, + month = oct, + volume = 650, + pages = {510-527}, + doi = {10.1086/507020}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...650..510A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2001MNRAS.326...23B, + author = {{Bacon}, R. and {Copin}, Y. and {Monnet}, G. and {Miller}, B.~W. and + {Allington-Smith}, J.~R. and {Bureau}, M. and {Carollo}, C.~M. and + {Davies}, R.~L. and {Emsellem}, E. and {Kuntschner}, H. and + {Peletier}, R.~F. and {Verolme}, E.~K. and {de Zeeuw}, P.~T. + }, + title = "{The SAURON project - 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System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2015A&A...582A...3G, + author = {{Gall}, E.~E.~E. and {Polshaw}, J. and {Kotak}, R. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and + {Leibundgut}, B. and {Rabinowitz}, D. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Sullivan}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Baltay}, C. and {Feindt}, U. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Gonz{\'a}lez-Gait{\'a}n}, S. and {Inserra}, C. and {Maguire}, K. and + {McKinnon}, R. and {Valenti}, S. and {Young}, D.}, + title = "{A comparative study of Type II-P and II-L supernova rise times as exemplified by the case of LSQ13cuw}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1502.06034}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: LSQ13cuw, methods: analytical}, + year = 2015, + month = oct, + volume = 582, + eid = {A3}, + pages = {A3}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201525868}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...582A...3G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA 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+ +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...799..208S, + author = {{Sanders}, N.~E. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Gezari}, S. and + {Betancourt}, M. and {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Challis}, P. and {Drout}, M. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Lunnan}, R. and + {Marion}, G.~H. and {Margutti}, R. and {McKinnon}, R. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and + {Narayan}, G. and {Rest}, A. and {Kankare}, E. and {Mattila}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Draper}, P.~W. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Toward Characterization of the Type IIP Supernova Progenitor Population: A Statistical Sample of Light Curves from Pan-STARRS1}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1404.2004}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, surveys}, + year = 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+@ARTICLE{2011CQGra..28h5016W, + author = {{White}, D.~J. and {Daw}, E.~J. and {Dhillon}, V.~S.}, + title = "{A list of galaxies for gravitational wave searches}", + journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1103.0695}, + year = 2011, + month = apr, + volume = 28, + number = 8, + eid = {085016}, + pages = {085016}, + doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/28/8/085016}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CQGra..28h5016W}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2015arXiv150900055C, + author = {{Chen}, H.-Y. and {Holz}, D.~E.}, + title = "{Facilitating follow-up of LIGO-Virgo events using rapid sky localization}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1509.00055}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology}, + year = 2015, + month = aug, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150900055C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015CQGra..32m5012C, + author = {{Cornish}, N.~J. and {Littenberg}, T.~B.}, + title = "{Bayeswave: Bayesian inference for gravitational wave bursts and instrument glitches}", + journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1410.3835}, + primaryClass = "gr-qc", + year = 2015, + month = jul, + volume = 32, + number = 13, + eid = {135012}, + pages = {135012}, + doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/32/13/135012}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CQGra..32m5012C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...800...81E, + author = {{Essick}, R. and {Vitale}, S. and {Katsavounidis}, E. and {Vedovato}, G. and + {Klimenko}, S.}, + title = "{Localization of Short Duration Gravitational-wave Transients with the Early Advanced LIGO and Virgo Detectors}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1409.2435}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gravitational waves, methods: data analysis }, + year = 2015, + month = feb, + volume = 800, + eid = {81}, + pages = {81}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/81}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...800...81E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015ApJ...804..114B, + author = {{Berry}, C.~P.~L. and {Mandel}, I. and {Middleton}, H. and {Singer}, L.~P. and + {Urban}, A.~L. and {Vecchio}, A. and {Vitale}, S. and {Cannon}, K. and + {Farr}, B. and {Farr}, W.~M. and {Graff}, P.~B. and {Hanna}, C. and + {Haster}, C.-J. and {Mohapatra}, S. and {Pankow}, C. and {Price}, L.~R. and + {Sidery}, T. and {Veitch}, J.}, + title = "{Parameter Estimation for Binary Neutron-star Coalescences with Realistic Noise during the Advanced LIGO Era}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1411.6934}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {gravitational waves, methods: data analysis, stars: neutron, surveys}, + year = 2015, + month = may, + volume = 804, + eid = {114}, + pages = {114}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/114}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...804..114B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...784....8H, + author = {{Hanna}, C. and {Mandel}, I. and {Vousden}, W.}, + title = "{Utility of Galaxy Catalogs for Following up Gravitational Waves from Binary Neutron Star Mergers with Wide-field Telescopes}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1312.2077}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {binaries: close, catalogs, gravitational waves, stars: neutron}, + year = 2014, + month = mar, + volume = 784, + eid = {8}, + pages = {8}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/8}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...784....8H}, + adsnote = {Provided by 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author = {{Abadie}, J. and {Abbott}, B.~P. and {Abbott}, R. and {Abernathy}, M. and + {Accadia}, T. and {Acernese}, F. and {Adams}, C. and {Adhikari}, R. and + {Ajith}, P. and {Allen}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{TOPICAL REVIEW: Predictions for the rates of compact binary coalescences observable by ground-based gravitational-wave detectors}", + journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1003.2480}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2010, + month = sep, + volume = 27, + number = 17, + eid = {173001}, + pages = {173001}, + doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/27/17/173001}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q3001A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012arXiv1203.2674T, + author = {{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration} and {The Virgo Collaboration} + }, + title = "{Sensitivity Achieved by the LIGO and Virgo Gravitational Wave Detectors during LIGO's Sixth and Virgo's Second and Third Science 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for Optical Counterparts to Gravitational-wave Candidate Events}", + journal = {\apjs}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.2314}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {binaries: close, catalogs, gravitational waves, stars: neutron, surveys}, + year = 2014, + month = mar, + volume = 211, + eid = {7}, + pages = {7}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/7}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJS..211....7A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015A&A...579A..40S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Fraser}, M. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Young}, D.~R. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Knapic}, C. and {Molinaro}, M. and {Smareglia}, R. and + {Smith}, K.~W. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Yaron}, O. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and + {Ashall}, C. and {Balland}, C. and {Baltay}, C. and {Barbarino}, C. and + {Bauer}, F.~E. and {Baumont}, S. and {Bersier}, D. and 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SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015MNRAS.448.1206M, + author = {{McCrum}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Rest}, A. and {Smith}, K. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Rodney}, S.~A. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Chornock}, R. and + {Berger}, E. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Wright}, D. and + {Scolnic}, D. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Urata}, Y. and {Huang}, K. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Kankare}, E. and {Farrow}, D.~J. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Bresolin}, F. and + {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Draper}, P.~W. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Selecting superluminous supernovae in faint galaxies from the first year of the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1402.1631}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-10pm, supernovae: individual: PS1-10ahf}, + year = 2015, + month = apr, + volume = 448, + pages = {1206-1231}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv034}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.448.1206M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015MNRAS.449..451W, + author = {{Wright}, D.~E. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Smith}, K.~W. and {Miller}, P. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Rest}, A. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Huber}, M. and {Jedicke}, R. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Machine learning for transient discovery in Pan-STARRS1 difference imaging}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1501.05470}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {methods: data analysis, methods: statistical, techniques: image processing, surveys, supernovae: general}, + year = 2015, + month = may, + volume = 449, + pages = {451-466}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv292}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449..451W}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...756..158S, + author = {{Schlafly}, E.~F. and {Finkbeiner}, D.~P. and {Juri{\'c}}, M. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Grav}, T. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Martin}, N.~F. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Rix}, H.-W. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{Photometric Calibration of the First 1.5 Years of the Pan-STARRS1 Survey}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1201.2208}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {atmospheric effects, methods: data analysis, surveys, techniques: photometric}, + year = 2012, + month = sep, + volume = 756, + eid = {158}, + pages = {158}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/756/2/158}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...756..158S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2015Icar..261...34V, + author = {{Veres}, P. and {Jedicke}, R. and {Fitzsimmons}, A. and + {Denneau}, L. and {Granvik}, M. and {Bolin}, B. and {Chastel}, S. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results}", + journal = {\icarus}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1506.00762}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.EP", + keywords = {Near-Earth objects, Asteroids, Data reduction techniques}, + year = 2015, + month = nov, + volume = 261, + pages = {34-47}, + doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..261...34V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...750...99T, + author = {{Tonry}, J.~L. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Lykke}, K.~R. and {Doherty}, P. and + {Shivvers}, I.~S. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS1 Photometric System}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1203.0297}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {atmospheric effects, instrumentation: photometers, surveys, techniques: photometric}, + year = 2012, + month = may, + volume = 750, + eid = {99}, + pages = {99}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/99}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...750...99T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015A&A...580L..15P, + author = {{Polshaw}, J. and {Kotak}, R. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Kromer}, M. and {Gall}, E.~E.~E. and + {Hillebrandt}, W. and {Huber}, M. and {Smith}, K.~W. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. + }, + title = "{A supernova distance to the anchor galaxy NGC 4258}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1509.00507}, + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2014bc, distance scale, galaxies: individual: NGC 4258}, + year = 2015, + month = aug, + volume = 580, + eid = {L15}, + pages = {L15}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201526902}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...580L..15P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2009ApJS..182..543A, + author = {{Abazajian}, K.~N. and {Adelman-McCarthy}, J.~K. and {Ag{\"u}eros}, M.~A. and + {Allam}, S.~S. and {Allende Prieto}, C. and {An}, D. and {Anderson}, 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gravitational waves, stars: neutron, surveys}, + year = 2014, + month = mar, + volume = 211, + eid = {7}, + pages = {7}, + doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/7}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJS..211....7A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015IAUGA..2258303H, + author = {{Huber}, M. and {Carter Chambers}, K. and {Flewelling}, H. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Smith}, K. and {Wright}, D.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Survey for Transients (PSST)}", + journal = {IAU General Assembly}, + year = 2015, + month = aug, + volume = 22, + pages = {58303}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IAUGA..2258303H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...788...48S, + author = {{Shappee}, B.~J. and {Prieto}, J.~L. and {Grupe}, D. and {Kochanek}, C.~S. and + {Stanek}, K.~Z. and {De Rosa}, G. and {Mathur}, S. and {Zu}, Y. and + {Peterson}, B.~M. and {Pogge}, R.~W. and {Komossa}, S. and {Im}, 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formation, line: profiles}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + volume = 788, + eid = {48}, + pages = {48}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/48}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...788...48S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2013ATel.4872....1D, + author = {{Drake}, A.~J. and {Djorgovski}, S.~G. and {Mahabal}, A.~A. and + {Graham}, M.~J. and {Williams}, R. and {Prieto}, J. and {Catelan}, M. and + {Christensen}, E. and {Larson}, S.~M. and {Beshore}, E.~C.}, + title = "{Catalina Supernova Candidates}", + journal = {The Astronomer's Telegram}, + keywords = {Optical, Supernovae, Transient}, + year = 2013, + month = mar, + volume = 4872, + pages = {1}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ATel.4872....1D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2015PASA...32...10F, + author = {{Flesch}, E.~W.}, + title = "{The Half Million Quasars (HMQ) Catalogue}", + journal = {\pasa}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1502.06303}, + keywords = {catalogues, quasars: general}, + year = 2015, + month = mar, + volume = 32, + eid = {e010}, + pages = {10}, + doi = {10.1017/pasa.2015.10}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PASA...32...10F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015ATel.7153....1H, + author = {{Huber}, M. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Willman}, M. and + {Primak}, N. and {Schultz}, A. and {Gibson}, B. and {Magnier}, E. and + {Waters}, C. and {Tonry}, J. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Smith}, K.~W. and + {Wright}, D. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Jha}, S.~W. and + {Rest}, A. and {Scolnic}, D.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Survey for Transients (PSST) - first announcement and public release}", + journal = {The Astronomer's Telegram}, + keywords = {Supernovae}, + year = 2015, + month = feb, + volume = 7153, + pages = {1}, + adsurl = 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+@ARTICLE{2015MNRAS.446.1213K, + author = {{Kochanek}, C.~S.}, + title = "{Constraints on core collapse from the black hole mass function}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1407.5622}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: black holes - supernovae: general}, + year = 2015, + month = jan, + volume = 446, + pages = {1213-1222}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu2056}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.446.1213K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...785...28K, + author = {{Kochanek}, C.~S.}, + title = "{Failed Supernovae Explain the Compact Remnant Mass Function}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.0013}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: evolution, stars: massive, supergiants, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = apr, + volume = 785, + eid = {28}, + pages = {28}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/28}, + adsurl = 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adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006A&A...456..623E, + author = {{Evans}, C.~J. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Trundle}, C. + }, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0606405}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: emission-line, Be, binaries: spectroscopic, galaxies: Magellanic Clouds}, + year = 2006, + month = sep, + volume = 456, + pages = {623-638}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20064988}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26A...456..623E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005A&A...437..467E, + author = {{Evans}, C.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Lee}, J.-K. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Kaufer}, A. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Trundle}, C. and {Herrero}, A. and + 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Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001ApJ...547..765V, + author = {{Venn}, K.~A. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Kaufer}, A. and {McCarthy}, J.~K. and + {Przybilla}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Lemke}, M. and {Skillman}, E.~D. and + {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{First Stellar Abundances in NGC 6822 from VLT-UVES and Keck-HIRES Spectroscopy}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0009213}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Abundances, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 6822, Galaxies: Stellar Content, Stars: Abundances, Stars: Atmospheres, Stars: Supergiants}, + year = 2001, + month = feb, + volume = 547, + pages = {765-776}, + doi = {10.1086/318424}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...547..765V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...676L..29H, + author = {{Hunter}, I. and {Brott}, I. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Langer}, N. and + {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Trundle}, C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {de Koter}, A. and + {Evans}, C.~J. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I.}, + title = "{The VLT FLAMES Survey of Massive Stars: Rotation and Nitrogen Enrichment as the Key to Understanding Massive Star Evolution}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0711.2267}, + keywords = {Stars: Early-Type, Stars: Rotation, Stars: Abundances, Stars: Evolution, Galaxies: Magellanic Clouds}, + year = 2008, + month = mar, + volume = 676, + pages = {L29-L32}, + doi = {10.1086/587436}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...676L..29H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006A&A...456.1131M, + author = {{Mokiem}, M.~R. and {de Koter}, A. and {Evans}, C.~J. and {Puls}, J. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Crowther}, P.~A. and {Herrero}, A. and + {Langer}, N. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Najarro}, F. and {Villamariz}, M.~R. and + {Yoon}, S.-C.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: mass loss and rotation of early-type stars in the SMC}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0606403}, + keywords = {galaxies: Magellanic Clouds, stars: atmospheres, stars:, early-type, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: mass-loss, stars: rotation}, + year = 2006, + month = sep, + volume = 456, + pages = {1131-1151}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20064995}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26A...456.1131M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008A&A...479..541H, + author = {{Hunter}, I. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Sim{\'o}n-D{\'{\i}}az}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Evans}, C.~J.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: atmospheric parameters and rotational velocity distributions for B-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0711.2264}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: rotation, stars: evolution, galaxies: Magellanic Clouds}, + year = 2008, + month = feb, + volume = 479, + pages = {541-555}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20078511}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A%26A...479..541H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009Natur.459..674V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Manteca}, J. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Ferrando}, R. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Hentunen}, V.~P. and {Nissinen}, M. and {Pian}, E. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{A low-energy core-collapse supernova without a hydrogen envelope}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0901.2074}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + year = 2009, + month = jun, + volume = 459, + pages = {674-677}, + doi = {10.1038/nature08023}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..674V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008Sci...321.1185M, + author = {{Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Valenti}, S. and {Della Valle}, M. and + {Chincarini}, G. and {Sauer}, D.~N. and {Benetti}, S. and {Pian}, E. and + {Piran}, T. and {D'Elia}, V. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Margutti}, R. and + {Pasotti}, F. and {Antonelli}, L.~A. and {Bufano}, F. and {Campana}, S. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Covino}, S. and {D'Avanzo}, P. and {Fiore}, F. and + {Fugazza}, D. and {Gilmozzi}, R. and {Hunter}, D. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Maiorano}, E. and {Marziani}, P. and {Masetti}, N. and {Mirabel}, F. and + {Navasardyan}, H. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Palazzi}, E. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Panagia}, N. and {Pellizza}, L.~J. and {Sari}, R. and {Smartt}, S. and + {Tagliaferri}, G. and {Tanaka}, M. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Tominaga}, N. and {Trundle}, C. and {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{The Metamorphosis of Supernova SN 2008D/XRF 080109: A Link Between Supernovae and GRBs/Hypernovae}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0807.1695}, + year = 2008, + month = aug, + volume = 321, + pages = {1185-}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1158088}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321.1185M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014Natur.512..282M, + author = {{Mackey}, J. and {Mohamed}, S. and {Gvaramadze}, V.~V. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Langer}, N. and {Meyer}, D.~M.-A. and {Moriya}, T.~J. and {Neilson}, H.~R. + }, + title = "{Interacting supernovae from photoionization-confined shells around red supergiant stars}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1408.2522}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + year = 2014, + month = aug, + volume = 512, + pages = {282-285}, + doi = {10.1038/nature13522}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.512..282M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{1998ApJ...497L..13G, + author = {{Galama}, T.~J. and {Groot}, P.~J. and {van Paradijs}, J. and + 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I. Introduction and observational overview}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1103.5386}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {open clusters and associations: individual: 30 Doradus, stars: early-type, stars: fundamental parameters, binaries: spectroscopic, stars: Wolf-Rayet}, + year = 2011, + month = jun, + volume = 530, + eid = {A108}, + pages = {A108}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201116782}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A%26A...530A.108E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007A&A...465.1003M, + author = {{Mokiem}, M.~R. and {de Koter}, A. and {Evans}, C.~J. and {Puls}, J. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Crowther}, P.~A. and {Herrero}, A. and + {Langer}, N. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Najarro}, F. and {Villamariz}, M.~R. and + {Vink}, J.~S.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: wind properties and evolution of hot massive stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0704.1113}, + keywords = {galaxies: Magellanic Clouds, stars: atmospheres, stars:, early-type, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: mass loss, stars: evolution}, + year = 2007, + month = apr, + volume = 465, + pages = {1003-1019}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20066489}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A%26A...465.1003M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009MNRAS.394.2266P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Valenti}, S. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Navasardyan}, H. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Arkharov}, A.~A. and + {B{\"a}rnbantner}, O. and {Barwig}, H. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Birtwhistle}, P. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Del Principe}, M. and {di Mille}, F. and {di Rico}, G. and + {Dolci}, M. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Efimova}, N.~V. and {Fiedler}, M. and + {Harutyunyan}, A. and {H{\"o}flich}, P.~A. and {Kloehr}, W. and + {Larionov}, V.~M. and {Lorenzi}, V. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Napoleone}, N. and + {Ragni}, M. and {Richmond}, M. and {Ries}, C. and {Spiro}, S. and + {Temporin}, S. and {Turatto}, M. and {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{SN 2005cs in M51 - II. Complete evolution in the optical and the near-infrared}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0901.2075}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.GA", + keywords = {supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2005cs , supernovae: individual: SN 1997D , supernovae: individual: SN 1999br , supernovae: individual: SN 2003Z , galaxies: individual: M51}, + year = 2009, + month = apr, + volume = 394, + pages = {2266-2282}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14505.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.394.2266P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001MNRAS.325..907F, + author = {{Fassia}, A. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Chugai}, N. and {Geballe}, T.~R. and + {Lundqvist}, P. and {Walton}, N.~A. and {Pollacco}, D. and {Veilleux}, S. and + {Wright}, G.~S. and {Pettini}, M. and {Kerr}, T. and {Puchnarewicz}, E. and + {Puxley}, P. and {Irwin}, M. and {Packham}, C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Harmer}, D.}, + title = 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+ {Mobberley}, M. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Ries}, C. and {Stanishev}, V. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Trundle}, C. and {Turatto}, M. and {Volkov}, I.~M. + }, + title = "{SN 2008S: an electron-capture SN from a super-AGB progenitor?}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0903.1286}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: AGB and post-AGB , stars: general , supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2008S , supernovae: individual: NGC300 OT2008-1 , supernovae: individual: M85 OT2006-1}, + year = 2009, + month = sep, + volume = 398, + pages = {1041-1068}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15082.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.398.1041B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009A&A...496..841H, + author = {{Hunter}, I. and {Brott}, I. and {Langer}, N. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Howarth}, I.~D. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Trundle}, C. and {Evans}, C.~J. and {de Koter}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. + }, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: constraints on stellar evolution from the chemical compositions of rapidly rotating Galactic and Magellanic Cloud B-type stars}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0901.3853}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: rotation, stars: abundances, stars: evolution, galaxies: Magellanic Clouds}, + year = 2009, + month = mar, + volume = 496, + pages = {841-853}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200809925}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A%26A...496..841H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008A&A...483L..47T, + author = {{Trundle}, C. and {Kotak}, R. and {Vink}, J.~S. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. + }, + title = "{SN 2005 gj: evidence for LBV supernovae progenitors?}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0804.2392}, + keywords = {stars: supernovae: general, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2005gj, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2002ic, stars: circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, stars: winds, outflow}, + year = 2008, + month = jun, + volume = 483, + pages = {L47-L50}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:200809755}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A%26A...483L..47T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007A&A...471..625T, + author = {{Trundle}, C. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Hunter}, I. and {Evans}, C.~J. and + {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: evolution of surface N abundances and effective temperature scales in the Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0706.1731}, + keywords = {stars: atmospheres, stars: early-type, galaxies: abundances, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: evolution}, + year = 2007, + month = aug, + volume = 471, + pages = {625-643}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20077838}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A%26A...471..625T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005MNRAS.364L..33M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Danziger}, I.~J.}, + title = "{The progenitor of SN 2005cs in the Whirlpool Galaxy}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0507502}, + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2005cs, galaxies: individual: M51}, + year = 2005, + month = nov, + volume = 364, + pages = {L33-L37}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00100.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.364L..33M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005MNRAS.359..906H, + author = {{Hendry}, M.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Benetti}, S. and {Turatto}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Kotak}, R. and {Irwin}, M.~J. and {Jonker}, P.~G. and + {Vermaas}, L. and {Peletier}, R.~F. and {van Woerden}, H. and + {Exter}, K.~M. and {Pollacco}, D.~L. and {Leon}, S. and {Verley}, S. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Pignata}, G.}, + title = "{A study of the Type II-P supernova 2003gd in M74}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0501341}, + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2003gd, galaxies: distances and redshifts, galaxies: individual: M74}, + year = 2005, + month = may, + volume = 359, + pages = {906-926}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08928.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.359..906H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010A&A...512A..70Y, + author = {{Young}, D.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Benn}, C.~R. and {Bersier}, D. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Corradi}, R.~L.~M. and {Harutyunyan}, A.~H. and {Hrudkova}, M. and + {Hunter}, I. and {Mattila}, S. and {de Mooij}, E.~J.~W. and + {Navasardyan}, H. and {Snellen}, I.~A.~G. and {Tanvir}, N.~R. and + {Zampieri}, L.}, + title = "{Two type Ic supernovae in low-metallicity, dwarf galaxies: diversity of explosions}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0910.2248}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2007bg, galaxies: dwarf, Galaxy: abundances, supernovae: individual: SN 2007bi}, + year = 2010, + month = mar, + volume = 512, + eid = {A70}, + pages = {A70}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200913004}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A%26A...512A..70Y}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005A&A...443..911C, + author = {{Calchi Novati}, S. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and {An}, J. and + {Baillon}, P. and {Belokurov}, V. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and + {Evans}, N.~W. and {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and + {Hewett}, P. and {Jetzer}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stalin}, C.~S. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Weston}, M.~J. and + {Point-Agape Collaboration}}, + title = "{POINT-AGAPE pixel lensing survey of M 31. Evidence for a MACHO contribution to galactic halos}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0504188}, + keywords = {galaxies: halos, gravitational lensing, dark matter, galaxies: individual: M 31}, + year = 2005, + month = dec, + volume = 443, + pages = {911-928}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20053135}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A%26A...443..911C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000MNRAS.318.1093F, + author = {{Fassia}, A. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Vacca}, W.~D. and {Kemp}, S.~N. and + {Walton}, N.~A. and {Pollacco}, D.~L. and {Smartt}, S. and {Oscoz}, A. and + {Arag{\'o}n-Salamanca}, A. and {Bennett}, S. and {Hawarden}, T.~G. and + {Alonso}, A. and {Alcalde}, D. and {Pedrosa}, A. and {Telting}, J. and + {Arevalo}, M.~J. and {Deeg}, H.~J. and {Garz{\'o}n}, F. and + {G{\'o}mez-Rold{\'a}n}, A. and {G{\'o}mez}, G. and {Guti{\'e}rrez}, C. and + {L{\'o}pez}, S. and {Rozas}, M. and {Serra-Ricart}, M. and {Zapatero-Osorio}, M.~R. + }, + title = "{Optical and infrared photometry of the Type IIn SN 1998S: days 11-146}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0006080}, + keywords = {CIRCUMSTELLAR MATTER, SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 19985, INFRARED: STARS}, + year = 2000, + month = nov, + volume = 318, + pages = {1093-1104}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03797.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MNRAS.318.1093F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...724L..16P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Maguire}, K. and {Fraser}, M. and {Smith}, K. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Magill}, L. and {Valenti}, S. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Gezari}, S. and + {Bresolin}, F. and {Kudritzki}, R. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Rest}, A. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Mattila}, S. and {Kankare}, E. and {Huang}, K.~Y. and + {Urata}, Y. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Dombeck}, T. and + {Flewelling}, H. and {Grav}, T. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Luppino}, G.~A. and {Lupton}, R.~H. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Monet}, D.~G. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Onaka}, P.~M. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Rhoads}, P.~H. and {Siegmund}, W.~A. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and + {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waterson}, M.~F. and {Waters}, C. and {Wynn-Williams}, C.~G. + }, + title = "{Ultra-bright Optical Transients are Linked with Type Ic Supernovae}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1008.2674}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2010gx SCP-06F6 SN 2005ap}, + year = 2010, + month = nov, + volume = 724, + pages = {L16-L21}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/724/1/L16}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...724L..16P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...739L..37M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Fraser}, M. and {Ergon}, M. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and {Kotak}, R. and {Magill}, L. and + {Stephens}, A.~W. and {Valenti}, S.}, + title = "{The Yellow Supergiant Progenitor of the Type II Supernova 2011dh in M51}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.2565}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2011dh}, + year = 2011, + month = oct, + volume = 739, + eid = {L37}, + pages = {L37}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/L37}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...739L..37M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002A&A...395..519T, + author = {{Trundle}, C. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Urbaneja}, M.~A.}, + title = "{Chemical composition of B-type supergiants in the OB 8, OB 10, OB 48, OB 78 associations of M 31}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0207198}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M 31}, + year = 2002, + month = nov, + volume = 395, + pages = {519-533}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20021044}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A%26A...395..519T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012Natur.485..217G, + author = {{Gezari}, S. and {Chornock}, R. and {Rest}, A. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Forster}, K. and {Berger}, E. and {Challis}, P.~J. and {Neill}, J.~D. and + {Martin}, D.~C. and {Heckman}, T. and {Lawrence}, A. and {Norman}, C. and + {Narayan}, G. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Marion}, G.~H. and {Scolnic}, D. and + {Chomiuk}, L. and {Soderberg}, A. and {Smith}, K. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Riess}, A.~G. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Grav}, T. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A.}, + title = "{An ultraviolet-optical flare from the tidal disruption of a helium-rich stellar core}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1205.0252}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + year = 2012, + month = may, + volume = 485, + pages = {217-220}, + doi = {10.1038/nature10990}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485..217G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.391L...5C, + author = {{Crockett}, R.~M. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Fox}, D.~B. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Mattila}, S. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Stephens}, A.~W. and + {Danziger}, I.~J.}, + title = "{The type IIb SN 2008ax: the nature of the progenitor}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0805.1913}, + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2008ax, galaxies: individual: NGC 4490}, + year = 2008, + month = nov, + volume = 391, + pages = {L5-L9}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00540.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.391L...5C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007AJ....133...58K, + author = {{Krisciunas}, K. and {Garnavich}, P.~M. and {Stanishev}, V. and + {Suntzeff}, N.~B. and {Prieto}, J.~L. and {Espinoza}, J. and + {Gonzalez}, D. and {Salvo}, M.~E. and {Elias de la Rosa}, N. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P.}, + title = "{The Type Ia Supernova 2004S, a Clone of SN 2001el, and the Optimal Photometric Bands for Extinction Estimation}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0609268}, + keywords = {dust, extinction, supernovae: individual: SN 2004S: SN 2001el, techniques: photometric}, + year = 2007, + month = jan, + volume = 133, + pages = {58-72}, + doi = {10.1086/509126}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133...58K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003A&A...405...15P, + author = {{Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and {Baillon}, P. and {Bouquet}, A. and + {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and {Evans}, N.~W. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and {Le Du}, Y. and {Melchior}, A.-L. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valls-Gabaud}, D. and {POINT-AGAPE Collaboration} + }, + title = "{The POINT-AGAPE survey: 4 high signal-to-noise microlensing candidates detected towards M 31}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0207025}, + keywords = {galaxies: halo, galaxies: individual: M 31, gravitational lensing, dark matter}, + year = 2003, + month = jul, + volume = 405, + pages = {15-21}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20030519}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A%26A...405...15P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006A&A...457..265D, + author = {{Dufton}, P.~L. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Lee}, J.~K. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Hunter}, I. and {Evans}, C.~J. and {Herrero}, A. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Irwin}, M.~J. and {Kaufer}, A.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: stellar parameters and rotational velocities in NGC 3293, NGC 4755 and NGC 6611}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0606409}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: rotation, Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) and C-M diagrams, stars: evolution}, + year = 2006, + month = oct, + volume = 457, + pages = {265-280}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20065392}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26A...457..265D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..955P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Arbour}, R. and {Itagaki}, K. and {Kaspi}, S. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Griffith}, R. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Seymour}, N. and {Stern}, D. and {Wiethoff}, W. + }, + title = "{The Type IIb SN 2008ax: spectral and light curve evolution}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0805.1914}, + keywords = {supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2008ax , supernovae: individual: SN 1993J , galaxies: individual: NGC 4490}, + year = 2008, + month = sep, + volume = 389, + pages = {955-966}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13618.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..955P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001MNRAS.323...13K, + author = {{Kerins}, E. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Lastennet}, E. and {Le Du}, Y. and {Melchior}, A.-L. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Valls-Gabaud}, D.}, + title = "{Theory of pixel lensing towards M31 - I. The density contribution and mass of MACHOs}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0002256}, + keywords = {GRAVITATIONAL LENSING, GALAXY: HALO, GALAXIES: HALOES, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: M31, DARK MATTER}, + year = 2001, + month = may, + volume = 323, + pages = {13-33}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04088.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.323...13K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005MNRAS.360..288M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the progenitor sites of six nearby core-collapse supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0501323}, + keywords = {supernovae: individual: 1999an, supernovae: individual: 1999br, supernovae: individual: 1999ev, supernovae: individual: 2000ds, supernovae: individual: 2000ew, supernovae: individual: 2001B}, + year = 2005, + month = jun, + volume = 360, + pages = {288-304}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09034.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.360..288M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000Natur.403...57H, + author = {{Hodgkin}, S.~T. and {Oppenheimer}, B.~R. and {Hambly}, N.~C. and + {Jameson}, R.~F. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Steele}, I.~A.}, + title = "{Infrared spectrum of an extremely cool white-dwarf star}", + journal = {\nat}, + year = 2000, + month = jan, + volume = 403, + pages = {57-59}, + doi = {10.1038/47431}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.403...57H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005ApJ...635..311U, + author = {{Urbaneja}, M.~A. and {Herrero}, A. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Najarro}, F. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Puls}, J. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Corral}, L.~J.}, + title = "{Blue Luminous Stars in Nearby Galaxies: Quantitative Spectral Analysis of M33 B-Type Supergiant Stars}", + journal = {\apj}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Abundances, Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M33, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 598, Galaxies: ISM, Stars: Abundances, Stars: Atmospheres, Stars: Fundamental Parameters}, + year = 2005, + month = dec, + volume = 635, + pages = {311-335}, + doi = {10.1086/497528}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...635..311U}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003AJ....126.1326V, + author = {{Venn}, K.~A. and {Tolstoy}, E. and {Kaufer}, A. and {Skillman}, E.~D. and + {Clarkson}, S.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Kudritzki}, R.~P.}, + title = "{The Chemical Composition of Two Supergiants in the Dwarf Irregular Galaxy WLM}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0306160}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Abundances, Galaxies: Dwarf, Galaxies: Individual: Alphanumeric: WLM, Stars: Abundances}, + year = 2003, + month = sep, + volume = 126, + pages = {1326-1345}, + doi = {10.1086/377345}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....126.1326V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001ApJ...553L.137A, + author = {{Auri{\`e}re}, M. and {Baillon}, P. and {Bouquet}, A. and {Carr}, B.~J. and + {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and + {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P.~C. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and + {Lastennet}, E. and {Le Du}, Y. and {Melchior}, A.-L. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valls-Gabaud}, D.}, + title = "{A Short-Timescale Candidate Microlensing Event in the POINT-AGAPE Pixel Lensing Survey of M31}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0102080}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Halos, Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M31, Cosmology: Gravitational Lensing, Stars: Variables: Other}, + year = 2001, + month = jun, + volume = 553, + pages = {L137-L140}, + doi = {10.1086/320681}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...553L.137A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001A&A...367...86S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Venn}, K.~A. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Rolleston}, W.~R.~J. and {Keenan}, F.~P.}, + title = "{Chemical abundances in the inner 5 kpc of the Galactic disk}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0009157}, + keywords = {STARS: EARLY-TYPE, STARS: ATMOSPHERES, STARS: ABUNDANCES, GALAXY: EVOLUTION, GALAXY: CENTER, GALAXY: ABUNDANCES}, + year = 2001, + month = feb, + volume = 367, + pages = {86-105}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20000479}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A%26A...367...86S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...743..114C, + author = {{Chomiuk}, L. and {Chornock}, R. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and + {Berger}, E. and {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Narayan}, G. and {Rest}, A. and {Gezari}, S. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Riess}, A. and {Rodney}, S.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Czekala}, I. and {Flewelling}, H. and + {Forster}, K. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Martin}, D.~C. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Neill}, J.~D. and {Price}, P.~A. and + {Roth}, K.~C. and {Sanders}, N.~E. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS1 Discovery of Two Ultraluminous Supernovae at z {\ap} 0.9}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1107.3552}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: magnetars, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-10ky PS1-10awh}, + year = 2011, + month = dec, + volume = 743, + eid = {114}, + pages = {114}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/114}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...743..114C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...767....1P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Benitez}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brimacombe}, J. and {Bufano}, F. and {Cellier-Holzem}, F. and + {Costado}, M.~T. and {Cupani}, G. and {Curtis}, I. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Fynbo}, J.~P.~U. and {Hambsch}, F.-J. and {Hamuy}, M. and + {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Ivarson}, K.~M. and {Kankare}, E. and + {Martin}, J.~C. and {Kotak}, R. and {LaCluyze}, A.~P. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Maza}, J. and {McCrum}, M. and {Miluzio}, M. and + {Norgaard-Nielsen}, H.~U. and {Nysewander}, M.~C. and {Ochner}, P. and + {Pan}, Y.-C. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Reichart}, D.~E. and {Tan}, T.~G. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Wright}, D.}, + title = "{Interacting Supernovae and Supernova Impostors: SN 2009ip, is this the End?}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.3568}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 7259, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip SN 2000ch}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 767, + eid = {1}, + pages = {1}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/1}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...767....1P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001MNRAS.325..257S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Crowther}, P.~A. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and + {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Herrero}, A. and + {McCarthy}, J.~K. and {Bresolin}, F.}, + title = "{Chemical abundances and winds of massive stars in M31: a B-type supergiant and a WC star in OB 10}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0009156}, + keywords = {STARS: ABUNDANCES, STARS: EARLY-TYPE, STARS: WINDS, OUTFLOWS, STARS: WOLF-RAYET, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: M31}, + year = 2001, + month = jul, + volume = 325, + pages = {257-272}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04415.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.325..257S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.355..178P, + author = {{Pignata}, G. and {Patat}, F. and {Benetti}, S. and {Blinnikov}, S. and + {Hillebrandt}, W. and {Kotak}, R. and {Leibundgut}, B. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Meikle}, P. and {Qiu}, Y. and {Ruiz-Lapuente}, P. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Sorokina}, E. and {Stritzinger}, M. and {Stehle}, M. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Marsh}, T. and {Martin-Luis}, F. and {McBride}, N. and {Mendez}, J. and + {Morales-Rueda}, L. and {Narbutis}, D. and {Street}, R.}, + title = "{Photometric observations of the Type Ia SN 2002er in UGC 10743}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0408234}, + keywords = {techniques: photometric, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2002er}, + year = 2004, + month = nov, + volume = 355, + pages = {178-190}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08308.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.355..178P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009A&A...508..371H, + author = {{Hunter}, D.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Stanishev}, V. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Trundle}, C. and {Arkharov}, A.~A. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Di Carlo}, E. and {Dolci}, M. and + {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Frandsen}, S. and {Fynbo}, J.~U. and {Hopp}, U. and + {Larionov}, V.~M. and {Laursen}, P. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Navasardyan}, H. and + {Ries}, C. and {Riffeser}, A. and {Rizzi}, L. and {Tsvetkov}, D.~Y. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Wilke}, S.}, + title = "{Extensive optical and near-infrared observations of the nearby, narrow-lined type Ic SN 2007gr: days 5 to 415}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0909.3780}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2007gr, techniques: miscellaneous, supernovae: individual: SN 2002ap, supernovae: general}, + year = 2009, + month = dec, + volume = 508, + pages = {371-389}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200912896}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A%26A...508..371H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369..257D, + author = {{Darnley}, M.~J. and {Bode}, M.~F. and {Kerins}, E. and {Newsam}, A.~M. and + {An}, J. and {Baillon}, P. and {Belokurov}, V. and {Calchi Novati}, S. and + {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and {Evans}, N.~W. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Jetzer}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Weston}, M.}, + title = "{Classical novae from the POINT-AGAPE microlensing survey of M31 - II. Rate and statistical characteristics of the nova population}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0509493}, + keywords = {novae, cataclysmic variables: galaxies: individual: M31, cataclysmic variables, galaxies: individual: M31}, + year = 2006, + month = jun, + volume = 369, + pages = {257-271}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10297.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.369..257D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000MNRAS.319..223H, + author = {{Hernandez}, M. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Aparicio}, A. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Burleigh}, M.~R. and {Chrysostomou}, A.~C. and + {Fernandes}, A.~J.~L. and {Geballe}, T.~R. and {Hammersley}, P.~L. and + {Iglesias-Paramo}, J. and {James}, D.~J. and {James}, P.~A. and + {Kemp}, S.~N. and {Lister}, T.~A. and {Martinez-Delgado}, D. and + {Oscoz}, A. and {Pollacco}, D.~L. and {Rozas}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Sorensen}, P. and {Swaters}, R.~A. and {Telting}, J.~H. and + {Vacca}, W.~D. and {Walton}, N.~A. and {Zapatero-Osorio}, M.~R. + }, + title = "{An early-time infrared and optical study of the Type Ia Supernova 1998bu in M96}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0007022}, + keywords = {SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 1998BU}, + year = 2000, + month = nov, + volume = 319, + pages = {223-234}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03841.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MNRAS.319..223H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..141M, + author = {{Mattila}, S. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Lundqvist}, P. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Kotak}, R. and {Eldridge}, J. and {Smartt}, S. and + {Adamson}, A. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {Rizzi}, L. and {Stephens}, A.~W. and + {van Dyk}, S.~D.}, + title = "{Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - III. SN 2006jc: infrared echoes from new and old dust in the progenitor CSM}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0803.2145}, + keywords = {circumstellar matter , supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2006jc , dust, extinction}, + year = 2008, + month = sep, + volume = 389, + pages = {141-155}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13516.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..141M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003A&A...404..483C, + author = {{Crowther}, P.~A. and {Drissen}, L. and {Abbott}, J.~B. and + {Royer}, P. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{Gemini observations of Wolf-Rayet stars in the Local Group starburst galaxy IC 10}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0302475}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: IC 10, galaxies: starburst, stars: evolution, stars: Wolf-Rayet}, + year = 2003, + month = jun, + volume = 404, + pages = {483-493}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20030503}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A%26A...404..483C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010MNRAS.404..981M, + author = {{Maguire}, K. and {Di Carlo}, E. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Tsvetkov}, D.~Y. and {Benetti}, S. and {Spiro}, S. and {Arkharov}, A.~A. and + {Beccari}, G. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Cristallo}, S. and {Dolci}, M. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Fiaschi}, M. and + {Gorshanov}, D. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Larionov}, V.~M. and + {Navasardyan}, H. and {Pietrinferni}, A. and {Raimondo}, G. and + {di Rico}, G. and {Valenti}, S. and {Valentini}, G. and {Zampieri}, L. + }, + title = "{Optical and near-infrared coverage of SN 2004et: physical parameters and comparison with other Type IIP supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.3111}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2004et, supernovae: individual: 2004A, supernovae: individual: 2006my}, + year = 2010, + month = may, + volume = 404, + pages = {981-1004}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16332.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.404..981M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009Sci...324..486M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{The Disappearance of the Progenitors of Supernovae 1993J and 2003gd}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0903.3772}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + year = 2009, + month = apr, + volume = 324, + pages = {486-}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1170198}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..486M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..113P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Mattila}, S. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Della Valle}, M. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Agnoletto}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Branch}, D. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Dennefeld}, M. and + {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Hunter}, I. and {Kjeldsen}, H. and {Lipkin}, Y. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Milne}, P. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Pian}, E. and + {Shemmer}, O. and {Spiro}, S. and {Stathakis}, R.~A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Yamaoka}, H.}, + title = "{Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - I. Type Ibn (SN 2006jc-like) events}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0801.2277}, + keywords = {supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2006jc , supernovae: individual: SN 1999cq , supernovae: individual: SN 2000er , supernovae: individual: SN 2002ao , supernovae: individual: SN 1885A}, + year = 2008, + month = sep, + volume = 389, + pages = {113-130}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13602.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..113P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369.1303H, + author = {{Hendry}, M.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and + {Maund}, J.~R. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Moon}, D.-S. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Fox}, D.~W. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Benn}, C.~R. and {{\O}stensen}, R. + }, + title = "{SN 2004A: another Type II-P supernova with a red supergiant progenitor}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603670}, + keywords = {stars: evolution , supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: SN 2004A , galaxies: distances and redshifts , galaxies: individual: NGC 6207}, + year = 2006, + month = jul, + volume = 369, + pages = {1303-1320}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10374.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.369.1303H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003MNRAS.343..735S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and + {Tout}, C.~A. and {Kilkenny}, D. and {Benetti}, S.}, + title = "{Mass limits for the progenitor star of supernova 2001du and other Type II-P supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0301324}, + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 1999em, supernovae: individual: SN 1999gi, supernovae: individual: SN 2001du, galaxies: individual: NGC 1365}, + year = 2003, + month = aug, + volume = 343, + pages = {735-749}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06718.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.343..735S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...688L..91M, + author = {{Mattila}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and + {Maund}, J.~R. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Danziger}, I.~J.}, + title = "{VLT Detection of a Red Supergiant Progenitor of the Type II-P Supernova 2008bk}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0809.0206}, + keywords = {Stars: Evolution, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2008bk)}, + year = 2008, + month = dec, + volume = 688, + pages = {L91-L94}, + doi = {10.1086/595587}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...688L..91M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007Natur.449E...1P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Patat}, F. and {Spiro}, S. and {Turatto}, M. and {Valenti}, S. + }, + title = "{A very faint core-collapse supernova in M85}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0710.3753}, + year = 2007, + month = oct, + volume = 449, + pages = {1}, + doi = {10.1038/nature06282}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449E...1P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369..390M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Nelemans}, G. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Patat}, F. and + {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Faint supernovae and supernova impostors: case studies of SN 2002kg/NGC 2403-V37 and SN 2003gm}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603056}, + keywords = {stars: individual: NGC 2403-V37: supernovae: general: supernovae: individual: 2002kg: supernovae: individual: 2003gm: stars: variables: other: galaxies: individual: NGC 5334, stars: individual: NGC 2403-V37, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2002kg, supernovae: individual: 2003gm, stars: variables: other, galaxies: individual: NGC 5334}, + year = 2006, + month = jun, + volume = 369, + pages = {390-406}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10308.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.369..390M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJ...565.1089S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Tout}, C.~A. and {Hodgkin}, S.~T. + }, + title = "{The Nature of the Progenitor of the Type II-P Supernova 1999em}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0107499}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual (NGC 1637), Stars: Evolution, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1999em)}, + year = 2002, + month = feb, + volume = 565, + pages = {1089-1100}, + doi = {10.1086/324690}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...565.1089S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011MNRAS.417.1417F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Ergon}, M. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Agnoletto}, I. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Campillay}, A. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Maguire}, K. and {Mattila}, S. and + {Maund}, J.~R. and {Salgado}, F. and {Stephens}, A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{SN 2009md: another faint supernova from a low-mass progenitor}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1011.6558}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, stars: massive, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009md, galaxies: individual: NGC 3389}, + year = 2011, + month = oct, + volume = 417, + pages = {1417-1433}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19370.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.417.1417F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005A&A...436.1021K, + author = {{Kotak}, R. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Pignata}, G. and {Stehle}, M. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Benetti}, S. and {Hillebrandt}, W. and + {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Patat}, F. and {Turatto}, M. + }, + title = "{Spectroscopy of the type Ia supernova SN 2002er: Days -11 to +215}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0503339}, + keywords = {stars: supernovae: general, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2002er, methods: observational, techniques: spectroscopic}, + year = 2005, + month = jun, + volume = 436, + pages = {1021-1031}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20052756}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A%26A...436.1021K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1997ApJ...489L.157H, + author = {{Hambly}, N.~C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Hodgkin}, S.~T.}, + title = "{WD 0346+246: A Very Low Luminosity, Cool Degenerate in Taurus}", + journal = {\apjl}, + keywords = {GALAXY: STELLAR CONTENT, STARS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: WD 0346+246, STARS: WHITE DWARFS}, + year = 1997, + month = nov, + volume = 489, + pages = {L157}, + doi = {10.1086/316797}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...489L.157H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011MNRAS.416.3138V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Fraser}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and {Pignata}, G. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Inserra}, C. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ergon}, M. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brimacombe}, J. and {Bufano}, F. and {Crockett}, M. and {Eder}, I. and + {Fugazza}, D. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Ivarsen}, K.~M. and {Kankare}, E. and {Kotak}, R. and {Lacluyze}, A.~P. and + {Magill}, L. and {Mattila}, S. and {Maza}, J. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Reichart}, D.~E. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Zampieri}, L.}, + title = "{SN 2009jf: a slow-evolving stripped-envelope core-collapse supernova}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.3030}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009jf, galaxies: individual: NGC 7479}, + year = 2011, + month = oct, + volume = 416, + pages = {3138-3159}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19262.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.416.3138V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...783...10S, + author = {{Sukhbold}, T. and {Woosley}, S.~E.}, + title = "{The Compactness of Presupernova Stellar Cores}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1311.6546}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {convection, nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances, stars: evolution, stars: interiors, stars: neutron, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = mar, + volume = 783, + eid = {10}, + pages = {10}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/10}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...783...10S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436..774E, + author = {{Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and + {Crockett}, R.~M.}, + title = "{The death of massive stars - II. Observational constraints on the progenitors of Type Ibc supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1301.1975}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {binaries: general, stars: evolution, supergiants, supernovae: general, stars: Wolf-Rayet}, + year = 2013, + month = nov, + volume = 436, + pages = {774-795}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1612}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436..774E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...795...44R, + author = {{Rest}, A. and {Scolnic}, D. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Huber}, M.~E. and + {Chornock}, R. and {Narayan}, G. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Berger}, E. and + {Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Riess}, A. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Schlafly}, E. and {Rodney}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brout}, D. and {Challis}, P. and {Czekala}, I. and {Drout}, M. and + {Hudson}, M.~J. and {Kotak}, R. and {Leibler}, C. and {Lunnan}, R. and + {Marion}, G.~H. and {McCrum}, M. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Sanders}, N.~E. and {Smith}, K. and {Stafford}, E. and + {Thilker}, D. and {Valenti}, S. and {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and + {Zheng}, Z. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Denneau}, L. and + {Draper}, P.~W. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W. and {Wainscoat}, R. and + {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Cosmological Constraints from Measurements of Type{\nbsp}Ia Supernovae Discovered during the First 1.5{\nbsp}yr of the Pan-STARRS1 Survey}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.3828}, + keywords = {cosmological parameters, cosmology: observations, dark energy, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = nov, + volume = 795, + eid = {44}, + pages = {44}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/795/1/44}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...795...44R}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJ...572L.147S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Vreeswijk}, P.~M. and {Ramirez-Ruiz}, E. and + {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Ferguson}, A.~M.~N. and + {Knapen}, J.~H.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor of the Type Ic Supernova 2002ap}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0205241}, + keywords = {Stars: Binaries: Close, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 628, Gamma Rays: Bursts, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Wolf-Rayet, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 2002ap}, + year = 2002, + month = jun, + volume = 572, + pages = {L147-L151}, + doi = {10.1086/341747}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...572L.147S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...672L..99C, + author = {{Crockett}, R.~M. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Smoker}, J. and {Stephens}, A.~W. and + {Fynbo}, J. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and + {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{The Birth Place of the Type Ic Supernova 2007gr}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0709.2354}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1058, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (2007gr)}, + year = 2008, + month = jan, + volume = 672, + pages = {L99-L102}, + doi = {10.1086/527299}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...672L..99C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007MNRAS.381..835C, + author = {{Crockett}, R.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Maund}, J.~R. and + {Benn}, C.~R. and {Skillen}, I.}, + title = "{A deeper search for the progenitor of the Type Ic supernova 2002ap}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0706.0500}, + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2002ap, galaxies: individual: M 74}, + year = 2007, + month = oct, + volume = 381, + pages = {835-850}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12283.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.381..835C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.353..571D, + author = {{Darnley}, M.~J. and {Bode}, M.~F. and {Kerins}, E. and {Newsam}, A.~M. and + {An}, J. and {Baillon}, P. and {Novati}, S.~C. and {Carr}, B.~J. and + {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and + {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P. and {Jetzer}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and + {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stalin}, C.~S. and + {Tsapras}, Y.}, + title = "{Classical novae from the POINT-AGAPE microlensing survey of M31 - I. The nova catalogue}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0403447}, + keywords = {novae, cataclysmic variables, galaxies: individual: M31}, + year = 2004, + month = sep, + volume = 353, + pages = {571-588}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08087.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.353..571D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012A&A...537A.132B, + author = {{Botticella}, M.~T. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kennicutt}, R.~C. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Sereno}, M. and {Lee}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A comparison between star formation rate diagnostics and rate of core collapse supernovae within 11 Mpc}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1111.1692}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {stars: massive, supernovae: general, galaxies: star formation}, + year = 2012, + month = jan, + volume = 537, + eid = {A132}, + pages = {A132}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201117343}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A%26A...537A.132B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.351.1071A, + author = {{An}, J.~H. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Hewett}, P. and {Baillon}, P. and + {Calchi Novati}, S. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Jetzer}, P. and + {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stalin}, C.~S. and {Tsapras}, Y.}, + title = "{The POINT-AGAPE Survey - I. The variable stars in M31}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0401374}, + keywords = {gravitational lensing: Cepheids: stars: variables: others: galaxies: individual: M31: dark matter}, + year = 2004, + month = jul, + volume = 351, + pages = {1071-1098}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07853.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.351.1071A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001ApJ...556L..29S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Trentham}, N. and + {Tout}, C.~A. and {Frayn}, C.~M.}, + title = "{An Upper Mass Limit for the Progenitor of the Type II-P Supernova SN 1999gi}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0105453}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3184, Stars: Supernovae: General, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1999gi}, + year = 2001, + month = jul, + volume = 556, + pages = {L29-L32}, + doi = {10.1086/322868}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...556L..29S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...770..128I, + author = {{Inserra}, C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Wright}, D. and {Smith}, K. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Nicholl}, M. and {Bresolin}, F. and + {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Ergon}, M. and {Flewelling}, H. and + {Fynbo}, J.~P.~U. and {Geier}, S. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Huber}, M. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Magill}, L. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {McCrum}, M.~G. and {Metcalfe}, N. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Rest}, A. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C. and {Young}, D.}, + title = "{Super-luminous Type Ic Supernovae: Catching a Magnetar by the Tail}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1304.3320}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: magnetars, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PTF10hgi PTF11rks SN 2011ke SN 2011kf SN 2012il}, + year = 2013, + month = jun, + volume = 770, + eid = {128}, + pages = {128}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/128}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...770..128I}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010MNRAS.408..181P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Mattila}, S. and {Kankare}, E. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Duszanowicz}, G. and {Hermansson}, L. and + {Beckman}, J.~E. and {Bufano}, F. and {Fraser}, M. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Navasardyan}, H. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Vink}, J.~S. and {Wagner}, R.~M.}, + title = "{Multiple major outbursts from a restless luminous blue variable in NGC 3432}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1006.0504}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2000ch, galaxies: individual: NGC 3432}, + year = 2010, + month = oct, + volume = 408, + pages = {181-198}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17142.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.408..181P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1967AcA....17..355P, + author = {{Paczy{\'n}ski}, B.}, + title = "{Evolution of Close Binaries. 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The Evolution of Massive Binaries and the Formation of the Wolf-Rayet Stars}", + journal = {\actaa}, + year = 1967, + volume = 17, + pages = {355}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967AcA....17..355P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{1998A&ARv...9...63V, + author = {{Vanbeveren}, D. and {De Loore}, C. and {Van Rensbergen}, W. + }, + title = "{Massive stars}", + journal = {\aapr}, + keywords = {massive singlet stars, massive close binaries, massive star population synthesis}, + year = 1998, + volume = 9, + pages = {63-152}, + doi = {10.1007/s001590050015}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26ARv...9...63V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2007MNRAS.376L..52E, + author = {{Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Mattila}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J.}, + title = "{Ruling out a massive asymptotic giant-branch star as the progenitor of supernova 2005cs}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0701152}, + keywords = {stars: AGB and post-AGB, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2005cs, infrared: stars}, + year = 2007, + month = mar, + volume = 376, + pages = {L52-L56}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00285.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.376L..52E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002A&A...391..979S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and + {Rosales}, F. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and {Wright}, N.}, + title = "{The evolutionary status of Sher 25 - implications for blue supergiants and the progenitor of SN 1987A}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0205242}, + keywords = {stars: supernovae, stars: individual (Sher 25), stars: supergiants, stars: abundances, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2002, + month = sep, + volume = 391, + pages = {979-991}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20020829}, + adsurl = 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MUSICOS 1998 campaign}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0210230}, + keywords = {stars: binaries: spectroscopic, stars: late-type, stars: individual: HR 1099, stars: atmospheres, stars: activity, stars: flare}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 397, + pages = {285-303}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20021481}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A%26A...397..285G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.433.1312F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Inserra}, C. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Childress}, M. and {Mattila}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Turatto}, M. and {Yuan}, F. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and + {Bayliss}, D.~D.~R. and {Bauer}, F.~E. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {F{\"o}rster Bur{\'o}n}, F. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and + {Knapic}, C. and {Le Guillou}, L. and {Marchi}, S. and {Mazzali}, P. and + {Molinaro}, M. and {Moore}, J.~P. and {Reichart}, D. and {Smareglia}, R. and + {Smith}, K.~W. and {Sternberg}, A. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and + {Tucker}, B.~E. and {Valenti}, S. and {Yaron}, O. and {Young}, D.~R. and + {Zhou}, G.}, + title = "{SN 2009ip {\`a} la PESSTO: no evidence for core collapse yet}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.3453}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: massive, stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip}, + year = 2013, + month = aug, + volume = 433, + pages = {1312-1337}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt813}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.433.1312F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...759L..13F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Dall'Ora}, M. and {Inserra}, C. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Ciroi}, S. and {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Ergon}, M. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Ochner}, P. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Reilly}, E. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Stephens}, A. and {Taddia}, F. and {Valenti}, S. + }, + title = "{Red and Dead: The Progenitor of SN 2012aw in M95}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1204.1523}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M95, supergiants, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2012aw}, + year = 2012, + month = nov, + volume = 759, + eid = {L13}, + pages = {L13}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L13}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...759L..13F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004ApJ...601..845A, + author = {{An}, J.~H. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Kerins}, E. and {Baillon}, P. and + {Calchi Novati}, S. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Jetzer}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Valls-Gabaud}, D. and + {Point-Agape Collaboration}}, + title = "{The Anomaly in the Candidate Microlensing Event PA-99-N2}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0310457}, + keywords = {Cosmology: Dark Matter, Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M31, Cosmology: Gravitational Lensing}, + year = 2004, + month = feb, + volume = 601, + pages = {845-857}, + doi = {10.1086/380820}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...601..845A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013Natur.502..346N, + author = {{Nicholl}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and + {McCrum}, M. and {Kotak}, R. and {Fraser}, M. and {Wright}, D. and + {Chen}, T.-W. and {Smith}, K. and {Young}, D.~R. and {Sim}, S.~A. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Rest}, A. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Tomasella}, L. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Benetti}, S. and {Mattila}, S. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Kangas}, T. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Berger}, E. and {Chornock}, R. and {Narayan}, G. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Lunnan}, R. and {Soderberg}, A. and + {Sanders}, N. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and {Margutti}, R. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Morales-Garoffolo}, A. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Gezari}, S. and + {Urata}, Y. and {Rodney}, S. and {Riess}, A.~G. and {Scolnic}, D. and + {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K. and + {Flewelling}, H.~A. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Kaiser}, N. and + {Metcalfe}, N. and {Morgan}, J. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Slowly fading super-luminous supernovae that are not pair-instability explosions}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.4446}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + year = 2013, + month = oct, + volume = 502, + pages = {346-349}, + doi = {10.1038/nature12569}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.502..346N}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...714L.280F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor and Early Evolution of the Type II Supernova 2009kr}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.2071}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1832, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009kr}, + year = 2010, + month = may, + volume = 714, + pages = {L280-L284}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/714/2/L280}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...714L.280F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008A&A...479...49B, + author = {{Botticella}, M.~T. and {Riello}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Greggio}, L. and {Patat}, F. and {Valenti}, S. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Pignata}, G. and {Taubenberger}, S.}, + title = "{Supernova rates from the Southern inTermediate Redshift ESO Supernova Search (STRESS)}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0710.3763}, + keywords = {supernovae: general, stars: formation, Galaxy: evolution, Galaxy: stellar content}, + year = 2008, + month = feb, + volume = 479, + pages = {49-66}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20078011}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A%26A...479...49B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...717L..52B, + author = {{Botticella}, M.~T. and {Trundle}, C. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Rodney}, S. and {Rest}, A. and {Gezari}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Narayan}, G. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Young}, D. and + {Smith}, K. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Valenti}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Kankare}, E. and {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and + {Riess}, A. and {Neill}, J.~D. and {Forster}, K. and {Martin}, D.~C. and + {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Dombeck}, T. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Grav}, T. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and + {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R. and {Luppino}, G. and + {Lupton}, R.~H. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Monet}, D.~G. and + {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Onaka}, P.~M. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Rhoads}, P.~H. and + {Siegmund}, W.~A. and {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C. and {Waterson}, M.~F. and {Wynn-Williams}, C.~G. + }, + title = "{Supernova 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volume = 688, + pages = {1210-1234}, + doi = {10.1086/589761}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...688.1210B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.389..131P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and + {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Mondol}, P. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. and {Young}, D.~R. + }, + title = "{Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - II. 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first 100 days}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1305.1851}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh, galaxies: clusters: individual: M51}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 562, + eid = {A17}, + pages = {A17}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201321850}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A%26A...562A..17E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005MNRAS.357...17B, + author = {{Belokurov}, V. and {An}, J. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Hewett}, P. and + {Baillon}, P. and {Novati}, S.~C. and {Carr}, B.~J. and {Cr{\'e}z{\'e}}, M. and + {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and {Jetzer}, P. and + {Kaplan}, J. and {Kerins}, E. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stalin}, C.~S. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Weston}, M.~J. + }, + title = "{The POINT-AGAPE survey - II. 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II. Differential abundance analyses and distance determinations.}", + journal = {\aap}, + keywords = {STARS: ABUNDANCES, STARS: EARLY-TYPE, STARS: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS, GALAXY: ABUNDANCES}, + year = 1996, + month = jun, + volume = 310, + pages = {123-131}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A%26A...310..123S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011A&A...530A..45J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A. and {Fransson}, C. and {Kozma}, C.}, + title = "{The $^{44}$Ti-powered spectrum of SN 1987A}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1103.3653}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {line: formation, line: identification, radiative transfer, supernovae: individual: 1987A}, + year = 2011, + month = jun, + volume = 530, + eid = {A45}, + pages = {A45}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201015937}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A%26A...530A..45J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2012AAS...21943602J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A.}, + title = "{The Progenitor Masses Of Type IIP Supernovae From Late-time Spectral Modeling}", +booktitle = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts \#219}, + year = 2012, + series = {American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts}, + volume = 219, + month = jan, + pages = {#436.02}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AAS...21943602J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010MNRAS.408...87M, + author = {{Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Maurer}, I. and {Valenti}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Hunter}, D.}, + title = "{The Type Ic SN 2007gr: a census of the ejecta from late-time optical-infrared spectra}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1006.4259}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {radiation mechanisms: thermal, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2007gr}, + year = 2010, + month = oct, + volume = 408, + pages = {87-96}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17133.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.408...87M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010MNRAS.408..827D, + author = {{Dessart}, L. and {Livne}, E. and {Waldman}, R.}, + title = "{Determining the main-sequence mass of Type II supernova progenitors}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1006.2268}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {hydrodynamics, radiative transfer, stars: atmospheres, stars: supernovae: general}, + year = 2010, + month = oct, + volume = 408, + pages = {827-840}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17190.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.408..827D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014A&A...572L..11G, + author = {{Groh}, J.~H.}, + title = "{Early-time spectra of supernovae and their precursor winds. The luminous blue variable/yellow hypergiant progenitor of SN 2013cu}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1408.5397}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, stars: evolution, supernovae: individual: SN 2013cu, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2014, + month = dec, + volume = 572, + eid = {L11}, + pages = {L11}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201424852}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A%26A...572L..11G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2014Natur.509..471G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cao}, Y. and {Yaron}, O. and + {Tal}, D. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Horesh}, A. and {De Cia}, A. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Perley}, D. and {Vreeswijk}, P.~M. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a stellar wind}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1406.7640}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2014, + month = may, + volume = 509, + pages = {471-474}, + doi = {10.1038/nature13304}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.509..471G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@PHDTHESIS{2011PhDT........90J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A.}, + title = "{Spectral modeling of nebular-phase supernovae}", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, + school = {PhD Thesis, University of Stockholm, Faculty of Science, Department of Astronomy (2011).~Advisor: Claes Fransson}, + year = 2011, + month = December, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT........90J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012A&A...546A..28J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A. and {Fransson}, C. and {Maguire}, K. and {Smartt}, S. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Spyromilio}, J.}, + title = "{The progenitor mass of the Type IIP supernova SN 2004et from late-time spectral modeling}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1208.2183}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2004et, line: formation, line: identification, radiative transfer}, + year = 2012, + month = oct, + volume = 546, + eid = {A28}, + pages = {A28}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201219528}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A%26A...546A..28J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436..222M, + author = {{Maguire}, K. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Patat}, F. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Hook}, I.~M. and {Dhawan}, S. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Mazzali}, P. and + {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Pan}, Y.-C. and {Podsiadlowski}, P. and + {Simon}, J.~D. and {Sternberg}, A. and {Valenti}, S. and {Baltay}, C. and + {Bersier}, D. and {Blagorodnova}, N. and {Chen}, T.-W. and {Ellman}, N. and + {Feindt}, U. and {F{\"o}rster}, F. and {Fraser}, M. and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Gait{\'a}n}, S. and + {Graham}, M.~L. and {Guti{\'e}rrez}, C. and {Hachinger}, S. and + {Hadjiyska}, E. and {Inserra}, C. and {Knapic}, C. and {Laher}, R.~R. and + {Leloudas}, G. and {Margheim}, S. and {McKinnon}, R. and {Molinaro}, M. and + {Morrell}, N. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Rabinowitz}, D. and {Rest}, A. and + {Sand}, D. and {Smareglia}, R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Taddia}, F. and + {Walker}, E.~S. and {Walton}, N.~A. and {Young}, D.~R.}, + title = "{A statistical analysis of circumstellar material in Type Ia supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.3899}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, supernovae: general, distance scale}, + year = 2013, + month = nov, + volume = 436, + pages = {222-240}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1586}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436..222M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.434.1636T, + author = {{Tomasella}, L. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Fraser}, M. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and + {Dennefeld}, M. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Iijima}, T. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Kotak}, R. and {Magill}, L. and {Nascimbeni}, V. and + {Ochner}, P. and {Siviero}, A. and {Smartt}, S. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Stanishev}, V. and {Taddia}, F. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Valenti}, S. and {Wright}, D.~E. and {Zampieri}, L. + }, + title = "{Comparison of progenitor mass estimates for the Type IIP SN 2012A}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1305.5789}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012A, galaxies: individual: NGC 3239}, + year = 2013, + month = sep, + volume = 434, + pages = {1636-1657}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1130}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434.1636T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...771...97L, + author = {{Lunnan}, R. and {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and + {Drout}, M. and {Sanders}, N.~E. and {Challis}, P.~M. and {Czekala}, I. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Fong}, W. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Leibler}, C. and {Marion}, G.~H. and {McCrum}, M. and {Narayan}, G. and + {Rest}, A. and {Roth}, K.~C. and {Scolnic}, D. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Smith}, K. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Price}, P.~A.}, + title = "{PS1-10bzj: A Fast, Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernova in a Metal-poor Host Galaxy}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.1531}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-10bzj }, + year = 2013, + month = jul, + volume = 771, + eid = {97}, + pages = {97}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/771/2/97}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...771...97L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...770...29C, + author = {{Childress}, M.~J. and {Scalzo}, R.~A. and {Sim}, S.~A. and + {Tucker}, B.~E. and {Yuan}, F. and {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Contreras}, C. and {Hsiao}, E.~Y. and + {Phillips}, M. and {Morrell}, N. and {Jha}, S.~W. and {McCully}, C. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Bufano}, F. and {de Jaeger}, T. and {Forster}, F. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Le Guillou}, L. and {Maguire}, K. and {Maund}, J. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Smartt}, S. and {Spyromilio}, J. and {Sullivan}, M. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Valenti}, S. and {Bayliss}, D.~D.~R. and {Bessell}, M. and + {Blanc}, G.~A. and {Carson}, D.~J. and {Clubb}, K.~I. and {de Burgh-Day}, C. and + {Desjardins}, T.~D. and {Fang}, J.~J. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Gates}, E.~L. and + {Ho}, I.-T. and {Keller}, S. and {Kelly}, P.~L. and {Lidman}, C. and + {Loaring}, N.~S. and {Mould}, J.~R. and {Owers}, M. and {Ozbilgen}, S. and + {Pei}, L. and {Pickering}, T. and {Pracy}, M.~B. and {Rich}, J.~A. and + {Schaefer}, B.~E. and {Scott}, N. and {Stritzinger}, M. and + {Vogt}, F.~P.~A. and {Zhou}, G.}, + title = "{Spectroscopic Observations of SN 2012fr: A Luminous, Normal Type Ia Supernova with Early High-velocity Features and a Late Velocity Plateau}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.2926}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1365, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012fr}, + year = 2013, + month = jun, + volume = 770, + eid = {29}, + pages = {29}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/29}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...770...29C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...731L..11N, + author = {{Narayan}, G. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Berger}, E. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Chornock}, R. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Rest}, A. and {Scolnic}, D. and + {Smartt}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and + {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Flewelling}, H.~A. and {Gates}, G. and + {Grav}, T. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Riess}, A.~G. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and + {Sweeney}, W.~E. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C. and {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M.}, + title = "{Displaying the Heterogeneity of the SN 2002cx-like Subclass of Type Ia Supernovae with Observations of the Pan-STARRS-1 Discovered SN 2009ku}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1008.4353}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ku}, + year = 2011, + month = apr, + volume = 731, + eid = {L11}, + pages = {L11}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/731/1/L11}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...731L..11N}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011MNRAS.410.2767C, + author = {{Crockett}, R.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Stephens}, A.~W. and {Maund}, J.~R. and + {Mattila}, S.}, + title = "{On the nature of the progenitors of three Type II-P supernovae: 2004et, 2006my and 2006ov}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.3302}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2004et, supernovae: individual: SN 2006my, supernovae: individual: SN 2006ov}, + year = 2011, + month = feb, + volume = 410, + pages = {2767-2786}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17652.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.410.2767C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...749L..28V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Aramyan}, L. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Fraser}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Magill}, L. and {Magnier}, E. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Wright}, D.~E.}, + title = "{A Spectroscopically Normal Type Ic Supernova from a Very Massive Progenitor}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1203.1933}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011bm}, + year = 2012, + month = apr, + volume = 749, + eid = {L28}, + pages = {L28}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/749/2/L28}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...749L..28V}, + adsnote = 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{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Kotak}, R. and {McCrum}, M. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Valenti}, S.}, + title = "{The Host Galaxy of the Super-luminous SN 2010gx and Limits on Explosive $^{56}$Ni Production}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.4027}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2010gx}, + year = 2013, + month = feb, + volume = 763, + eid = {L28}, + pages = {L28}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L28}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...763L..28C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJ...580..213B, + author = {{Bresolin}, F. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Herrero}, A. and {Urbaneja}, M.~A. and + {Puls}, J.}, + title = "{Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Early B Supergiants in M31}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0207326}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M31, Galaxies: Stellar Content, Stars: Atmospheres, Stars: Early-Type, Stars: Winds, Outflows, Stars: Supergiants}, + year = 2002, + month = nov, + volume = 580, + pages = {213-224}, + doi = {10.1086/343072}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...580..213B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.437.1519V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Yuan}, F. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Bildsten}, L. and {Moore}, K. and {Stritzinger}, M. and + {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Benitez-Herrera}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and + {Gonzalez-Gaitan}, S. and {McCrum}, M.~G. and {Pignata}, G. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Le Guillou}, L. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Reichart}, D.~E. and {Scalzo}, R. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Yaron}, O. and + {Young}, D.~R.}, + title = "{PESSTO monitoring of SN 2012hn: further heterogeneity among faint Type I supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.2983}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2012hn}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {1519-1533}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1983}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437.1519V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.437..656M, + author = {{McCrum}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kotak}, R. and {Rest}, A. and + {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and {Rodney}, S.~A. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Smith}, K. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Milisavljevic}, D. and + {Nicholl}, M. and {Riess}, A.~G. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Wood-Vasey}, W.~M. and {Wright}, D. and {Young}, D.~R. and + {Drout}, M. and {Czekala}, I. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Draper}, P. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kaiser}, N. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Metcalfe}, N. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J.}, + title = "{The superluminous supernova PS1-11ap: bridging the gap between low and high redshift}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1310.4417}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-11ap}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {656-674}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1923}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437..656M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...720L..77G, + author = {{Gezari}, S. and {Rest}, A. and {Huber}, M.~E. and {Narayan}, G. and + {Forster}, K. and {Neill}, J.~D. and {Martin}, D.~C. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Chornock}, R. and {Berger}, E. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Kankare}, E. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Dombeck}, T. and {Grav}, T. and {Heasley}, J.~N. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Jedicke}, R. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R. and {Luppino}, G. and + {Lupton}, R.~H. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Monet}, D.~G. and + {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Onaka}, P.~M. and {Price}, P.~A. and {Rhoads}, P.~H. and + {Siegmund}, W.~A. and {Stubbs}, C.~W. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and + {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and {Waterson}, M.~F. and {Wynn-Williams}, C.~G. + }, + title = "{GALEX and Pan-STARRS1 Discovery of SN IIP 2010aq: The First Few Days After Shock Breakout in a Red Supergiant Star}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1007.4551}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2010aq, surveys, ultraviolet: general}, + year = 2010, + month = sep, 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+archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.6336}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {black hole physics, galaxies: star clusters: general, X-rays: binaries}, + year = 2011, + month = nov, + volume = 418, + pages = {L124-L128}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01157.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.418L.124V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.388.1127H, + author = {{Hendry}, M.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Skillman}, E.~D. and + {Evans}, C.~J. and {Trundle}, C. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Crowther}, P.~A. and + {Hunter}, I.}, + title = "{The blue supergiant Sher 25 and its intriguing hourglass nebula}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0803.4262}, + keywords = {stars: abundances , stars: evolution , stars: individual: Sher25 , supergiants}, + year = 2008, + month = aug, + volume = 388, + pages = {1127-1142}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13347.x}, + adsurl = 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2012ec}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1410.8394}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {line: formation, nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012ec}, + year = 2015, + month = apr, + volume = 448, + pages = {2482-2494}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv087}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.448.2482J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.439.3694J, + author = {{Jerkstrand}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Fransson}, C. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Taddia}, F. and {Kotak}, R.}, + title = "{The nebular spectra of SN 2012aw and constraints on stellar nucleosynthesis from oxygen emission lines}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1311.2031}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {radiative transfer - stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: indi-vidual: SN 2012aw}, + year = 2014, + month = apr, + volume = 439, + pages = {3694-3703}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu221}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.439.3694J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...779L...8F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Magee}, M. and {Kotak}, R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Smith}, K.~W. and {Polshaw}, J. and {Drake}, A.~J. and {Boles}, T. and + {Lee}, C.-H. and {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and + {Draper}, P.~W. and {Flewelling}, H. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and + {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and {Magnier}, E.~A. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C.}, + title = "{Detection of an Outburst One Year Prior to the Explosion of SN 2011ht}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1309.4695}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: UGC 5460, stars: massive, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2011ht}, + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 779, + eid = {L8}, + pages = {L8}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/779/1/L8}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...779L...8F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438L.101V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Sand}, D. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Graham}, M.~L. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Parrent}, J.~T. and {Tomasella}, L. and + {Ochner}, P. and {Fraser}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and {Yuan}, F. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Young}, D.}, + title = "{The first month of evolution of the slow-rising Type IIP SN 2013ej in M74$^{☠+}$}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1309.4269}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae individual: SN 2013ej}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 438, + pages = {L101-L105}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt171}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438L.101V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009A&A...504..211H, + author = {{Hunter}, I. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Sim{\'o}n-D{\'{\i}}az}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Evans}, C.~J.}, + title = "{Erratum: The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: atmospheric parameters and rotational velocity distributions for B-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds}", + journal = {\aap}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: rotation, stars: evolution, errata, addenda}, + year = 2009, + month = sep, + volume = 504, + pages = {211-211}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/20078511e}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A%26A...504..211H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2009Natur.462..624G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Chornock}, R. and + {Waldman}, R. and {Kasen}, D. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Beshore}, E.~C. and + {Drake}, A.~J. and {Thomas}, R.~C. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Poznanski}, D. and + {Miller}, A.~A. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Ellis}, R.~S. and {Deng}, J.}, + title = "{Supernova 2007bi as a pair-instability explosion}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1001.1156}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + year = 2009, + month = dec, + volume = 462, + pages = {624-627}, + doi = {10.1038/nature08579}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.462..624G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009Natur.458..865G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Leonard}, D.~C.}, + title = "{A massive hypergiant star as the progenitor of the supernova SN 2005gl}", + journal = {\nat}, + year = 2009, + month = apr, + volume = 458, + pages = {865-867}, + doi = {10.1038/nature07934}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.458..865G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012Sci...337..927G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A.}, + title = "{Luminous Supernovae}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1208.3217}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + year = 2012, + month = aug, + volume = 337, + pages = {927-}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1203601}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..927G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...736..159G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Green}, Y. and + {Yaron}, O. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Xu}, D. and {Sternberg}, A. and + {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and + {Walters}, R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Poznanski}, D. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Walker}, E.~S. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Maguire}, K. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Frail}, D.~A. and {Bersier}, D. and {James}, P.~A. and + {Akerlof}, C.~W. and {Yuan}, F. and {Law}, N. and {Fox}, D.~B. and + {Gehrels}, N.}, + title = "{Real-time Detection and Rapid Multiwavelength Follow-up Observations of a Highly Subluminous Type II-P Supernova from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.0400}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PTF10vdl}, + year = 2011, + month = aug, + volume = 736, + eid = {159}, + pages = {159}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/159}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...736..159G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014Natur.509..471G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cao}, Y. and {Yaron}, O. and + {Tal}, D. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Horesh}, A. and {De Cia}, A. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Perley}, D. and {Vreeswijk}, P.~M. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a stellar wind}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1406.7640}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2014, + month = may, + volume = 509, + pages = {471-474}, + doi = {10.1038/nature13304}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.509..471G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438..368T, + author = {{Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Pignata}, G. and {Paillas}, E. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Vink{\'o}}, J. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Botticella}, M.-T. and {Bufano}, F. and {Campillay}, A. and + {Cartier}, R. and {Ergon}, M. and {Folatelli}, G. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {F{\"o}rster}, F. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Hentunen}, V.-P. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Morrell}, N. and {Nissinen}, M. and + {Phillips}, M.~M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Stritzinger}, M. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Haislip}, J.~B. and {LaCluyze}, A.~P. and {Moore}, J.~P. and + {Reichart}, D.}, + title = "{SN 2009N: linking normal and subluminous Type II-P SNe}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1311.2525}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2008in, supernovae: individual: SN 2009N, galaxies: individual: NGC 4487}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 438, + pages = {368-387}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt2203}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438..368T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.437L..51I, + author = {{Inserra}, C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Scalzo}, R. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Childress}, M. and {Pignata}, G. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Benetti}, S. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Mazzali}, P. and {Smith}, K. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Yaron}, O. and {Young}, D. and {Reichart}, D.}, + title = "{SN2012ca: a stripped envelope core-collapse SN interacting with dense circumstellar medium}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1307.1791}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2012ca}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {L51-L55}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt138}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437L..51I}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.431L.102M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Fraser}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Barbarino}, C. and {Childress}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Reichart}, D. and {Schmidt}, B. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Valenti}, S. and {Yaron}, O. + }, + title = "{Supernova 2012ec: identification of the progenitor and early monitoring with PESSTO}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.0170}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2012ec, galaxies: individual: NGC 1084}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 431, + pages = {L102-L106}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt017}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.431L.102M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.444.2096N, + author = {{Nicholl}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Baltay}, C. and {Benetti}, S. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Feindt}, U. and {Fraser}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Hadjiyska}, E. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Kotak}, R. and {Lawrence}, A. and + {Leloudas}, G. and {Margheim}, S. and {Mattila}, S. and {McCrum}, M. and + {McKinnon}, R. and {Mead}, A. and {Nugent}, P. and {Rabinowitz}, D. and + {Rest}, A. and {Smith}, K.~W. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Sullivan}, M. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Valenti}, S. and {Walker}, E.~S. and {Young}, D.~R. + }, + title = "{Superluminous supernovae from PESSTO}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1405.1325}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: LSQ12dlf, supernovae: individual: SN 2013dg, supernovae: individual: SSS120810:231802-560926}, + year = 2014, + month = nov, + volume = 444, + pages = {2096-2113}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu1579}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.444.2096N}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...787..139D, + author = {{Dall'Ora}, M. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Pignata}, G. and {Bayless}, A.~J. and + {Pritchard}, T.~A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Benitez}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Hsiao}, E.~Y. and {Iijima}, T. and {Kankare}, E. and + {Kuin}, P. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Morales-Garoffolo}, A. and + {Morrell}, N. and {Munari}, U. and {Ochner}, P. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Patat}, F. and {Phillips}, M.~M. and {Reichart}, D. and {Roming}, P.~W.~A. and + {Siviero}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Taddia}, F. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Wright}, D.}, + title = "{The Type IIP Supernova 2012aw in M95: Hydrodynamical Modeling of the Photospheric Phase from Accurate Spectrophotometric Monitoring}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1404.1294}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M95, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2012aw}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + volume = 787, + eid = {139}, + pages = {139}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/139}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...787..139D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.439.2873S, + author = {{Spiro}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Turatto}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Agnoletto}, I. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Aoki}, T. and + {Brocato}, E. and {Corsini}, E.~M. and {Di Cianno}, A. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Hamuy}, M. and {Enya}, K. and {Fiaschi}, M. and {Folatelli}, G. and + {Desidera}, S. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Kawka}, A. and {Kobayashi}, Y. and {Leibundgut}, B. and {Minezaki}, T. and + {Navasardyan}, H. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Mattila}, S. and {Pietrinferni}, A. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Raimondo}, G. and {Salvo}, M. and {Schmidt}, B.~P. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Spyromilio}, J. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Valentini}, G. and {Vennes}, S. and {Yoshii}, Y.}, + title = "{Low luminosity Type II supernovae - II. Pointing towards moderate mass precursors}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1401.5426}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 1999gn, supernovae: individual: SN 2002gd, supernovae: individual: SN 2003Z, supernovae: individual: SN 2004eg, supernovae: individual: SN 2006ov}, + year = 2014, + month = apr, + volume = 439, + pages = {2873-2892}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu156}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.439.2873S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.439L..56F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Lawrence}, A. and {Bruce}, A. and {Valenti}, S. and {Yuan}, F. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Chen}, T.-W. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Young}, D.~R.}, + title = "{On the progenitor of the Type IIP SN 2013ej in M74}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1309.4268}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {stars: massive, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2013ej, galaxies: individual: NGC 628}, + year = 2014, + month = mar, + volume = 439, + pages = {L56-L60}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt179}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.439L..56F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003ApJ...598..993K, + author = {{Kerins}, E. and {An}, J. and {Evans}, N.~W. and {Baillon}, P. and + {Carr}, B.~J. and {Giraud-H{\'e}raud}, Y. and {Gould}, A. and + {Hewett}, P. and {Kaplan}, J. and {Paulin-Henriksson}, S. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Tsapras}, Y. and {Valls-Gabaud}, D. and + {Point-Agape Collaboration}}, + title = "{Theory of Pixel Lensing toward M31. 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The Velocity Anisotropy and Flattening of the MACHO Distribution}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0307284}, + keywords = {Cosmology: Dark Matter, Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M31, Cosmology: Gravitational Lensing}, + year = 2003, + month = dec, + volume = 598, + pages = {993-999}, + doi = {10.1086/379060}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...598..993K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1997ApJ...490..267R, + author = {{Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Keenan}, F.~P. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Sembach}, K.~R. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Venn}, K.~A.}, + title = "{LS 4825: A Blue Supergiant on the Far Side of the Galaxy}", + journal = {\apj}, + keywords = {Galaxy: Kinematics and Dynamics, ISM: Kinematics and Dynamics, Stars: Abundances, Stars: Early-Type, Stars: Individual: Alphanumeric: LS 4825}, + year = 1997, + month = nov, + volume = 490, + pages = {267-272}, + adsurl = 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{Chambers}, K.~C. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and + {Price}, P.~A.}, + title = "{PS1-12sk is a Peculiar Supernova from a He-rich Progenitor System in a Brightest Cluster Galaxy Environment}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.1818}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: star formation, stars: winds, outflows, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PS1-12sk}, + year = 2013, + month = may, + volume = 769, + eid = {39}, + pages = {39}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/769/1/39}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...769...39S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004A&A...419..713M, + author = {{Munn}, K.~E. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Hambly}, N.~C. + }, + title = "{A chemical analysis of five hot stars towards the Galactic centre}", + journal = {\aap}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: abundances, Galaxy: evolution, Galaxy: center, Galaxy: abundances}, + year = 2004, + month = may, + volume = 419, + pages = {713-723}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20034560}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A%26A...419..713M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.431.2050M, + author = {{Mattila}, S. and {Fraser}, M. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and + {Romero-Ca{\~n}izales}, C. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Stephens}, A. + }, + title = "{Supernovae and radio transients in M82}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.1889}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2004am, supernovae: individual: SN 2008iz, galaxies: individual: M82, galaxies: starburst, infrared: galaxies}, + year = 2013, + month = may, + volume = 431, + pages = {2050-2062}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt202}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.431.2050M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011A&A...536A..65D, + author = {{Dunstall}, P.~R. and {Brott}, I. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and + {Evans}, C.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Hunter}, I.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: Nitrogen abundances for Be-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.6661}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: emission-line, Be, stars: rotation}, + year = 2011, + month = dec, + volume = 536, + eid = {A65}, + pages = {A65}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201117588}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A%26A...536A..65D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009A&A...500.1013P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Martin}, R. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Mattila}, S. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Ryder}, S.~D. and + {Salvo}, M. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{SN 1999ga: a low-luminosity linear type II supernova?}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0904.0637}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: supernovae: general, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1999ga, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1979C, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1980K, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1990K}, + year = 2009, + month = jun, + volume = 500, + pages = {1013-1023}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200911993}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A%26A...500.1013P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.445...30S, + author = {{Scalzo}, R.~A. and {Childress}, M. and {Tucker}, B. and {Yuan}, F. and + {Schmidt}, B. and {Brown}, P.~J. and {Contreras}, C. and {Morrell}, N. and + {Hsiao}, E. and {Burns}, C. and 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Luminous Extragalactic Nova SN 2010U}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.1573}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {novae, cataclysmic variables, supernovae: individual: SN 2010U, X-rays: stars}, + year = 2013, + month = mar, + volume = 765, + eid = {57}, + pages = {57}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/765/1/57}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...765...57C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011A&A...530C...1H, + author = {{Hunter}, I. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Trundle}, C. and + {Sim{\'o}n-D{\'{\i}}az}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Ryans}, R.~S.~I. and + {Evans}, C.~J.}, + title = "{The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: atmospheric parameters and rotational velocity distributions for B-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds (Corrigendum)}", + journal = {\aap}, + keywords = {stars: early-type, stars: atmospheres, stars: rotation, stars: evolution, galaxies: Magellanic Clouds, errata, addenda}, + year = 2011, + month = jun, + volume = 530, + eid = {C1}, + pages = {C1}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201016073}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A%26A...530C...1H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.387.1344M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Nelemans}, G. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Patat}, F. and + {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Erratum: Faint supernovae and supernova impostors: case studies of SN 2002kg/NGC 2403-V37 and SN 2003gm}", + journal = {\mnras}, + keywords = {errata, addenda , stars: individual: NGC 2403-V37 , supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: 2002kg , supernovae: individual: 2003gm , stars: variables: other , galaxies: individual: NGC 5334}, + year = 2008, + month = jul, + volume = 387, + pages = {1344-1344}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13228.x}, + adsurl = 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{Yuan}, F. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Bildsten}, L. and {Moore}, K. and {Stritzinger}, M. and + {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Benitez-Herrera}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and + {Gonzalez-Gaitan}, S. and {McCrum}, M.~G. and {Pignata}, G. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Le Guillou}, L. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Reichart}, D.~E. and {Scalzo}, R. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Yaron}, O. and + {Young}, D.~R.}, + title = "{PESSTO monitoring of SN 2012hn: further heterogeneity among faint Type I supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.2983}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2012hn}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {1519-1533}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1983}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437.1519V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.437L..51I, + author = {{Inserra}, C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Scalzo}, R. and {Fraser}, M. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Childress}, M. and {Pignata}, G. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Benetti}, S. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Mazzali}, P. and {Smith}, K. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Yaron}, O. and {Young}, D. and {Reichart}, D.}, + title = "{SN2012ca: a stripped envelope core-collapse SN interacting with dense circumstellar medium}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1307.1791}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN2012ca}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 437, + pages = {L51-L55}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt138}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437L..51I}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438L.101V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Sand}, D. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Graham}, M.~L. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Parrent}, J.~T. and {Tomasella}, L. and + {Ochner}, P. and {Fraser}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and {Yuan}, F. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Young}, D.}, + title = "{The first month of evolution of the slow-rising Type IIP SN 2013ej in M74$^{☠+}$}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1309.4269}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae individual: SN 2013ej}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 438, + pages = {L101-L105}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt171}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438L.101V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.441..289B, + author = {{Benetti}, S. and {Nicholl}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Drake}, A.~J. and + 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Supernovae, Transient}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 5850, + pages = {1}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ATel.5850....1S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...788...48S, + author = {{Shappee}, B.~J. and {Prieto}, J.~L. and {Grupe}, D. and {Kochanek}, C.~S. and + {Stanek}, K.~Z. and {De Rosa}, G. and {Mathur}, S. and {Zu}, Y. and + {Peterson}, B.~M. and {Pogge}, R.~W. and {Komossa}, S. and {Im}, M. and + {Jencson}, J. and {Holoien}, T.~W.-S. and {Basu}, U. and {Beacom}, J.~F. and + {Szczygie{\l}}, D.~M. and {Brimacombe}, J. and {Adams}, S. and + {Campillay}, A. and {Choi}, C. and {Contreras}, C. and {Dietrich}, M. and + {Dubberley}, M. and {Elphick}, M. and {Foale}, S. and {Giustini}, M. and + {Gonzalez}, C. and {Hawkins}, E. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Hsiao}, E.~Y. and + {Koss}, M. and {Leighly}, K.~M. and {Morrell}, N. and {Mudd}, D. and + {Mullins}, D. and {Nugent}, J.~M. and {Parrent}, J. and {Phillips}, 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Pasadena: Carnegie Observatories,}, + year = 2004, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004mmu..sympE...2H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003MNRAS.338..711Z, + author = {{Zampieri}, L. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Turatto}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Hamuy}, M. + }, + title = "{Peculiar, low-luminosity Type II supernovae: low-energy explosions in massive progenitors?}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 338, + pages = {711-716}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003MNRAS.338..711Z&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003MNRAS.343..735S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and + {Tout}, C.~A. and {Kilkenny}, D. and {Benetti}, S.}, + title = "{Mass limits for the progenitor star of supernova 2001du and other Type II-P supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2003, + month = aug, + volume = 343, + pages = {735-749}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003MNRAS.343..735S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2003fthp.conf....3H, + author = {{Heger}, A. and {Woosley}, S.~E. and {Fryer}, C.~L. and {Langer}, N. + }, + title = "{Massive Star Evolution Through the Ages}", + booktitle = {From Twilight to Highlight: The Physics of Supernovae}, + year = 2003, + pages = {3-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003fthp.conf....3H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003ApJ...591..288H, + author = {{Heger}, A. and {Fryer}, C.~L. and {Woosley}, S.~E. and {Langer}, N. and + {Hartmann}, D.~H.}, + title = "{How Massive Single Stars End Their Life}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2003, + month = 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with host galaxy star formation}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1205.3802}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, galaxies: statistics}, + year = 2012, + month = aug, + volume = 424, + pages = {1372-1391}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21324.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.1372A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.390.1527A, + author = {{Anderson}, J.~P. and {James}, P.~A.}, + title = "{Constraints on core-collapse supernova progenitors from correlations with H{$\alpha$} emission}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0809.0236}, + keywords = {supernovae: general , galaxies: general , galaxies: statistics}, + year = 2008, + month = nov, + volume = 390, + pages = {1527-1538}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13843.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.390.1527A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2009MNRAS.399..559A, + author = {{Anderson}, J.~P. and {James}, P.~A.}, + title = "{Comparisons of the radial distributions of core-collapse supernovae with those of young and old stellar populations}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0907.0034}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general , galaxies: general , galaxies: statistics}, + year = 2009, + month = oct, + volume = 399, + pages = {559-573}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15324.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.399..559A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.349.1344A, + author = {{Altavilla}, G. and {Fiorentino}, G. and {Marconi}, M. and {Musella}, I. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Barbon}, R. and {Benetti}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Riello}, M. and {Turatto}, M. and {Zampieri}, L.}, + title = "{Cepheid calibration of Type Ia supernovae and the Hubble constant}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2004, + month = apr, + volume = 349, + pages = {1344-1352}, + adsurl = {http://esoads.eso.org/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.349.1344A&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001MNRAS.322..361B, + author = {{Benetti}, S. and {Turatto}, M. and {Balberg}, S. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Shapiro}, S.~L. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Nakamura}, T. and + {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Patat}, F.}, + title = "{The fading of supernova 1997D}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2001, + month = apr, + volume = 322, + pages = {361-368}, + adsurl = {http://esoads.eso.org/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001MNRAS.322..361B&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PhDT, + author = {{Pastorello}, A.}, + title = "{H-Rich Core-Collapse Supernovae}", + journal = {Ph.D.~Thesis}, + year = 2003 +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.347...74P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Benetti}, S. and {Branch}, D. and {Baron}, E. and + {Patat}, F. and {Armstrong}, M. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Salvo}, M. and + {Riello}, M.}, + title = "{Low-luminosity Type II supernovae: spectroscopic and photometric evolution}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2004, + month = jan, + volume = 347, + pages = {74-94}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.347...74P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{astro-ph/0310056, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Ramina}, M. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Navasardyan}, H. and {Salvo}, M. and {Fiaschi}, M.}, + title = "{Observational Properties of Type II Plateau Supernovae, astro-ph/0310056}", + booktitle = {Supernovae (10 Years of 1993J), Marcaide J. M., Weiler K. W., eds, Proc. IAU Coll. 192, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, in press,}, + year = 2004, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004mmu..sympE...2H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003IAUC.8152....4S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Hendry}, M.~A. and {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Supernova 2003gd in M74}", + journal = {IAUC 8152}, + year = 2003, + month = jun, + volume = 8152, + pages = {4-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003IAUC.8152....4S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003MNRAS.340..191R, + author = {{Rigon}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and {Benetti}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Aretxaga}, I. and {Vega}, O. and {Chavushyan}, V. and + {Patat}, F. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and {Salvo}, M.}, + title = "{SN 1999E: another piece in the supernova-gamma-ray burst connection puzzle}", + journal = {\mnras}, + year = 2003, + month = mar, + volume = 340, + pages = {191-196}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003MNRAS.340..191R&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006PASP..118....2H, + author = {{Hamuy}, M. and {Folatelli}, G. and {Morrell}, N.~I. and {Phillips}, M.~M. and + {Suntzeff}, N.~B. and {Persson}, S.~E. and {Roth}, M. and {Gonzalez}, S. and + {Krzeminski}, W. and {Contreras}, C. and {Freedman}, W.~L. and + {Murphy}, D.~C. and {Madore}, B.~F. and {Wyatt}, P. and {Maza}, J. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W. and {Pinto}, P.~A.}, + title = "{The Carnegie Supernova Project: The Low-Redshift Survey}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0512039}, + year = 2006, + month = jan, + volume = 118, + pages = {2-20}, + doi = {10.1086/500228}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006PASP..118....2H&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2000MmSAI..71..573T, + author = {{Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{The ESO-Asiago SN monitoring program and archive}", + journal = {Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana}, + year = 2000, + volume = 71, + pages = {573-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000MmSAI..71..573T&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006AJ....131.2233R, + author = {{Richardson}, D. and {Branch}, D. and {Baron}, E.}, + title = "{Absolute Magnitude Distributions and Light Curves of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0601136}, + year = 2006, + month = apr, + volume = 131, + pages = {2233-2244}, + doi = {10.1086/500578}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006AJ....131.2233R&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002AJ....123..745R, + author = {{Richardson}, D. and {Branch}, D. and {Casebeer}, D. and {Millard}, J. and + {Thomas}, R.~C. and {Baron}, E.}, + title = "{A Comparative Study of the Absolute Magnitude Distributions of Supernovae}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0112051}, + year = 2002, + month = feb, + volume = 123, + pages = {745-752}, + doi = {10.1086/338318}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002AJ....123..745R&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999IAUC.7152....2F, + author = {{Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W.~D. and {Modjaz}, M.}, + title = "{Supernova 1999bw in NGC 3198}", + journal = {\iauc}, + year = 1999, + month = apr, + volume = 7152, + pages = {2-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1999IAUC.7152....2F&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004PASP..116..326W, + author = {{Wagner}, R.~M. and {Vrba}, F.~J. and {Henden}, A.~A. and {Canzian}, B. and + {Luginbuhl}, C.~B. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Chornock}, R. and + {Li}, W. and {Coil}, A.~L. and {Schmidt}, G.~D. and {Smith}, P.~S. and + {Starrfield}, S. and {Klose}, S. and {Tich{\'a}}, J. and {Tich{\'y}}, M. and + {Gorosabel}, J. and {Hudec}, R. and {Simon}, V.}, + title = "{Discovery and Evolution of an Unusual Luminous Variable Star in NGC 3432 (Supernova 2000ch)}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0404035}, + year = 2004, + month = apr, + volume = 116, + pages = {326-336}, + doi = {10.1086/382997}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004PASP..116..326W&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2001IAUC.7597....3M, + author = {{Matheson}, T. and {Calkins}, M.}, + title = "{Supernova 2001ac in NGC 3504}", + journal = {\iauc}, + year = 2001, + month = mar, + volume = 7597, + pages = {3-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001IAUC.7597....3M&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369..390M, + author = {{Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Nelemans}, G. and {Bresolin}, F. and {Patat}, F. and + {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Benn}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Faint supernovae and supernova impostors: case studies of SN 2002kg/NGC 2403-V37 and SN 2003gm}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603056}, + year = 2006, + month = jun, + volume = 369, + pages = {390-406}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10308.x}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006MNRAS.369..390M&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005A&A...429L..13W, + author = {{Weis}, K. and {Bomans}, D.~J.}, + title = "{SN 2002kg - the brightening of LBV V37 in NGC 2403}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0411504}, + year = 2005, + month = jan, + volume = 429, + pages = {L13-L16}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:200400105}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005A%26A...429L..13W&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006astro.ph..3025V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Humphreys}, R.~M. and + {Chornock}, R. and {Foley}, R. and {Challis}, P.~M.}, + title = "{The Type IIn Supernova 2002kg: The Outburst of a Luminous Blue Variable Star in NGC 2403}", + journal = {ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603025}, + year = 2006, + month = mar, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006astro.ph..3025V&db_key=PRE}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005PASP..117..773V, + author = {{van den Bergh}, S. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{Classifications of the Host Galaxies of Supernovae, Set III}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0504668}, + year = 2005, + month = aug, + volume = 117, + pages = {773-782}, + doi = {10.1086/431435}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005PASP..117..773V&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2004AAS...205.7102L, + author = {{Leaman}, J. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.}, + title = "{The Supernova Rate in Nearby Galaxies Determined from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search}", +booktitle = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society}, + year = 2004, + month = dec, + pages = {1464-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004AAS...205.7102L&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999A&A...351..459C, + author = {{Cappellaro}, E. and {Evans}, R. and {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{A new determination of supernova rates and a comparison with indicators for galactic star formation}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9904225}, + year = 1999, + month = nov, + volume = 351, + pages = {459-466}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1999A%26A...351..459C&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1985ApJS...57...91E, + author = {{Elias}, J.~H. and {Frogel}, J.~A. and {Humphreys}, R.~M.}, + title = "{M supergiants in the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds Colors, spectral types, and luminosities}", + journal = {\apjs}, + year = 1985, + month = jan, + volume = 57, + pages = {91-131}, + doi = {10.1086/190997}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1985ApJS...57...91E&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006AJ....131.2245Z, + author = {{Zhang}, T. and {Wang}, X. and {Li}, W. and {Zhou}, X. and {Ma}, J. and + {Jiang}, Z. and {Chen}, J.}, + title = "{Optical Photometry of the Type II-P Supernova 2004dj in NGC 2403}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0512526}, + year = 2006, + month = apr, + volume = 131, + pages = {2245-2255}, + doi = {10.1086/500972}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006AJ....131.2245Z&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005ApJ...626L..89W, + author = {{Wang}, X. and {Yang}, Y. and {Zhang}, T. and {Ma}, J. and {Zhou}, X. and + {Li}, W. and {Lou}, Y.-Q. and {Li}, Z.}, + title = "{The Progenitor of SN 2004dj in a Star Cluster}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0505305}, + year = 2005, + month = jun, + volume = 626, + pages = {L89-L92}, + doi = {10.1086/431903}, + adsurl = 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"astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {ISM: atoms, dust, extinction}, + year = 2012, + month = oct, + volume = 426, + pages = {1465-1474}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21796.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.426.1465P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011MNRAS.415L..81P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D. and {Ganeshalingam}, M. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{Low-resolution sodium D absorption is a bad proxy for extinction}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.1469}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, dust, extinction, galaxies: ISM}, + year = 2011, + month = jul, + volume = 415, + pages = {L81-L84}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01084.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.415L..81P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007AJ....134.1285P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D. and {Maoz}, D. and {Gal-Yam}, A.}, + title = "{Bayesian Single-Epoch Photometric Classification of Supernovae}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0610129}, + keywords = {supernovae: general}, + year = 2007, + month = sep, + volume = 134, + pages = {1285-1297}, + doi = {10.1086/520956}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....134.1285P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010Sci...327...58P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D. and {Chornock}, R. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Ganeshalingam}, M. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Li}, W. and {Thomas}, R.~C.}, + title = "{An Unusually Fast-Evolving Supernova}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0911.2699}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + year = 2010, + month = jan, + volume = 327, + pages = {58-}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1181709}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...327...58P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...721..956P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{Type II-P Supernovae as Standard Candles: The SDSS-II Sample Revisited}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1008.0877}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {cosmology: observations, distance scale, supernovae: general}, + year = 2010, + month = oct, + volume = 721, + pages = {956-959}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/721/2/956}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...721..956P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436.3224P, + author = {{Poznanski}, D.}, + title = "{An emerging coherent picture of red supergiant supernova explosions}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1304.4967}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general}, + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 436, + pages = {3224-3230}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1800}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436.3224P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115....1V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{A Search for Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors in Hubble Space Telescope Images}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0210347}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 115, + pages = {1-20}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003PASP..115....1V&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2004MNRAS.347...74P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Zampieri}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Benetti}, S. and {Branch}, D. and {Baron}, E. and + {Patat}, F. and {Armstrong}, M. and {Altavilla}, G. and {Salvo}, M. and + {Riello}, M.}, + title = "{Low-luminosity Type II supernovae: spectroscopic and photometric evolution}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0309264}, + year = 2004, + month = jan, + volume = 347, + pages = {74-94}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07173.x}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.347...74P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2001ApJ...556L..29S, + author = {{Smartt}, S.~J. and {Gilmore}, G.~F. and {Trentham}, N. and + {Tout}, C.~A. and {Frayn}, C.~M.}, + title = "{An Upper Mass Limit for the Progenitor of the Type II-P Supernova SN 1999gi}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0105453}, + year = 2001, + month = jul, + volume = 556, + pages = {L29-L32}, + doi = {10.1086/322868}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001ApJ...556L..29S&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@PHDTHESIS{2006PhDTHendry, + author = 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candles}", + journal = {Astronomische Nachrichten}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1403.7233}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {catalogs, supernovae: general, surveys}, + year = 2014, + month = oct, + volume = 335, + pages = {841}, + doi = {10.1002/asna.201412068}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AN....335..841T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2006MNRAS.369.1303H, + author = {{Hendry}, M.~A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and + {Maund}, J.~R. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Moon}, D.-S. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Fox}, D.~W. and {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Benn}, C.~R. and {{\O}stensen}, R. + }, + title = "{SN 2004A: another Type II-P supernova with a red supergiant progenitor}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0603670}, + year = 2006, + month = jul, + volume = 369, + pages = {1303-1320}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10374.x}, + adsurl = 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{S{\'a}rneczky}, K. and + {Szab{\'o}}, G.~M. and {et al.} + }, + title = "{The first year of SN 2004dj in NGC 2403}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0604230}, + year = 2006, + month = jul, + volume = 369, + pages = {1780-1796}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10416.x}, + adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006MNRAS.369.1780V&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438..368T, + author = {{Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Pignata}, G. and {Paillas}, E. and {Zampieri}, L. and + {Anderson}, J.~P. and {Vink{\'o}}, J. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Botticella}, M.-T. and {Bufano}, F. and {Campillay}, A. and + {Cartier}, R. and {Ergon}, M. and {Folatelli}, G. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {F{\"o}rster}, F. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Hentunen}, V.-P. and + {Kankare}, E. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Morrell}, N. and {Nissinen}, M. and + {Phillips}, 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= {galaxies: abundances, hydrodynamics, nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances, stars: abundances, supernovae: general}, + year = 2013, + month = jun, + volume = 769, + eid = {99}, + pages = {99}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/769/2/99}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...769...99B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2006astro.ph.12541B, + author = {{Brown}, P.~J. and {Dessart}, L. and {Holland}, S.~T. and {Immler}, S. and + {Landsman}, W. and {Blondin}, S. and {Blustin}, A.~J. and {Breeveld}, A. and + {Dewangan}, G.~C. and {Gehrels}, N. and {Hutchins}, R.~B. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Mason}, K.~O. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Milne}, P. and {Modjaz}, M. and {Roming}, P.~W.~A.}, + title = "{Early Ultraviolet, Optical and X-Ray Observations of the Type IIP SN 2005cs in M51 with Swift}", + journal = {ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0612541}, + year = 2006, + month = dec, + adsurl = 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Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006CBET..636....1B, + author = {{Blondin}, S. and {Masters}, K. and {Modjaz}, M. and {Kirshner}, R. and + {Challis}, P. and {Matheson}, T. and {Berlind}, P.}, + title = "{2006fp in UGC 12182}", + journal = {Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams, 636, 1 (2006).~ Edited by Green, D.~W.~E.}, + year = 2006, + month = sep, + volume = 636, + pages = {1-+}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2006CBET..636....1B&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{dJ, + author = {{de Jager}, C. and {Nieuwenhuijzen}, H. and {van der Hucht}, K.~A. + }, + title = "{Mass loss rates in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram}", + journal = {\aaps}, + year = 1988, + month = feb, + volume = 72, + pages = {259-289}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988A%26AS...72..259D&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA 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pages = {L59-L63}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07591.x}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.348L..59P&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJS..142...35K, + author = {{Kewley}, L.~J. and {Dopita}, M.~A.}, + title = "{Using Strong Lines to Estimate Abundances in Extragalactic H II Regions and Starburst Galaxies}", + journal = {\apjs}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0206495}, + year = 2002, + month = sep, + volume = 142, + pages = {35-52}, + doi = {10.1086/341326}, + adsurl = {http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002ApJS..142...35K&db_key=AST}, + adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002A&A...395..519T, + author = {{Trundle}, C. and {Dufton}, P.~L. and {Lennon}, D.~J. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Urbaneja}, M.~A.}, + title = "{Chemical composition of B-type supergiants in the OB 8, OB 10, OB 48, OB 78 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+ month = sep, + volume = 666, + pages = {1024-1047}, + doi = {10.1086/520494}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...666.1024B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2005AJ....130..873J, + author = {{Jester}, S. and {Schneider}, D.~P. and {Richards}, G.~T. and + {Green}, R.~F. and {Schmidt}, M. and {Hall}, P.~B. and {Strauss}, M.~A. and + {Vanden Berk}, D.~E. and {Stoughton}, C. and {Gunn}, J.~E. and + {Brinkmann}, J. and {Kent}, S.~M. and {Smith}, J.~A. and {Tucker}, D.~L. and + {Yanny}, B.}, + title = "{The Sloan Digital Sky Survey View of the Palomar-Green Bright Quasar Survey}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {arXiv:astro-ph/0506022}, + keywords = {Catalogs, Galaxies: Active, Galaxies: Quasars: Emission Lines, Galaxies: Quasars: General, Surveys}, + year = 2005, + month = sep, + volume = 130, + pages = {873-895}, + doi = {10.1086/432466}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....130..873J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009PASP..121.1395L, + author = {{Law}, N.~M. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Dekany}, R.~G. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and + {Quimby}, R.~M. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Surace}, J. and {Grillmair}, C.~C. and + {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Bildsten}, L. and + {Brown}, T. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Ciardi}, D. and {Croner}, E. and + {Djorgovski}, S.~G. and {van Eyken}, J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Fox}, D.~B. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Hale}, D. and {Hamam}, N. and + {Helou}, G. and {Henning}, J. and {Howell}, D.~A. and {Jacobsen}, J. and + {Laher}, R. and {Mattingly}, S. and {McKenna}, D. and {Pickles}, A. and + {Poznanski}, D. and {Rahmer}, G. and {Rau}, A. and {Rosing}, W. and + {Shara}, M. and {Smith}, R. and {Starr}, D. and {Sullivan}, M. and + {Velur}, V. and {Walters}, R. and {Zolkower}, J.}, + title = "{The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = 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SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009ApJ...696..870D, + author = {{Drake}, A.~J. and {Djorgovski}, S.~G. and {Mahabal}, A. and + {Beshore}, E. and {Larson}, S. and {Graham}, M.~J. and {Williams}, R. and + {Christensen}, E. and {Catelan}, M. and {Boattini}, A. and {Gibbs}, A. and + {Hill}, R. and {Kowalski}, R.}, + title = "{First Results from the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0809.1394}, + keywords = {BL Lacertae objects: general, galaxies: general, novae, cataclysmic variables, stars: flare, supernovae: general}, + year = 2009, + month = may, + volume = 696, + pages = {870-884}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/870}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...696..870D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{2013PASP..125..683B, + author = {{Baltay}, C. and {Rabinowitz}, D. and {Hadjiyska}, E. and {Walker}, E.~S. and + {Nugent}, P. and {Coppi}, P. and 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{Heasley}, J.~N. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Kudritzki}, R.-P. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {Morgan}, J.~S. and {Price}, P.~A.}, + title = "{An ultraviolet-optical flare from the tidal disruption of a helium-rich stellar core}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1205.0252}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + year = 2012, + month = may, + volume = 485, + pages = {217-220}, + doi = {10.1038/nature10990}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485..217G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...723L..89U, + author = {{Utrobin}, V.~P. and {Chugai}, N.~N. and {Botticella}, M.~T. + }, + title = "{Type IIP Supernova 2009kf: Explosion Driven by Black Hole Accretion?}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1009.4425}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {gamma-ray burst: general, stars: evolution, stars: massive, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009kf}, + year = 2010, + month = nov, + volume = 723, + pages = {L89-L92}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/723/1/L89}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...723L..89U}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{1996AJ....111.1286C, + author = {{Clocchiatti}, A. and {Benetti}, S. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. and + {Wren}, W. and {Boisseau}, J. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Patat}, F. and {Swartz}, D.~A. and {Harkness}, R.~P. and {Brotherton}, M.~S. and + {Wills}, B. and {Hemenway}, P. and {Cornell}, M. and {Frueh}, M. and + {Kaiser}, M.~B.}, + title = "{A Study of SN 1992H in NGC 5377}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 1992H, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 5377}, + year = 1996, + month = mar, + volume = 111, + pages = {1286}, + doi = {10.1086/117874}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.1286C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2009PASP..121.1334R, + author = 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and {Stanek}, K.~Z. and + {Beacom}, J.~F. and {Martini}, P. and {Pasquali}, A. and {Bechtold}, J. + }, + title = "{Discovery of the Dust-Enshrouded Progenitor of SN 2008S with Spitzer}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0803.0324}, + keywords = {Stars: Evolution, Stars: Supernovae: General, Surveys}, + year = 2008, + month = jul, + volume = 681, + pages = {L9-L12}, + doi = {10.1086/589922}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...681L...9P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...770..128I, + author = {{Inserra}, C. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Wright}, D. and {Smith}, K. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Nicholl}, M. and {Bresolin}, F. and + {Kudritzki}, R.~P. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Burgett}, W.~S. and {Chambers}, K.~C. and {Ergon}, M. and {Flewelling}, H. and + {Fynbo}, J.~P.~U. and {Geier}, S. and {Hodapp}, K.~W. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Huber}, M. and {Kaiser}, N. and {Leloudas}, G. and {Magill}, L. and + {Magnier}, E.~A. and {McCrum}, M.~G. and {Metcalfe}, N. and + {Price}, P.~A. and {Rest}, A. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Sweeney}, W. and + {Taddia}, F. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Wainscoat}, R.~J. and + {Waters}, C. and {Young}, D.}, + title = "{Super-luminous Type Ic Supernovae: Catching a Magnetar by the Tail}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1304.3320}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: magnetars, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PTF10hgi PTF11rks SN 2011ke SN 2011kf SN 2012il}, + year = 2013, + month = jun, + volume = 770, + eid = {128}, + pages = {128}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/128}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...770..128I}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012Msngr.150...34B, + author = {{Baltay}, C. and {Rabinowitz}, D. and {Hadjiyska}, E. and {Schwamb}, M. and + {Ellman}, N. and {Zinn}, R. and {Tourtellotte}, S. and {McKinnon}, R. and + {Horowitz}, B. and {Effron}, A. and {Nugent}, P.}, + title = "{The La Silla-QUEST Southern Hemisphere Variability Survey}", + journal = {The Messenger}, + year = 2012, + month = dec, + volume = 150, + pages = {34-38}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Msngr.150...34B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...718L.127D, + author = {{Drake}, A.~J. and {Djorgovski}, S.~G. and {Prieto}, J.~L. and + {Mahabal}, A. and {Balam}, D. and {Williams}, R. and {Graham}, M.~J. and + {Catelan}, M. and {Beshore}, E. and {Larson}, S.}, + title = "{Discovery of the Extremely Energetic Supernova 2008fz}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0908.1990}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {galaxies: stellar content, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2008fz}, + year = 2010, + month = aug, + volume = 718, + pages = {L127-L131}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/718/2/L127}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...718L.127D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...686..467S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Chornock}, R. and {Li}, W. and {Ganeshalingam}, M. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Barth}, A.~J.}, + title = "{SN 2006tf: Precursor Eruptions and the Optically Thick Regime of Extremely Luminous Type IIn Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0804.0042}, + keywords = {Stars: Circumstellar Matter, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Winds, Outflows, supernovae: individual (SN 2006tf)}, + year = 2008, + month = oct, + volume = 686, + pages = {467-484}, + doi = {10.1086/591021}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...686..467S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + 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{Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Laher}, R. and {Murray}, D. and {Nakar}, E. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Shaviv}, N.~J. and {Surace}, J. and + {Yaron}, O.}, + title = "{An outburst from a massive star 40days before a supernova explosion}", + journal = {\nat}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.2633}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2013, + month = feb, + volume = 494, + pages = {65-67}, + doi = {10.1038/nature11877}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.494...65O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...789..104O, + author = {{Ofek}, E.~O. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Shaviv}, N.~J. and {Steinbok}, A. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Tal}, D. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and + {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Laher}, R. and {Surace}, J. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Yaron}, O.}, + title = "{Precursors Prior to Type IIn Supernova Explosions are Common: Precursor Rates, Properties, and Correlations}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1401.5468}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2010mc PTF 10bjb SN 2011ht PTF 10weh PTF 12cxj SN 2009ip}, + year = 2014, + month = jul, + volume = 789, + eid = {104}, + pages = {104}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/104}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...789..104O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...767....1P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Benitez}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brimacombe}, J. and {Bufano}, F. and {Cellier-Holzem}, F. and + {Costado}, M.~T. and {Cupani}, G. and {Curtis}, I. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + 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adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1996AJ....111..327R, + author = {{Richmond}, M.~W. and {van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Ho}, W. and {Peng}, C.~Y. and + {Paik}, Y. and {Treffers}, R.~R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Bustamante-Donas}, J. and {Moeller}, M. and {Pawellek}, C. and + {Tartara}, H. and {Spence}, M.}, + title = "{UBVRI Photometry of the Type IC SN 1994I in M51}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: M51, SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 1994I}, + year = 1996, + month = jan, + volume = 111, + pages = {327}, + doi = {10.1086/117785}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111..327R}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002AJ....124.2490L, + author = {{Leonard}, D.~C. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W. and {Matheson}, T. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Chornock}, R. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Berlind}, P. and {Calkins}, M.~L. and {Challis}, P.~M. and + {Garnavich}, P.~M. and 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the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJ...665..608M, + author = {{Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Mattila}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {Kotak}, R. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Farrah}, D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {H{\"o}flich}, P. and + {Lundqvist}, P. and {Pozzo}, M. and {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A Spitzer Space Telescope Study of SN 2003gd: Still No Direct Evidence that Core-Collapse Supernovae are Major Dust Factories}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0705.1439}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2003gd)}, + year = 2007, + month = aug, + volume = 665, + pages = {608-617}, + doi = {10.1086/519733}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...665..608M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1995AJ....109.2121R, + author = {{Richmond}, M.~W. and {Treffers}, R.~R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Paik}, Y. and {Peng}, C. and {Marschall}, L.~A. and + {Laaksonen}, B.~D. and {Macintosh}, B. and {McLean}, I.~S.}, + title = "{UBVRI Photometry of the Type IA SN 1994D in NGC 4526}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 1994D}, + year = 1995, + month = may, + volume = 109, + pages = {2121}, + doi = {10.1086/117437}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AJ....109.2121R}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009ApJ...704..306K, + author = {{Kotak}, R. and {Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Farrah}, D. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Fransson}, C. and {Lundqvist}, P. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Fesen}, R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Andersen}, A.~C. and + {H{\"o}flich}, P.~A. and {Pozzo}, M. and {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{Dust and The Type II-Plateau Supernova 2004et}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0904.3737}, + 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of the Type II-Plateau Supernova 2003gd in M74}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0307226}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2003gd), supernovae: individual (1999em), Stars: Evolution, Stars: Variables: Other, galaxies: individual (M74), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 628}, + year = 2003, + month = nov, + volume = 115, + pages = {1289-1295}, + doi = {10.1086/378308}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115.1289V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002ApJ...572..350F, + author = {{Fransson}, C. and {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Leibundgut}, B. and {Barth}, A.~J. and {Fesen}, R.~A. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Leonard}, D.~C. and {Li}, W. and {Lundqvist}, P. and {Sollerman}, J. and + {Van Dyk}, S.~D.}, + title = "{Optical and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of SN 1995N: Evidence for Strong Circumstellar Interaction}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0108149}, + keywords = {Stars: Circumstellar Matter, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1995N}, + year = 2002, + month = jun, + volume = 572, + pages = {350-370}, + doi = {10.1086/340295}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...572..350F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJ...661.1013L, + author = {{Li}, W. and {Wang}, X. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{On the Progenitors of Two Type II-P Supernovae in the Virgo Cluster}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0701049}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2006my), supernovae: individual (SN 2006ov), Stars: Evolution}, + year = 2007, + month = jun, + volume = 661, + pages = {1013-1024}, + doi = {10.1086/516747}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...661.1013L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2005PASP..117..121L, + author = {{Li}, W. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. + }, + title = "{On the Progenitor of the Type II Supernova 2004et in NGC 6946}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0412487}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2004et), Stars: Evolution, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 6946}, + year = 2005, + month = feb, + volume = 117, + pages = {121-131}, + doi = {10.1086/428278}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PASP..117..121L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012MNRAS.425.1789S, + author = {{Silverman}, J.~M. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Ganeshalingam}, M. and {Barth}, A.~J. and {Chornock}, R. and + {Griffith}, C.~V. and {Kong}, J.~J. and {Lee}, N. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Matheson}, T. and {Miller}, E.~G. and {Steele}, T.~N. and {Barris}, B.~J. and + {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Cobb}, B.~E. and {Coil}, A.~L. and {Desroches}, L.-B. and + {Gates}, E.~L. and {Ho}, L.~C. and {Jha}, S.~W. and {Kandrashoff}, M.~T. and + {Li}, W. and {Mandel}, K.~S. and {Modjaz}, M. and {Moore}, M.~R. and + {Mostardi}, R.~E. and {Papenkova}, M.~S. and {Park}, S. and + {Perley}, D.~A. and {Poznanski}, D. and {Reuter}, C.~A. and + {Scala}, J. and {Serduke}, F.~J.~D. and {Shields}, J.~C. and + {Swift}, B.~J. and {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Wang}, X. and + {Wong}, D.~S.}, + title = "{Berkeley Supernova Ia Program - I. Observations, data reduction and spectroscopic sample of 582 low-redshift Type Ia supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1202.2128}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {surveys, supernovae: general, cosmology: observations, distance scale }, + year = 2012, + month = sep, + volume = 425, + pages = {1789-1818}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21270.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.425.1789S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115....1V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{A Search for Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors in Hubble Space Telescope Images}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0210347}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1998Y), supernovae: individual (SN 1999an), supernovae: individual (SN 1999br), supernovae: individual (SN 1999bu), supernovae: individual (SN 1999bx), supernovae: individual (SN 1999dn), supernovae: individual (SN 1999ec), supernovae: individual (SN 1999ev), supernovae: individual (SN 2000C), supernovae: individual (SN 2000ds), supernovae: individual (SN 2000ew), supernovae: individual (SN 2001B), supernovae: individual (SN 2001ai), supernovae: individual (SN 2001ci), supernovae: individual (SN 2001du), supernovae: individual (SN 2001is), Stars: Evolution, Stars: Variables: Other, galaxies: individual (IC 755), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1961, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1365, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 2207, galaxies: individual (NGC 2415), galaxies: individual (NGC 2768), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3079, galaxies: individual (NGC 3786), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3810, galaxies: individual (NGC 4274), galaxies: individual (NGC 4900), galaxies: individual (NGC 5278), galaxies: individual (NGC 6745), Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 7714, galaxies: individual (IC 391)}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 115, + pages = {1-20}, + doi = {10.1086/345748}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115....1V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2007ApJ...656..372G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and {Fox}, D.~B. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Moon}, D.-S. and {Sand}, D.~J. and {Caltech Core Collapse Program} and + {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Aldering}, G. and {Copin}, Y. + }, + title = "{On the Progenitor of SN 2005gl and the Nature of Type IIn Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0608029}, + keywords = {Instrumentation: Adaptive Optics, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2005gl)}, + year = 2007, + month = feb, + volume = 656, + pages = {372-381}, + doi = {10.1086/510523}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...656..372G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{1999AJ....118.2331V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Peng}, C.~Y. and {Barth}, A.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. + }, + title = "{The Environments of Supernovae in Post-Refurbishment Hubble Space Telescope Images}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9907252}, + keywords = {STARS: COLOR-MAGNITUDE DIAGRAMS, GALAXIES: GENERAL, GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS, GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT, STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL}, + year = 1999, + month = nov, + volume = 118, + pages = {2331-2349}, + doi = {10.1086/301068}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....118.2331V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...757...69U, + author = {{Ugliano}, M. and {Janka}, H.-T. and {Marek}, A. and {Arcones}, A. + }, + title = "{Progenitor-explosion Connection and Remnant Birth Masses for Neutrino-driven Supernovae of Iron-core Progenitors}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1205.3657}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, stars: massive, stars: neutron, supernovae: general}, + year = 2012, + month = sep, + volume = 757, + eid = {69}, + pages = {69}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/69}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...757...69U}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...730...70O, + author = {{O'Connor}, E. and {Ott}, C.~D.}, + title = "{Black Hole Formation in Failing Core-Collapse Supernovae}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1010.5550}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {black hole physics, equation of state, hydrodynamics, neutrinos, stars: evolution, stars: mass-loss, stars: neutron, supernovae: general}, + year = 2011, + month = apr, + volume = 730, + eid = {70}, + pages = {70}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/70}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...730...70O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...747...23S, + author = {{Szczygie{\l}}, D.~M. and {Gerke}, J.~R. and {Kochanek}, C.~S. and + {Stanek}, K.~Z.}, + title = "{Discovery of Variability of the Progenitor of SN 2011dh in M 51 Using the Large Binocular Telescope}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1110.2783}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh}, + year = 2012, + month = mar, + volume = 747, + eid = {23}, + pages = {23}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/747/1/23}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...747...23S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...741L..28V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Horesh}, A. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Kraus}, A.~L. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Quimby}, R.~M. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Yaron}, O. and {Polishook}, D.}, + title = "{The Progenitor of Supernova 2011dh/PTF11eon in Messier 51}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1106.2897}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 5194, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh}, + year = 2011, + month = nov, + volume = 741, + eid = {L28}, + pages = {L28}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/741/2/L28}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...741L..28V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014arXiv1411.1761G, + author = {{Gerke}, J.~R. and {Kochanek}, C.~S. and {Stanek}, K.~Z.}, + title = "{The Search for Failed Supernovae with The Large Binocular Telescope: First Candidates}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1411.1761}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics}, + year = 2014, + month = nov, + adsurl = 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author = {{Eldridge}, J.~J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Smartt}, S.~J. + }, + title = "{Possible binary progenitors for the Type Ib supernova iPTF13bvn}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1408.4142}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, binaries: general, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: iPTF13bvn}, + year = 2015, + month = jan, + volume = 446, + pages = {2689-2695}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu2197}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.446.2689E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...775L...7C, + author = {{Cao}, Y. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Horesh}, A. and + {Hancock}, P. and {Valenti}, S. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Gorbikov}, E. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Sand}, D. and + {Yaron}, O. and {Graham}, M. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. and + {Marion}, G.~H. and {Walker}, E.~S. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Li}, K.~L. and {Kong}, A.~K.~H. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and + {Surace}, J. and {Masci}, F. and {Carpenter}, J. and {Degenaar}, N. and + {Gelino}, C.~R.}, + title = "{Discovery, Progenitor and Early Evolution of a Stripped Envelope Supernova iPTF13bvn}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1307.1470}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {instrumentation: adaptive optics, shock waves, stars: Wolf-Rayet, supernovae: individual: iPTF13bvn, surveys}, + year = 2013, + month = sep, + volume = 775, + eid = {L7}, + pages = {L7}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/775/1/L7}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...775L...7C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014AJ....148...68B, + author = {{Bersten}, M.~C. and {Benvenuto}, O.~G. and {Folatelli}, G. and + {Nomoto}, K. and {Kuncarayakti}, H. and {Srivastav}, S. and + {Anupama}, G.~C. and {Quimby}, R. and {Sahu}, D.~K.}, + title = "{iPTF13bvn: The First Evidence of a Binary Progenitor for a Type Ib Supernova}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1403.7288}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: iPTF13bvn}, + year = 2014, + month = oct, + volume = 148, + eid = {68}, + pages = {68}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/148/4/68}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....148...68B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014A&A...565A.114F, + author = {{Fremling}, C. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Taddia}, F. and {Ergon}, M. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Cao}, Y. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Howell}, D.~A.}, + title = "{The rise and fall of the Type Ib supernova iPTF13bvn. Not a massive Wolf-Rayet star}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1403.6708}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: iPTF13bvn}, + year = 2014, + month = may, + volume = 565, + eid = {A114}, + pages = {A114}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201423884}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A%26A...565A.114F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2013A&A...550L...7G, + author = {{Groh}, J.~H. and {Meynet}, G. and {Ekstr{\"o}m}, S.}, + title = "{Massive star evolution: luminous blue variables as unexpected supernova progenitors}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1301.1519}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, stars: massive, stars: winds, outflows, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: rotation}, + year = 2013, + month = feb, + volume = 550, + eid = {L7}, + pages = {L7}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201220741}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A%26A...550L...7G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2015MNRAS.449.1876S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Mauerhan}, J.~C. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and + {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Graham}, M.~L. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Horst}, J.~C. and {Williams}, G.~G. and {Andrews}, J.~E. and + {Kulkarni}, S.~R. and {Nugent}, P. and {Sullivan}, M. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Xu}, D. and {Ben-Ami}, S.}, + title = "{PTF11iqb: cool supergiant mass-loss that bridges the gap between Type IIn and normal supernovae}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1501.02820}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: PTF11iqb, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2015, + month = may, + volume = 449, + pages = 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the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014arXiv1408.1404S, + author = {{Shivvers}, I. and {Mauerhan}, J.~C. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Fox}, O.~D.}, + title = "{Early Emission from the Type IIn Supernova 1998S at High Resolution}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1408.1404}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics}, + year = 2014, + month = aug, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014arXiv1408.1404S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2013A&A...558A.131G, + author = {{Groh}, J.~H. and {Meynet}, G. and {Georgy}, C. and {Ekstr{\"o}m}, S. + }, + title = "{Fundamental properties of core-collapse supernova and GRB progenitors: predicting the look of massive stars before death}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.4681}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, supernovae: general, stars: massive, stars: winds, outflows, gamma-ray burst: general, stars: rotation}, + year = 2013, + month = oct, + volume = 558, + eid = {A131}, + pages = {A131}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201321906}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A%26A...558A.131G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013A&A...558L...1G, + author = {{Groh}, J.~H. and {Georgy}, C. and {Ekstr{\"o}m}, S.}, + title = "{Progenitors of supernova Ibc: a single Wolf-Rayet star as the possible progenitor of the SN Ib iPTF13bvn}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1307.8434}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: Ib iPTF13bvn, stars: evolution, stars: Wolf-Rayet, stars: winds, outflows, stars: massive}, + year = 2013, + month = oct, + volume = 558, + eid = {L1}, + pages = {L1}, + doi = 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{Arcavi}, I. and {Green}, Y.}, + title = "{The First Systematic Study of Type Ibc Supernova Multi-band Light Curves}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1011.4959}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: general, gamma-ray burst: general}, + year = 2011, + month = nov, + volume = 741, + eid = {97}, + pages = {97}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/97}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...741...97D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2008MNRAS.383.1485V, + author = {{Valenti}, S. and {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Patat}, F. and + {Mazzali}, P. and {Turatto}, M. and {Hurley}, K. and {Maeda}, K. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Pastorello}, A. and {Challis}, P. and {Frontera}, F. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Iye}, M. and {Kawabata}, K. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Li}, W. and + {Lipkin}, Y.~M. and {Matheson}, T. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and + {Ohyama}, Y. and {Pian}, E. and {Poznanski}, D. and {Salvo}, M. and + {Sauer}, D.~N. and {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Soderberg}, A. and + {Zampieri}, L.}, + title = "{The broad-lined Type Ic supernova 2003jd}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0710.5173}, + keywords = {supernovae: general , supernovae: individual: 2003jd , supernovae: individual: 1996aq}, + year = 2008, + month = feb, + volume = 383, + pages = {1485-1500}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12647.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.383.1485V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012Sci...337..444S, + author = {{Sana}, H. and {de Mink}, S.~E. and {de Koter}, A. and {Langer}, N. and + {Evans}, C.~J. and {Gieles}, M. and {Gosset}, E. and {Izzard}, R.~G. and + {Le Bouquin}, J.-B. and {Schneider}, F.~R.~N.}, + title = "{Binary Interaction Dominates the Evolution of Massive Stars}", + journal = {Science}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.6397}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + year = 2012, + month = jul, + volume = 337, + pages = {444-}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1223344}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..444S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011MNRAS.412.1522S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Chornock}, R. + }, + title = "{Observed fractions of core-collapse supernova types and initial masses of their single and binary progenitor stars}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1006.3899}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {binaries: general, stars: evolution, stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general}, + year = 2011, + month = apr, + volume = 412, + pages = {1522-1538}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.17229.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.412.1522S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...738..154H, + author = {{Horiuchi}, S. and {Beacom}, J.~F. and {Kochanek}, C.~S. and + {Prieto}, J.~L. and {Stanek}, K.~Z. and {Thompson}, T.~A.}, + title = "{The Cosmic Core-collapse Supernova Rate Does Not Match the Massive-star Formation Rate}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1102.1977}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {galaxies: evolution, galaxies: starburst, stars: formation, supernovae: general}, + year = 2011, + month = sep, + volume = 738, + eid = {154}, + pages = {154}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/738/2/154}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...738..154H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.445L..99H, + author = {{Horiuchi}, S. and {Nakamura}, K. and {Takiwaki}, T. and {Kotake}, K. and + {Tanaka}, M.}, + title = "{The red supergiant and supernova rate problems: implications for core-collapse supernova physics}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1409.0006}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: interiors, stars: massive, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = nov, + volume = 445, + pages = {L99-L103}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slu146}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.445L..99H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...732...63S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Li}, W. and {Miller}, A.~A. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and {Cooper}, M.~C. and + {Matheson}, T. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D.}, + title = "{A Massive Progenitor of the Luminous Type IIn Supernova 2010jl}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1011.4150}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, stars: mass-loss, stars: winds, outflows, supernovae: general}, + year = 2011, + month = may, + volume = 732, + eid = {63}, + pages = {63}, + doi = 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{Gilbert}, K.~M. and {Dolphin}, A.~E. and + {Weisz}, D.~R. and {Fouesneau}, M.}, + title = "{The Supernova Progenitor Mass Distributions of M31 and M33: Further Evidence for an Upper Mass Limit}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1410.0018}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M31 M33, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = nov, + volume = 795, + eid = {170}, + pages = {170}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/170}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...795..170J}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014arXiv1406.3667L, + author = {{Lyman}, J. and {Bersier}, D. and {James}, P. and {Mazzali}, P. and + {Eldridge}, J. and {Fraser}, M. and {Pian}, E.}, + title = "{Bolometric light curves and explosion parameters of 38 stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1406.3667}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014arXiv1406.3667L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2002PASP..114..403L, + author = {{Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Hu}, J. and + {Qiu}, Y. and {Modjaz}, M. and {Leonard}, D.~C.}, + title = "{A Hubble Space Telescope Snapshot Survey of Nearby Supernovae}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0201228}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 1995N), Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1996cb, supernovae: individual (SN 1997bs), supernovae: individual (SN 1997ef), Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1998S, supernovae: individual (SN 1999bw), supernovae: individual (SN 1999eb), supernovae: individual (SN 1999el), supernovae: individual (SN 1999gi), supernovae: individual (SN 1999gq), supernovae: individual (SN 2000P), supernovae: individual (SN 2000cx)}, + year = 2002, + month = apr, + volume = 114, + pages = {403-415}, + doi = {10.1086/342493}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PASP..114..403L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006A&A...460L...5K, + author = {{Kotak}, R. and {Vink}, J.~S.}, + title = "{Luminous blue variables as the progenitors of supernovae with quasi-periodic radio modulations}", + journal = {\aap}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0610095}, + keywords = {stars: mass-loss, stars: winds, outflows, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2001ig, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 2003bg, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1979C, stars: supernovae: individual: SN 1998bw}, + year = 2006, + month = dec, + volume = 460, + pages = {L5-L8}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20065800}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26A...460L...5K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...651L.117K, + author = {{Kotak}, R. and {Meikle}, P. and {Pozzo}, M. and {van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Farrah}, D. and {Fesen}, R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Fransson}, C. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {H{\"o}flich}, P.~A. and + {Lundqvist}, P. and {Mattila}, S. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. + }, + title = "{Spitzer Measurements of Atomic and Molecular Abundances in the Type IIP SN 2005af}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0609706}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1987A, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 2004dj, supernovae: individual (SN 2005af)}, + year = 2006, + month = nov, + volume = 651, + pages = {L117-L120}, + doi = {10.1086/509655}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...651L.117K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002PASP..114.1322V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Garnavich}, P.~M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {H{\"o}flich}, P. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Kurucz}, R.~L. and + {Challis}, P.}, + title = "{The Progenitor of Supernova 1993J Revisited}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0208382}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: Messier Number: M81, Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 3031, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Supernovae: General, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1993J}, + year = 2002, + month = dec, + volume = 114, + pages = {1322-1332}, + doi = {10.1086/344382}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PASP..114.1322V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999AJ....117..725F, + author = {{Fesen}, R.~A. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Matheson}, T. and {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Challis}, P. and {Fransson}, C. and {Leibundgut}, B. and + {van Dyk}, S.~D.}, + title = "{Late-Time Optical and Ultraviolet Spectra of SN 1979C and SN 1980K}", + journal = {\aj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9810407}, + keywords = {GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC NUMBER: NGC 4321, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC NUMBER: NGC 6946, STARS: SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: SN 1979C, STARS: SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: SN 1980K}, + year = 1999, + month = feb, + volume = 117, + pages = {725-735}, + doi = {10.1086/300751}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....117..725F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...756..131V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Poznanski}, D. and + {Arcavi}, I. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Silverio}, K. and + {Stockton}, A. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and {Marcy}, G.~W. and + {Howard}, A.~W. and {Isaacson}, H.}, + title = "{The Red Supergiant Progenitor of Supernova 2012aw (PTF12bvh) in Messier 95}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1207.2811}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: Messier 95 NGC 3351, stars: evolution, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: late-type, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012aw}, + year = 2012, + month = sep, + volume = 756, + eid = {131}, + pages = {131}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/756/2/131}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...756..131V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2002PASP..114..700V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Li}, W.}, + title = "{Possible Recovery of SN 1961V in Hubble Space Telescope Archival Images}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0203508}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1058, Galaxies: Stellar Content, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Variables: Other, Stars: Supernovae: General, Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 1961V}, + year = 2002, + month = jul, + volume = 114, + pages = {700-707}, + doi = {10.1086/341695}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PASP..114..700V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...714L.280F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Pastorello}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Arcavi}, I. and {Benetti}, S. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Crockett}, R.~M. and {Danziger}, I.~J. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Taubenberger}, S. and + {Turatto}, M.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor and Early Evolution of the Type II Supernova 2009kr}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.2071}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1832, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009kr}, + year = 2010, + month = may, + volume = 714, + pages = {L280-L284}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/714/2/L280}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...714L.280F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...714L.254E, + author = {{Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Miller}, A.~A. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Ganeshalingam}, M. and {Boden}, A.~F. and + {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Vink{\'o}}, J. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Steele}, T.~N. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and + {Griffith}, C.~V. and {Kleiser}, I.~K.~W. and {Foley}, R.~J. + }, + title = "{The Massive Progenitor of the Type II-linear Supernova 2009kr}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0912.2880}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1832, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009kr}, + year = 2010, + month = may, + volume = 714, + pages = {L254-L259}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/714/2/L254}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...714L.254E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...649..332M, + author = {{Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Mattila}, S. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and + {Kotak}, R. and {Pozzo}, M. and {van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Farrah}, D. and + {Fesen}, R.~A. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Fransson}, C. and + {Lundqvist}, P. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Wheeler}, J.~C.}, + title = "{A Spitzer Space Telescope Study of SN 2002hh: An Infrared Echo from a Type IIP Supernova}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0605584}, + keywords = {Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (NGC 6946), Stars: Supernovae: Individual: Alphanumeric: SN 2002hh}, + year = 2006, + month = sep, + volume = 649, + pages = {332-344}, + doi = {10.1086/506143}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...649..332M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009ApJ...706.1174E, + author = {{Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Morrell}, N. and + {Gonzalez}, S. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Smith}, N.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor of the Type II-Plateau SN 2008cn in NGC 4603}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0910.2275}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 4603, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2008cn}, + year = 2009, + month = dec, + volume = 706, + pages = {1174-1183}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/706/2/1174}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...706.1174E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1999PASP..111..313V, + author = {{van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Peng}, C.~Y. and {Barth}, A.~J. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Fesen}, R.~A. and {Fransson}, C. and + {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Leibundgut}, B.}, + title = "{Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Imaging of SN 1979C and Its Environment}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9810375}, + keywords = {GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC NUMBER: NGC 4321, GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: MESSIER NUMBER: M100, GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT, STARS: EVOLUTION, STARS: SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: SN 1979C}, + year = 1999, + month = mar, + volume = 111, + pages = {313-320}, + doi = {10.1086/316331}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PASP..111..313V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014AJ....147...37V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Zheng}, W. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Miller}, A.~A. and {Smith}, N. and {Kelly}, P.~L. and {Lee}, W.~H. and + {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Gal-Yam}, A.}, + title = "{The Type IIb Supernova 2013df and its Cool Supergiant Progenitor}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1312.3984}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 4414, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2013df}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 147, + eid = {37}, + pages = {37}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/37}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....147...37V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2012AJ....143...19V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Davidge}, T.~J. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Li}, W. and {Levesque}, E.~M. and {Howerton}, S. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Morrell}, N. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. + }, + title = "{Supernova 2008bk and Its Red Supergiant Progenitor}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 7793, stars: evolution, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: late-type, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2008bk}, + year = 2012, + month = jan, + volume = 143, + eid = {19}, + pages = {19}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/143/1/19}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AJ....143...19V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1997PASP..109..461F, + author = {{Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Matheson}, T. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Barth}, A.~J. and {van Dyk}, S.~D.}, + title = "{A Black Hole in the X-Ray Nova Ophiuchi 1997}", + journal = {\pasp}, + keywords = {STARS: INDIVIDUAL: OPHIUCHI 1977, NOVAE}, + year = 1997, + month = apr, + volume = 109, + pages = {461-467}, + doi = {10.1086/133902}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109..461F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1996AJ....111.2047B, + author = {{Barth}, A.~J. and {van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Leibundgut}, B. and {Richmond}, M.~W.}, + title = "{The Environments of Supernovae in Archival Hubble Space Telescope Images}", + journal = {\aj}, + keywords = {SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL}, + year = 1996, + month = may, + volume = 111, + pages = {2047}, + doi = {10.1086/117940}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.2047B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{1997MNRAS.287..799I, + author = {{Ivezic}, Z. and {Elitzur}, M.}, + title = "{Self-similarity and scaling behaviour of infrared emission from radiatively heated dust - I. Theory}", + journal = {\mnras}, + eprint = {astro-ph/9612164}, + keywords = {RADIATIVE TRANSFER, STARS: FORMATION, STARS: LATE-TYPE, DUST, EXTINCTION, INFRARED: ISM: CONTINUUM, INFRARED: ISM: LINES AND BANDS}, + year = 1997, + month = jun, + volume = 287, + pages = {799-811}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997MNRAS.287..799I}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.433.1871B, + author = {{Bose}, S. and {Kumar}, B. and {Sutaria}, F. and {Kumar}, B. and + {Roy}, R. and {Bhatt}, V.~K. and {Pandey}, S.~B. and {Chandola}, H.~C. and + {Sagar}, R. and {Misra}, K. and {Chakraborti}, S.}, + title = "{Supernova 2012aw - a high-energy clone of archetypal Type IIP SN 1999em}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1305.3152}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2012aw, supernovae: individual: SN 1999em, supernovae: individual: SN 1999gi, supernovae: individual: SN 2004et, galaxies: individual: NGC 3551}, + year = 2013, + month = aug, + volume = 433, + pages = {1871-1891}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt864}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.433.1871B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...787..139D, + author = {{Dall'Ora}, M. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and + {Zampieri}, L. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Pignata}, G. and {Bayless}, A.~J. and + {Pritchard}, T.~A. and {Taubenberger}, S. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Inserra}, C. and {Della Valle}, M. and {Cappellaro}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Benitez}, S. and {Bufano}, F. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and {Harutyunyan}, A. and + {Howell}, D.~A. and {Hsiao}, E.~Y. and {Iijima}, T. and {Kankare}, E. and + {Kuin}, P. and {Maund}, J.~R. and {Morales-Garoffolo}, A. and + {Morrell}, N. and {Munari}, U. and {Ochner}, P. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Patat}, F. and {Phillips}, M.~M. and {Reichart}, D. and {Roming}, P.~W.~A. and + {Siviero}, A. and {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Taddia}, F. and + {Valenti}, S. and {Wright}, D.}, + title = "{The Type IIP Supernova 2012aw in M95: Hydrodynamical Modeling of the Photospheric Phase from Accurate Spectrophotometric Monitoring}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1404.1294}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: M95, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: 2012aw}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + volume = 787, + eid = {139}, + pages = {139}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/139}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...787..139D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115..928K, + author = {{Kennicutt}, Jr., R.~C. and {Armus}, L. and {Bendo}, G. and + {Calzetti}, D. and {Dale}, D.~A. and {Draine}, B.~T. and {Engelbracht}, C.~W. and + {Gordon}, K.~D. and {Grauer}, A.~D. and {Helou}, G. and 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keywords = {binaries: close, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh}, + year = 2013, + month = jan, + volume = 762, + eid = {74}, + pages = {74}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/74}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...762...74B}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...772L..32V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Zheng}, W. and {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Smith}, N. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Kelly}, P.~L. and + {Shivvers}, I. and {Ganeshalingam}, M.}, + title = "{The Progenitor of Supernova 2011dh has Vanished}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1305.3436}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 5194, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2011dh }, + year = 2013, + month = aug, + volume = 772, + eid = {L32}, + pages = {L32}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/772/2/L32}, + 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SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...749..126W, + author = {{Wang}, X. and {Wang}, L. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Baron}, E. and + {Kromer}, M. and {Jack}, D. and {Zhang}, T. and {Aldering}, G. and + {Antilogus}, P. and {Arnett}, W.~D. and {Baade}, D. and {Barris}, B.~J. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Bouchet}, P. and {Burrows}, A.~S. and {Canal}, R. and + {Cappellaro}, E. and {Carlberg}, R.~G. and {di Carlo}, E. and + {Challis}, P.~J. and {Crotts}, A.~P.~S. and {Danziger}, J.~I. and + {Della Valle}, M. and {Fink}, M. and {Foley}, R.~J. and {Fransson}, C. and + {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Garnavich}, P.~M. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and + {Goldhaber}, G. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Hillebrandt}, W. and {H{\"o}flich}, P. and + {Holland}, S.~T. and {Holz}, D.~E. and {Hughes}, J.~P. and {Jeffery}, D.~J. and + {Jha}, S.~W. and {Kasen}, D. and {Khokhlov}, A.~M. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and + {Knop}, R.~A. and {Kozma}, C. and {Krisciunas}, K. and {Lee}, B.~C. and + {Leibundgut}, B. and {Lentz}, E.~J. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Lewin}, W.~H.~G. and {Li}, W. and {Livio}, M. and {Lundqvist}, P. and + {Maoz}, D. and {Matheson}, T. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and {Meikle}, P. and + {Miknaitis}, G. and {Milne}, P.~A. and {Mochnacki}, S.~W. and + {Nomoto}, K. and {Nugent}, P.~E. and {Oran}, E.~S. and {Panagia}, N. and + {Perlmutter}, S. and {Phillips}, M.~M. and {Pinto}, P. and {Poznanski}, D. and + {Pritchet}, C.~J. and {Reinecke}, M. and {Riess}, A.~G. and + {Ruiz-Lapuente}, P. and {Scalzo}, R.~A. and {Schlegel}, E.~M. and + {Schmidt}, B.~P. and {Siegrist}, J. and {Soderberg}, A.~M. and + {Sollerman}, J. and {Sonneborn}, G. and {Spadafora}, A. and + {Spyromilio}, J. and {Sramek}, R.~A. and {Starrfield}, S.~G. and + {Strolger}, L.~G. and {Suntzeff}, N.~B. and {Thomas}, R.~C. and + {Tonry}, J.~L. and {Tornambe}, A. and {Truran}, J.~W. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Turner}, M. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Weiler}, K.~W. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. and + {Wood-Vasey}, M. and {Woosley}, S.~E. and {Yamaoka}, H.}, + title = "{Evidence for Type Ia Supernova Diversity from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1110.5809}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {cosmology: observations, distance scale, dust, extinction, supernovae: general, ultraviolet: general}, + year = 2012, + month = apr, + volume = 749, + eid = {126}, + pages = {126}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/749/2/126}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...749..126W}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2011ApJ...732..109M, + author = {{Meikle}, W.~P.~S. and {Kotak}, R. and {Farrah}, D. and {Mattila}, S. and + {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Andersen}, A.~C. and {Fesen}, R. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Fransson}, C. and {Gerardy}, C.~L. and {H{\"o}flich}, P.~A. and + {Lundqvist}, P. and {Pozzo}, M. and {Sollerman}, J. and {Wheeler}, J.~C. + }, + title = "{Dust and the Type II-plateau Supernova 2004dj}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1103.2885}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, dust, extinction, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2004dj}, + year = 2011, + month = may, + volume = 732, + eid = {109}, + pages = {109}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/109}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...732..109M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115..448V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{On the Progenitor of Supernova 2001du in NGC 1365}", + journal = {\pasp}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0301346}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1365, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Variables: Other, Stars: Supernovae: General, supernovae: individual (SN 2001du)}, + year = 2003, + month = apr, + volume = 115, + pages = {448-452}, + doi = {10.1086/374299}, + adsurl = 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System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2008ApJ...685L.117G, + author = {{Gal-Yam}, A. and {Bufano}, F. and {Barlow}, T.~A. and {Baron}, E. and + {Benetti}, S. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Challis}, P.~J. and + {Ellis}, R.~S. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Fox}, D.~B. and {Hicken}, M. and {Kirshner}, R.~P. and {Leonard}, D.~C. and + {Li}, W. and {Maoz}, D. and {Matheson}, T. and {Mazzali}, P.~A. and + {Modjaz}, M. and {Nomoto}, K. and {Ofek}, E.~O. and {Simon}, J.~D. and + {Small}, T.~A. and {Smith}, G.~P. and {Turatto}, M. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Zampieri}, L.}, + title = "{GALEX Spectroscopy of SN 2005ay Suggests Ultraviolet Spectral Uniformity among Type II-P Supernovae}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0806.3276}, + keywords = {supernovae: individual (SN 2005ay), Ultraviolet: General}, + year = 2008, + month = oct, + volume = 685, + pages = {L117-L120}, + doi = {10.1086/592744}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...685L.117G}, + adsnote 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+@ARTICLE{2014AJ....147...37V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Zheng}, W. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and + {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Foley}, R.~J. and + {Miller}, A.~A. and {Smith}, N. and {Kelly}, P.~L. and {Lee}, W.~H. and + {Ben-Ami}, S. and {Gal-Yam}, A.}, + title = "{The Type IIb Supernova 2013df and its Cool Supergiant Progenitor}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1312.3984}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 4414, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2013df}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 147, + eid = {37}, + pages = {37}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/37}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....147...37V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436.3614S, + author = {{Shivvers}, I. and {Mazzali}, P. and {Silverman}, J.~M. and + {Boty{\'a}nszki}, J. and {Cenko}, S.~B. and 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pages = {587-596}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20052862}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A%26A...442..587V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...645L..45S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Owocki}, S.~P.}, + title = "{On the Role of Continuum-driven Eruptions in the Evolution of Very Massive Stars and Population III Stars}", + journal = {\apjl}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0606174}, + keywords = {Instabilities, Stars: Evolution, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Winds, Outflows}, + year = 2006, + month = jul, + volume = 645, + pages = {L45-L48}, + doi = {10.1086/506523}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...645L..45S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2012ApJ...752...78S, + author = {{Soderberg}, A.~M. and {Margutti}, R. and {Zauderer}, B.~A. and + {Krauss}, M. and {Katz}, B. and {Chomiuk}, L. and {Dittmann}, J.~A. and + {Nakar}, E. and {Sakamoto}, T. and {Kawai}, N. and 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+@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...790...17F, + author = {{Fox}, O.~D. and {Azalee Bostroem}, K. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Fransson}, C. and {Matheson}, T. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Chandra}, P. and {Dwarkadas}, V. and {Li}, W. and + {Parker}, A.~H. and {Smith}, N.}, + title = "{Uncovering the Putative B-star Binary Companion of the SN 1993J Progenitor}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1405.4863}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 1993J}, + year = 2014, + month = jul, + volume = 790, + eid = {17}, + pages = {17}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/790/1/17}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...790...17F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003PASP..115...21V, + author = {{Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V.}, + title = "{``A Search for Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors in Hubble Space Telescope Images'' (PASP, 115, 1 [2003])}", + journal = {\pasp}, + keywords = {Errata, Addenda}, + year = 2003, + month = jan, + volume = 115, + pages = {21-21}, + doi = {10.1086/374188}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115...21V}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{2003LNP...598..171C, + author = {{Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Fransson}, C.}, + title = "{Supernova Interaction with a Circumstellar Medium}", +booktitle = {Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters}, + year = 2003, + series = {Lecture Notes in Physics, Berlin Springer Verlag}, + volume = 598, + editor = {{Weiler}, K.}, + pages = {171-194}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003LNP...598..171C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2012MNRAS.419.1515D, + author = {{Dwarkadas}, V.~V. and {Gruszko}, J.}, + title = "{What are published X-ray light curves telling us about young supernova expansion?}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1109.2616}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: massive, stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general, stars: winds, outflows, X-rays: ISM}, + year = 2012, + month = jan, + volume = 419, + pages = {1515-1524}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19808.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.419.1515D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2011A&A...526A.156M, + author = {{Mauron}, N. and {Josselin}, E.}, + title = "{The mass-loss rates of red supergiants and the de Jager prescription}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1010.5369}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: massive, stars: mass-loss, supergiants}, + year = 2011, + month = feb, + volume = 526, + eid = {A156}, + pages = {A156}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201013993}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A%26A...526A.156M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2006ApJ...641.1029C, + author = {{Chevalier}, R.~A. and {Fransson}, C. and {Nymark}, T.~K.}, + title = "{Radio and X-Ray Emission as Probes of Type IIP Supernovae and Red Supergiant Mass Loss}", + journal = {\apj}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0509468}, + keywords = {Stars: Circumstellar Matter, Stars: Mass Loss, Stars: Supernovae: General}, + year = 2006, + month = apr, + volume = 641, + pages = {1029-1038}, + doi = {10.1086/500528}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...641.1029C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2010ApJ...711.1343E, + author = {{Elias-Rosa}, N. and {Van Dyk}, S.~D. and {Li}, W. and {Morrell}, N. and + {Gonzalez}, S. and {Hamuy}, M. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Cuillandre}, J.-C. and + {Foley}, R.~J. and {Smith}, N.}, + title = "{Erratum: ''On the Progenitor of the Type II-Plateau SN 2008CN in NGC 4603'' (2009, ApJ, 706, 1174)}", + journal = {\apj}, + year = 2010, + month = mar, + volume = 711, + pages = {1343}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/1343}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...711.1343E}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.430.1801M, + author = {{Mauerhan}, J.~C. and {Smith}, N. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Blanchard}, K.~B. and {Blanchard}, P.~K. and {Casper}, C.~F.~E. and + {Cenko}, S.~B. and {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Cohen}, D.~P. and {Fuller}, K.~L. and + {Li}, G.~Z. and {Silverman}, J.~M.}, + title = "{The unprecedented 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip: a luminous blue variable star becomes a true supernova}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1209.6320}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 430, + pages = {1801-1810}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt009}, + adsurl = 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Observations of SN2009ip, UGC 2773 OT2009-1, and Their Progenitors}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1002.0635}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, dust, extinction, stars: evolution, stars: individual: SN 2009ip UGC 2773 OT2009-1, stars: massive, stars: mass-loss, stars: variables: general, stars: variables: S Doradus, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2011, + month = may, + volume = 732, + eid = {32}, + pages = {32}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/732/1/32}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...732...32F}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{2010AJ....139.1451S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Miller}, A. and {Li}, W. and {Filippenko}, A.~V. and + {Silverman}, J.~M. and {Howard}, A.~W. and {Nugent}, P. and + {Marcy}, G.~W. and {Bloom}, J.~S. and {Ghez}, A.~M. and {Lu}, J. and + {Yelda}, S. and {Bernstein}, R.~A. and {Colucci}, J.~E.}, + title = "{Discovery of Precursor Luminous Blue Variable Outbursts in Two Recent Optical Transients: The Fitfully Variable Missing Links UGC 2773-OT and SN 2009ip}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0909.4792}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, stars: mass-loss, stars: variables: general, stars: winds, outflows, supernovae: general}, + year = 2010, + month = apr, + volume = 139, + pages = {1451-1467}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/139/4/1451}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJ....139.1451S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...767....1P, + author = {{Pastorello}, A. and {Cappellaro}, E. and {Inserra}, C. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Valenti}, S. and + {Fraser}, M. and {Tak{\'a}ts}, K. and {Benitez}, S. and {Botticella}, M.~T. and + {Brimacombe}, J. and {Bufano}, F. and {Cellier-Holzem}, F. and + {Costado}, M.~T. and {Cupani}, G. and {Curtis}, I. and {Elias-Rosa}, N. and + {Ergon}, M. and {Fynbo}, J.~P.~U. and {Hambsch}, F.-J. and {Hamuy}, M. and + {Harutyunyan}, A. and {Ivarson}, K.~M. and {Kankare}, E. and + {Martin}, J.~C. and {Kotak}, R. and {LaCluyze}, A.~P. and {Maguire}, K. and + {Mattila}, S. and {Maza}, J. and {McCrum}, M. and {Miluzio}, M. and + {Norgaard-Nielsen}, H.~U. and {Nysewander}, M.~C. and {Ochner}, P. and + {Pan}, Y.-C. and {Pumo}, M.~L. and {Reichart}, D.~E. and {Tan}, T.~G. and + {Taubenberger}, S. and {Tomasella}, L. and {Turatto}, M. and + {Wright}, D.}, + title = "{Interacting Supernovae and Supernova Impostors: SN 2009ip, is this the End?}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.3568}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 7259, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip SN 2000ch}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 767, + eid = {1}, + pages = {1}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/1}, + adsurl = 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journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1210.3347}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, stars: mass-loss, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip}, + year = 2013, + month = feb, + volume = 763, + eid = {L27}, + pages = {L27}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L27}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...763L..27P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.433.1312F, + author = {{Fraser}, M. and {Inserra}, C. and {Jerkstrand}, A. and {Kotak}, R. and + {Pignata}, G. and {Benetti}, S. and {Botticella}, M.-T. and + {Bufano}, F. and {Childress}, M. and {Mattila}, S. and {Pastorello}, A. and + {Smartt}, S.~J. and {Turatto}, M. and {Yuan}, F. and {Anderson}, J.~P. and + {Bayliss}, D.~D.~R. and {Bauer}, F.~E. and {Chen}, T.-W. and + {F{\"o}rster Bur{\'o}n}, F. and {Gal-Yam}, A. and {Haislip}, J.~B. and + {Knapic}, C. and {Le Guillou}, L. and {Marchi}, S. and {Mazzali}, P. 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P. and {Plez}, B. and {Olsen}, K.~A.~G. + }, + title = "{The Physical Properties of the Red Supergiant WOH G64: The Largest Star Known?}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0903.2260}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: evolution, stars: late-type, stars: mass loss, supergiants}, + year = 2009, + month = jun, + volume = 137, + pages = {4744-4752}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4744}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AJ....137.4744L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{2014AJ....147...23L, + author = {{Levesque}, E.~M. and {Stringfellow}, G.~S. and {Ginsburg}, A.~G. and + {Bally}, J. and {Keeney}, B.~A.}, + title = "{The Peculiar Balmer Decrement of SN 2009ip: Constraints on Circumstellar Geometry}", + journal = {\aj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1211.4577}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: massive, stars: variables: general, supernovae: general}, + year = 2014, + month = jan, + volume = 147, + eid = {23}, + pages = {23}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/147/1/23}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....147...23L}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...764L...6S, + author = {{Soker}, N. and {Kashi}, A.}, + title = "{Explaining the Supernova Impostor SN 2009ip as Mergerburst}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1211.5388}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: massive, stars: variables: general, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = feb, + volume = 764, + eid = {L6}, + pages = {L6}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/764/1/L6}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...764L...6S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.438.1191S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Mauerhan}, J.~C. and {Prieto}, J.~L.}, + title = "{SN 2009ip and SN 2010mc: core-collapse Type IIn supernovae arising from blue supergiants}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.0112}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, supernovae: individual: SN 2010mc, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2014, + month = feb, + volume = 438, + pages = {1191-1207}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt2269}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438.1191S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...768...47O, + author = {{Ofek}, E.~O. and {Lin}, L. and {Kouveliotou}, C. and {Younes}, G. and + {G{\"o}{\v g}{\"u}{\c s}}, E. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and {Cao}, Y. + }, + title = "{SN 2009ip: Constraints on the Progenitor Mass-loss Rate}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.3894}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip}, + year = 2013, + month = may, + volume = 768, + eid = {47}, + pages = {47}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/47}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...768...47O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.434.2721S, + author = {{Smith}, N. and {Mauerhan}, J.~C. and {Kasliwal}, M.~M. and + {Burgasser}, A.~J.}, + title = "{Near-infrared spectroscopy of SN 2009ip's 2012 brightening reveals a dusty pre-supernova environment}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1303.0304}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: massive, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: variables: S Doradus, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = oct, + volume = 434, + pages = {2721-2726}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt944}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434.2721S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014MNRAS.442.1166M, + author = {{Mauerhan}, J. and {Williams}, G.~G. and {Smith}, N. and {Smith}, P.~S. and + {Filippenko}, A.~V. and {Hoffman}, J.~L. and {Milne}, P. and + {Leonard}, D.~C. and {Clubb}, K.~I. and {Fox}, O.~D. and {Kelly}, P.~L. + }, + title = "{Multi-epoch spectropolarimetry of SN 2009ip: direct evidence for aspherical circumstellar material}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1403.4240}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: evolution, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2014, + month = aug, + volume = 442, + pages = {1166-1180}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu730}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.442.1166M}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2014ApJ...787..163G, + author = {{Graham}, M.~L. and {Sand}, D.~J. and {Valenti}, S. and {Howell}, D.~A. and + {Parrent}, J. and {Halford}, M. and {Zaritsky}, D. and {Bianco}, F. and + {Rest}, A. and {Dilday}, B.}, + title = "{Clues to the Nature of SN 2009ip from Photometric and Spectroscopic Evolution to Late Times}", + journal = {\apj}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1402.1765}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {circumstellar matter, stars: mass-loss, stars: variables: general, supernovae: individual: 2009ip}, + year = 2014, + month = jun, + volume = 787, + eid = {163}, + pages = {163}, + doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/163}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...787..163G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.436.2484K, + author = {{Kashi}, A. and {Soker}, N. and {Moskovitz}, N.}, + title = "{Powering the second 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip by repeating binary interaction}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1307.7681}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 436, + pages = {2484-2491}, + doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1742}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436.2484K}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013RAA....13.1463O, + author = {{Ouyed}, R. and {Koning}, N. and {Leahy}, D.}, + title = "{SN 2009ip and SN 2010mc as dual-shock Quark-Novae}", + journal = {Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.3927}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + year = 2013, + month = dec, + volume = 13, + eid = {1463}, + pages = {1463-1470}, + doi = {10.1088/1674-4527/13/12/007}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013RAA....13.1463O}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013MNRAS.431L..98P, + author = {{Potashov}, M. and {Blinnikov}, S. and {Baklanov}, P. and {Dolgov}, A. + }, + title = "{Direct distance measurements to SN 2009ip}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1212.6893}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.CO", + keywords = {supernovae: individual: SN 2009ip, distance scale}, + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 431, + pages = {L98-L101}, + doi = {10.1093/mnrasl/slt016}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.431L..98P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{2013ApJ...777L..35T, + author = {{Tsebrenko}, D. and {Soker}, N.}, + title = "{Accelerating Very Fast Gas in the Supernova Impostor SN 2009ip with Jets from a Stellar Companion}", + journal = {\apjl}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1308.4555}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {stars: individual: SN 2009ip, stars: massive, stars: variables: general, stars: winds, outflows}, + year = 2013, + month = nov, + volume = 777, + eid = {L35}, + pages = {L35}, + doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/777/2/L35}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...777L..35T}, 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an Unusually Long Plateau}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1504.02404}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.SR", + keywords = {Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics}, + year = 2015, + month = apr, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150402404T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/main.bib =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/main.bib (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/main.bib (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,496 @@ +@INPROCEEDINGS{Heasley2006, + author = {{Heasley}, J. and {Smith}, W. and {Eek}, R. and {Rosen}, J.}, + title = "{Pan-STARRS PS1 Published Science Products Subsystem}", +booktitle = {The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference}, + year = 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{Ryan}, W.~H. and {Scotti}, J.~V.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Moving Object Processing System}", + journal = {\pasp}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1302.7281}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + year = 2013, + month = apr, + volume = 125, + pages = {357-395}, + doi = {10.1086/670337}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PASP..125..357D}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Magnier2017a, + author = {{Magnier}, E. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={1612.05240}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + +@ARTICLE{Waters2017, + author = {{Waters}, C. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = 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SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Simard2002, + author = {{Simard}, L. and {Willmer}, C.~N.~A. and {Vogt}, N.~P. and {Sarajedini}, V.~L. and + {Phillips}, A.~C. and {Weiner}, B.~J. and {Koo}, D.~C. and {Im}, M. and + {Illingworth}, G.~D. and {Faber}, S.~M.}, + title = "{The DEEP Groth Strip Survey. 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Hubble Space Telescope Structural Parameters of Galaxies in the Groth Strip}", + journal = {\apjs}, + eprint = {astro-ph/0205025}, + keywords = {Galaxies: Evolution, Galaxies: Fundamental Parameters, Galaxies: High-Redshift}, + year = 2002, + month = sep, + volume = 142, + pages = {1-33}, + doi = {10.1086/341399}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJS..142....1S}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Petrosian1976, + author = {{Petrosian}, V.}, + title = "{Surface brightness and evolution of galaxies}", + journal = {\apjl}, + keywords = {Astronomical Models, Galactic Evolution, Luminous Intensity, Red Shift, Surface Properties, Big Bang Cosmology, Cosmology, Hubble Diagram, Iterative Solution, Point Sources}, + year = 1976, + month = oct, + volume = 209, + pages = {L1-L5}, + doi = {10.1086/182253}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ApJ...209L...1P}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{Chambers2017, + author = {{Chambers}, K. and {TBD}, A. and {TBD}, B. and et al.}, + title = "{IPP}", + journal = {ArXiv e-prints}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint ={YYYY.XXXXX}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.HE", + keywords = {Astrophysics}, + year = 2017, + month = jan, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160203842A}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{Heasley2008, + author = {{Heasley}, J.~N.}, + title = "{The Pan-STARRS Data Processing and Science Analysis Software Systems}", + keywords = {X- and gamma-ray telescopes and instrumentation, Astronomical catalogs atlases sky surveys databases retrieval systems archives etc., Cosmology}, +booktitle = {American Institute of Physics Conference Series}, + year = 2008, + series = {American Institute of Physics Conference Series}, + volume = 1082, + editor = {{Bailer-Jones}, C.~A.~L.}, + month = dec, + pages = {352-358}, + doi = {10.1063/1.3059075}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AIPC.1082..352H}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{Thakar2003, + author = {{Thakar}, A.~R. and {Szalay}, A.~S. and {Vandenberg}, J.~V. and + {Gray}, J. and {Stoughton}, A.~S.}, + title = "{Data Organization in the SDSS Data Release 1}", +booktitle = {Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XII}, + year = 2003, + series = {Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series}, + volume = 295, + editor = {{Payne}, H.~E. and {Jedrzejewski}, R.~I. and {Hook}, R.~N.}, + pages = {217}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASPC..295..217T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Gaia2016, + author = {{Gaia Collaboration} and {Brown}, A.~G.~A. and {Vallenari}, A. and + {Prusti}, T. and {de Bruijne}, J.~H.~J. and {Mignard}, F. and + {Drimmel}, R. and {Babusiaux}, C. and {Bailer-Jones}, C.~A.~L. and + {Bastian}, U. and et al.}, + title = "{Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties}", + journal = {\aap}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1609.04172}, + primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", + keywords = {catalogs, astrometry, parallaxes, proper motions, surveys}, + year = 2016, + month = nov, + volume = 595, + eid = {A2}, + pages = {A2}, + doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201629512}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A26A...595A...2G}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@ARTICLE{Cheng2011, + author = {{Cheng}, J.~Y. and {Faber}, S.~M. and {Simard}, L. and {Graves}, G.~J. and + {Lopez}, E.~D. and {Yan}, R. and {Cooper}, M.~C.}, + title = "{Automated morphological classification of Sloan Digital Sky Survey red sequence galaxies}", + journal = {\mnras}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1010.2495}, + keywords = {galaxies: bulges, galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD, galaxies: evolution, galaxies: structure}, + year = 2011, + month = apr, + volume = 412, + pages = {727-747}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17829.x}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.412..727C}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@INPROCEEDINGS{Taylor2006, + author = {{Taylor}, M.~B.}, + title = "{STILTS - A Package for Command-Line Processing of Tabular Data}", +booktitle = {Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XV}, + year = 2006, + series = {Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series}, + volume = 351, + editor = {{Gabriel}, C. and {Arviset}, C. and {Ponz}, D. and {Enrique}, S. + }, + month = jul, + pages = {666}, + adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ASPC..351..666T}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@techreport{Szalay2005, +author = {Szalay, A. S. and Gray, J. and Fekete, G. and Kunszt, P. Z. and Thakar, A. R.}, +title = {Indexing the Sphere with the Hierarchical Triangular Mesh}, +booktitle = {}, +year = {2005}, +month = {September}, +publisher = {}, +url = {https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/indexing-the-sphere-with-the-hierarchical-triangular-mesh/}, +institution = {}, +address = {}, +pages = {}, +journal = {}, +volume = {}, +chapter = {}, +isbn = {}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Thakar2008, +author = {Thakar,A. R. and Li, N.}, +title = {CasJobs and MyDB: A Batch Query Workbench}, +journal = {Computing in Science \& Engineering}, +volume = {10}, +number = {undefined}, +issn = {1521-9615}, +year = {2008}, +pages = {18-29}, +doi = {doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MCSE.2008.6}, +publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, +address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, +} Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/main.tex =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/main.tex (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.dataproducts.haf/main.tex (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,5956 @@ +\documentclass[preprint2]{emulateapj} +\usepackage{longtable} +\usepackage{cancel} +\usepackage{color} +\usepackage{graphicx, subfigure} +%\usepackage[authoryear]{natbib} +\usepackage{placeins} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{tabulary} +\usepackage{natbib} +%\usepackage{pdflscape} + + +%\documentclass[11pt, oneside]{article} % use "amsart" instead of "article" for AMSLaTeX format +%\usepackage{geometry} % See geometry.pdf to learn the layout options. There are lots. +%\geometry{letterpaper} % ... or a4paper or a5paper or ... +%\geometry{landscape} % Activate for for rotated page geometry +%\usepackage[parfill]{parskip} % Activate to begin paragraphs with an empty line rather than an indent +%\usepackage{graphicx,epsfig} % Use pdf, png, jpg, or eps with pdflatex; use eps in DVI mode + % TeX will automatically convert eps --> pdf in pdflatex +%\usepackage{amssymb} +%\usepackage{color} +%\usepackage{longtable} + +\def\lesssim{\mathrel{\hbox{\rlap{\hbox{\lower4pt\hbox{$\sim$}}}\hbox{$<$}}}} +\def\gtrsim{\mathrel{\hbox{\rlap{\hbox{\lower4pt\hbox{$\sim$}}}\hbox{$>$}}}} +\newcommand{\gps}{\ensuremath{g_{\rm P1}}} +\newcommand{\rps}{\ensuremath{r_{\rm P1}}} +\newcommand{\ips}{\ensuremath{i_{\rm P1}}} +\newcommand{\zps}{\ensuremath{z_{\rm P1}}} +\newcommand{\yps}{\ensuremath{y_{\rm P1}}} +\newcommand{\wps}{\ensuremath{w_{\rm P1}}} +\newcommand{\grizy}{\ensuremath{grizy_{\rm P1}}} +\newcommand{\rizy}{\ensuremath{rizy_{\rm P1}}} + +\newcommand{\PS}{\protect \hbox {Pan-STARRS1}} +%in kens paper PS1 is used everywhere (not ps1) + +\newcommand{\degree}{\mbox{$^\circ$}} +\newcommand{\msun}{\mbox{M$_{\odot}$}} +\newcommand{\msol}{\mbox{M$_{\odot}$}} +\newcommand{\zsol}{\mbox{Z$_{\odot}$}} +\newcommand{\rsun}{\mbox{R$_{\odot}$}} +\newcommand{\kms}{\mbox{$\rm{\,km\,s^{-1}}$}} +\newcommand{\logl}{\mbox{$\log L/{\rm L_{\odot}}$}} +\newcommand{\hii}{\mbox{H\,\{\sc ii}} +\newcommand{\nick}{\mbox{$^{56}$Ni}} +\newcommand{\mpcy}{\mbox{Mpc$^{-3}$\,yr$^{-1}$}} + +\def\Ha{H{$\alpha$}} +\def\Hb{H{$\beta$}} +\def\Hg{H{$\gamma$}} +\def\Hd{H{$\delta$}} +\def\Ni{$^{56}$Ni} +\def\Co{$^{56}$Co} +\def\Mej{$M_{\rm ej}$} +\def\Mcsm{$M_{\rm CSM}$} +\def\Mni{$M_{\rm Ni}$} +\def\Rph{$R_{\rm phot}$} +\def\vsn{$v_{\rm SN}$} +\def\vph{$v_{\rm phot}$} +\def\Rs{$R_{\star}$} +\def\EM{$E_{\rm k}/M_{\rm ej}$} +\def\E{$E_{\rm k}$} + +%if using \PS\ (words), it seems to print like "Pan-STARRS1(words)", no space, I'm removing the ending \ to see if it fixes it + +%heather's style guide for data product words +%(may not be correct, just writing down the rules +%please edit to make correct + +% italics (\em ) for glossary / acronyms +% italics for table names + +% teletype for column names +% teletype for code and queries + +% Preferred capitalizations for things + +% IppToPsps +% PSPS +% PS1 +% dvo or DVO? +% add other things if you like + + +\shorttitle{DRAFT:The Pan-STARRS1 Database and Data Products} +\shortauthors{H. A. Flewelling} + + +\begin{document} +\title{DRAFT: The Pan-STARRS1 Database and Data Products} +\author{ +H. A. Flewelling\altaffilmark{1}, +E. A. Magnier\altaffilmark{1}, +K. C. Chambers\altaffilmark{1}, +J. N. Heasley\altaffilmark{8}, +C. Holmberg\altaffilmark{1}, +M. E. Huber\altaffilmark{1}, +W. Sweeney\altaffilmark{1}, +C. Z. Waters\altaffilmark{1}, +X. Chen\altaffilmark{10}, +D. Farrow\altaffilmark{5} +G. Hasinger\altaffilmark{1}, +R. Henderson\altaffilmark{11}, +K. S. Long\altaffilmark{4}, +N. Metcalfe\altaffilmark{2}, +M. A. Nieto-Santisteban\altaffilmark{4}, +P. Norberg\altaffilmark{6,7}, +R. P. Saglia\altaffilmark{5}, +A. Szalay\altaffilmark{3}, +A. Rest\altaffilmark{4}, +A. R. Thakar\altaffilmark{3}, +J. L. Tonry\altaffilmark{1}, +J. Valenti\altaffilmark{4}, +S. Werner\altaffilmark{3}, +R. White\altaffilmark{4}, +% +L. Denneau\altaffilmark{1}, +P. W. Draper\altaffilmark{2}, +K. W. Hodapp\altaffilmark{1}, +R. Jedicke\altaffilmark{1}, +N. Kaiser\altaffilmark{1}, +R.-P. Kudritzki\altaffilmark{1}, +P. A. Price\altaffilmark{9}, +R. J. Wainscoat\altaffilmark{1}, +P. S. Builders\altaffilmark{PS1}, +S. Chastel\altaffilmark{1}, +B. McLean\altaffilmark{4} +M. Postman\altaffilmark{4}, +B. Shiao\altaffilmark{4}. +} + + + +\altaffiltext{1}{Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA} +\altaffiltext{2}{Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK} +\altaffiltext{6}{Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK} +\altaffiltext{7}{Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK} +\altaffiltext{3}{Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA} +\altaffiltext{4}{Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA} +\altaffiltext{5}{ Max-Planck Institut f\"ur extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstra\ss e 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany} +\altaffiltext{8}{Back Yard Observatory, P.O. BOX 68856, Tucson, AZ 85737} +\altaffiltext{9}{Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA} +\altaffiltext{10}{Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043} +\altaffiltext{11}{Spire Global, Sky Park 5,45 Finnieston Street, Glasgow, G3 8JU, UK } +\altaffiltext{PS1}{Pan-STARRS1 Builders} +%\begin{document} +%\maketitle +%\section{} +%\subsection{} + +%to be included: all theses guys -- I emailed them if they replied I add a YES.. all should be added into paper list +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%authorlist %These guys are in +%tier 1 +%Magnier YES +%Chambers YES +%Heasley YES % J. N. Heasley\altaffilmark{x}, +%Holmberg YES +%Huber YES +%Sweeney bills@ifa.hawaii.edu +%Waters YES + +%tier2 %these guys are in unless they opt out +%Chen, Thomas txchen@gmail.com +%Farrow dfarrow@mpe.mpg.de +%Hasinger hasinger@ifa.hawaii.edu +%Henderson YES +%Long YES long@stsci.edu +%Metcalfe nigel.metcalfe@durham.ac.uk +%Niento-Santisteban +%Norberg Peder.Norberg@durham.ac.uk +%Saglia saglia@mpe.mpg.de +%Szalay szalay@pha.jhu.edu +%Rest arest@stsci.edu +%Thakar thakar@jhu.edu +%Tonry jt@ifa.hawaii.edu +%Valenti valenti@stsci.edu +%Werner YES +%White rlw@stsci.edu + +%builders =---not yet emailed, they have to opt in + +%tier 3 % these guys are in as well +% Chastel YES rlw@stsci.edu +% Postman postman@stsci.edu +% shiao shiao@stsci.edu +% McClean mclean@stsci.edu + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +\begin{abstract} +\noindent Pan-STARRS1 has carried out a distinct set of imaging synoptic sky surveys including the $3\pi$ Steradian Survey and Medium Deep Survey in 5 bands (\grizy). +This paper describes the database and data products from the \PS\ Surveys. +%covers the publicly available data products from the \PS\ telescope. +%The \PS\ surveys to be released include 3$\pi$, which covers 3/4 of the sky, roughly 60 epochs per point in the sky, and the Medium Deep (MD) fields, covering 70 square degrees and roughly 4000 epochs. +The data products include images and an SQL-based relational database +available from the STScI MAST. %archive where it is accessible via a modified CasJobs \citep{Thakar2008} +%interface. %{\color{red} two references for casjobs (use both?) }%http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1091998 https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/cs/2008/01/mcs2008010018-abs.html } +% +% need a cite for CASJOBS +% +%access to the database, released in multiple stages. +%The first stage of the data release, called DR1, focuses on the static sky from 3$\pi$, and includes mean property tables as well as {\em stack} images and tables. +%This paper summarizes how the data was processed to its final form and will describe how the database was built and calibrated. +%The public +The database is described in full detail, including +the construction of the database, the provenance of the data, the schema, +and how the database tables are related. +%including information about the database schema, the tables within the database, and how the tables are related. +Example queries for a range of science goals are included. +%spanning from simple to complicated and covering different types of data products are included. +\end{abstract} + +\keywords{astronomical databases, database schemas, queries} + +\section{Introduction} +\label{sec:introduction} + +\noindent This is the sixth in a series of seven papers describing the Pan-STARRS1 Surveys and their associated data products. +%Chambers et al. 2017 (Paper I) +\citet[][Paper I]{Chambers2017} provides an overview of the \PS\ System, the design and execution of the \PS\ Surveys, the resulting image and catalog data products, and a discussion of the overall data quality and basic characteristics. +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Processing : Detrending, Warping, Stacking +\citet[][Paper II]{Magnier2017a} +describes how the various data processing stages are organised and implemented, %including details of the +%the processing database which is a critical element in the \PS\ IPP infrastructure. +\citet[][Paper III]{Waters2017} +describes the details of the pixel processing algorithms, including detrending, warping, and adding (to create stacked images) and subtracting (to create difference images) and resulting image products and their properties. +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection +\citet[][Paper IV]{Magnier2017b} +describes the details of the source detection and photometry, including point-spread-function and extended source fitting models, and the techniques for forced photometry measurements. +%Magnier et al. 2017c (Paper V) +%Pan-STARRS Photometric and Astrometric Calibration +\citet[][Paper V]{Magnier2017c} +describes the final calibration process, and the resulting photometric and astrometric quality. +% +%Flewelling et al. 2017 (Paper VI) +%Pan-STARRS 1 Database and Data Products +This paper (Paper VI) describes the \PS\ database, the data products, and details of their organization in the \PS\ database. +\citet[][Paper VII]{Huber2017} +%Huber et al. 2017 (Paper VII) +will describe the Medium Deep Survey in detail, including the unique issues and data products specific to that survey. %% +% +%The \PS\ filters and photometric system has already been described in detail in \citet{Tonry2012}. + +{\color{red} +{\em Note: These papers are being placed on arXiv.org to provide crucial support information at the time of the public release of Data Release 1 (DR1). We expect the arXiv versions to be updated prior to submission to the Astrophysical Journal +in January 2017. Feedback and suggestions for additional information from early users of the data products are welcome during the submission and refereeing process.}} + +\section{Background} +\label{sec:background} +The \PS\ Project teamed with Alex Szalay's database development group at The Johns Hopkins University to undertake the task of providing a hierarchical database for \PS\ \citep{Heasley2008}. The JHU team was the major developer of the SDSS database \citep{Thakar2003}, and it would prove useful to reuse as much of the software developed for the SDSS as possible. However due to its intrinsic size and more complicated dataset +(time domain) major changes were required. The system developed is +called the {\em Published Science Products System}, or PSPS \citep{Heasley2006}. + +The key to moving from the SDSS database to a system capable of dealing with \PS\ data is the design of the Data Storage layers. It was immediately clear that a single monolithic +database design (like SDSS) would not work for the PS1 problem. Our approach has been to use several features available within the Microsoft SQL Server product line to implement a system that would meet our requirements. +While SQL Server does not +have (at present) a cluster implementation, this can be implemented by hand using a combination of distributed partition views and slices \citep{Heasley2008}. +This allowed us to partition data into +smaller databases spread over multiple server machines and still treat the information as a unified table (from the users' perspective). +Further, by staying with SQL Server we +are able to retain a wealth of software tools developed for SDSS, including the use of Hierarchical Triangular Mesh \citep{Szalay2007}. +%The PSPS and the Pan-STARRS Science Interface (PSI) was developed by Conrad Holmberg, Xin (Thomas) Chen, and Roy Henderson under the direction and vision of James Heasley. + +% should cite ukidds paper here + +\section{Data Releases} + +\noindent This paper covers multiple data releases. The first several \PS\ data releases will release 3$\pi$ survey data in stages, with plans to release the Medium Deep Survey data thereafter. The first \PS\ data release (DR1) covers the 3$\pi$ {\em stack} images and the static sky catalog. The available pixel data products for DR1 include the PS1 {\em stack} image products from the 3$\pi$ survey. +These are deep combined {\em stack} images along with ancillary data including signal, masks, variance, and number maps. The available catalog data products include the PS1 static sky 3$\pi$ catalog. This includes {\em ObjectThin}, {\em MeanObject}, +{\em StackObjectThin}, {\em StackObjectAttributes}, {\em StackApFlx*}, {\em StackModel*}, and {\em StackPetrosian} tables, as well as associated metadata tables for these tables. +Data Release 2 (DR2), scheduled for 2017, will add the rest of the PS1 image products from the 3$\pi$ survey, this includes the single epoch {\em warp} images, their ancillary data including signal, masks, and variance maps. DR2 will add the {\em Detection} tables and {\em Forced*} tables, these are the single epoch detections and forced photometry. Future data releases will provide the 3$\pi$ {\em diff} image products and catalogs, and analogous data products for the Medium Deep (MD) surveys. + + +\section{Overview of the Data Products} +\label{sec:overview} + +%\subsection{Choosing a Data Access Option} +%\label{sec:choosingdataccess} + +\noindent The two options for data access are via the {\em Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes} (MAST) at STScI, and PSPS, each of which provides access to different types of data products. MAST provides the access point for downloading different pixel data products and their associated metadata and source catalogs. This includes FITS downloads, FITS and JPEG image cutouts, scriptable image access, color JPEG images, and an interactive image browser with catalog overlays. The PSPS is a queryable database. It is based on {\em CasJOBS}, searches are done using SQL queries, and users are able to do complicated and large queries that are saved to their private MyDB spaces. The PSPS contains calibrated catalogs of photometric and astrometric parameters for single epoch exposures, stacks, difference images, and forced photometry as well. The database schema for the PSPS is briefly described in Section~\ref{sec:schemaintro}, and is fully expanded in Appendix~\ref{sec:schema}. +%A description of how to use the PSPS, the query generator and the flag generator, as well as how to download the search results is given in section (XXX). +Example queries are described in Appendix~\ref{sec:query}. %{\color{red} do we talk about psi at all} + +The Pan-STARRS1 database schema is +organized into four sections: +\begin{enumerate} +\item Fundamental Data Products. These are attributes that are calculated from either detrended but untransformed pixels or warped pixels. The instrumental fluxes or magnitudes have been re-calibrated, as have their positions. Because of these calibrations, the catalog values are to be preferred to making a new measurement from the images. See Table \ref{table:fundamentalipp}. +\item Derived Data Products. These are higher order science products that have been calculated from the Fundamental data products, such as proper motions and photometric redshifts. These tables will come in later data releases. +\item Observational Metadata. This is metadata that provides detailed information about the individual exposures (e.g. PSF model fit) or which exposures went into an image combination (stacks and diffs) of exposures, +as well as information such as detection efficiencies. See Table \ref{table:observationalmetadata}. +\item System Metadata. These tables have fixed information about the system and the database itself, including descriptions of various flags. See Table \ref{table:systemmetadata}. +\end{enumerate} +Various database ``Views'' are also constructed as an aide for standard types of queries. Views act like tables, and primarily consist of joins of different commonly used tables, in order to simplify queries. See Table \ref{table:views}. + + +%\noindent {\color{red} do we still need more here? yes, still needs more intro/overview.} + +%There are two main interfaces for the \PS\ data, subdivided by whether the user needs images or catalogs. The images are available via {\em Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes} (MAST) at STScI, providing FITS downloads, FITS and JPEG image cutouts, scriptable image access, color JPEG images, and an interactive image browser with catalog overlays. Users interested in these products should read Section {\color{red} we don't have a section for this} of this paper. The catalogs are accessible via the PSPS, which provides a {\em CASJobs SQL} query interface and a scriptable {\em Virtual Observatory} (VO) compatible cone search that can return various data formats (VOTable, CSV, etc). Users interested in catalogs should start with Section~\ref{sec:schemaintro}, example queries are in Appendix~\ref{sec:query}, the full schema is in Appendix~\ref{sec:schema}, and the flag tables are in Appendix~\ref{sec:FlagTables}. %and other metadata is in Appendix~\ref{sec:systemmetadatatables}. + +This paper covers the data products and schema for the 3$\pi$ data releases. The majority of the information is the same for the MD fields. + +%\subsection{Special Topics for a Multi-Epoch Survey} +%\label{sec:specialtopics} + +%\noindent This is an overview of special issues related to creating a database that has both a deep static sky and ~60 epochs from single exposures. With multiple epochs, it is possible to get %statistics, and mean measurements when combining multiple exposures. This is the foundation of the concept of {\em object}. Objects are are a collection of one or more detections from various data products (single exposures, stacks, etc), for fixed right ascension and declination. Some objects might be spurious; if there are multiple detections for a given object, it makes it more likely that that object is real and not an artifact from the telescope, camera, or processing pipeline. + +%\subsection{Detection vs. Object and Chip vs. {\em stack} vs Warp} +%\label{sec:detectionvsobject} + +%{\color{red} HAF: so my concerns about this section are as follows: First, this was essentially a Gene outline thingy, and it wasn't very clear to me why chips vs warps needs to be mentioned. Users don't use chips, although it's useful backgroup info for them. I guess, I'm curious what i should be writing here. I think Objects vs Detections is very important, but not clear about the rest (cam vs stacks vs warps? something else?)} +%\noindent Depending on the user's needs, different data products are useful. +%{\em Chips} and {\em warps} are useful for single epochs (i.e., if you want all the g band exposures for a patch of sky). {\em Chip} images are the detrended raw data from the Orthogonal-Transfer CCD Arrays (OTAs), in detector \texttt{X} and \texttt{Y} coordinates, while {\em warps} are re-binned and rotated to be in tangential RA/Dec projection with 0.25" pixels. Both of these products have chip and cell gaps present, as well as other artifacts masked out. {\em Chips} and {\em warps} are useful for time domain astronomy. {\em Stacks} contain multiple warped exposures, are much deeper, and as much as possible, have no gaps or empty spaces. The sum of all {\em stacks} make up the static sky. + + + +\section{Flow of Data From IPP to PSPS} + +\label{sec:creation} +\noindent We present a condensed version of the flow of data starting with raw image processing and ending with the steps used to generate the catalog database, so that the end user will have a better understanding of the terms that we use. During the various processing steps some data is lost or flagged out, causing apparent inconsistencies. We describe these here to provide additional information about the process that will help the user determine the best data products to use. A flow chart of the whole process can be seen in Figure~\ref{fig:revisedipptopsps}. First, images are taken at the summit, then they undergo IPP processing which produces catalogs files from the {\em camera} stage, {\em stack} stage, {\em diff} stage and {\em forced} stage. These catalog files (in the form of binary FITS files called {\em cmf/smf} files) are then ingested into a ``Desktop Virtual Observatory'' (DVO, described in section~\ref{sec:DVOdatabase}) database using \texttt{addstar}. The DVO database is then calibrated. Next, {\em IppToPsps} creates batches from the DVO and {\em smf/cmf} files to be loaded into PSPS, and later the database is made available to the user. + +\begin{figure*} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,angle=0]{revisedipptopsps.pdf}} +\caption{An overview of the steps necessary to create publicly accessible \PS\ data. First step is to take images from the summit, process them via the image processing pipeline (IPP), ingest the data into the PSPS, and then provide public access to the user. The IPP has many steps of processing, not all are shown here. The {\em camera}, {\em stacks}, {\em difference images} and {\em forced photometry} stages produce binary catalog FITS files which are the foundation of building the DVO database, which is then calibrated. The final step of IPP processing is to use the {\em IppToPsps} to generate small batches of data in the appropriate database schema to be ingested into PSPS. This paper primarily focuses on the PSPS and the database schema. The other steps are explained in enough detail to describe known and potential sources of inconsistencies within the database.} +\label{fig:revisedipptopsps} +\end{figure*} + +\subsection{Processing Stages} +\label{sec:processingstages} + +\noindent The first stage of data products involves processing raw images into detrended and warped images, followed by the generation of {\em stacks}, {\em diff images} and catalogs. Finally forced photometry on the {\em warps} is performed using positions of sources detected in the stacks. This processing is done by the {\em Image Processing Pipeline} (IPP). This first iteration of processing is called nightly science processing. It was designed to be fast to allow the \PS\ {\em Moving Object Processing System} \citep[MOPS]{Denneau2013} and the PS1 science consortium access to the data a few hours after observation in order to detect moving objects, supernovae, and other time sensitive transients. The 3$\pi$ data spans 4 years of observations, a time during which the IPP was actively being developed and improved. To make a consistent set of data, both for the internal catalog database as well as for the public release, all of the raw images were reprocessed from scratch, using part of the IPP called {\em Large Area Processing} (LAP), all using a specific revision number of the IPP code, for consistency. The data released to the public in DR1 is internally called Processing Version 3 (PV3). + +What follows below is a short description of the different stages of this pipeline, chunked into sections based on final available image data products and products that are used to create the large relational database. + +\subsubsection{Chip and Camera Stages} +\label{sec:chipandcamera} + +\noindent The first stage takes the raw images, generally 60 FITS files, one FITS file per OTA%(\cite{1997PASP..109.1154T})%{\color{red} Reference Burke 2004 or other OTA paper?}) +, and detrends them. This stage is called the {\em chip} stage, and analysis is done per chip. This involves applying the dark, flat, bias, background correction, etc., as described in the detrend paper \citep{Waters2017}, as well as to find the sources and do photometry on them using {\em psphot} \citep{Magnier2017b}. The next step, called camera stage, is to mosaic the {\em chip} processing together, to do basic astrometry on the image, to generate a binary FITS table called an {\em smf} file which holds the catalog information for the image. The end product of {\em camera} produces the catalog {\em smf} files which are later ingested into a relational database (DVO). %{\color{red} they aren't available to the users, other than as database right?}, and the {\em smf} files as well as the detrended {\em chip} images are available to the users. + + +\subsubsection{Fake and Warp Stages} +\label{sec:fakeandwarp} + +\noindent The next two steps are the {\em fake} and the {\em warp} stages. The {\em fake} stage ingests a number of fake sources into an image, and then performs photometry on the image to recover the input sources. This stage is skipped for the 3$\pi$ reprocessing (LAP/PV3) as we instead do forced photometry at a later stage. + +The {\em warp} stage rotates and bins the {\em chip} outputs to be on a tangential RA/Dec plane, with 0.25 arcsecond pixels, with the images chopped into smaller 6242x6254 pixel skycells. + +%Skycells are a subset of projection cells, a given projection cell is made up of 100 skycells {\color{red}(steal the figure from Ken ?XXX)}. + +For 3$\pi$, the tessellation for the majority of the skycells is \texttt{Rings.V3}, based on a Budavari-Magnier Rings tessellation \citep{Magnier2017a}. +This tessellation subdivides the sky into projections cell rings, each projection cell is 4.0 x 4.0 degrees, subdivided into 10 x 10 skycells, each with 30 arcseconds or 120 pixels of overlap on a side. +The pole region of 3$\pi$ uses the tessellation \texttt{CNP.POLE}, defined as a projection cell of 4.4 x 4.4 degrees, +subdivided into 11x11 skycells, centered around RA = 0.0 and Dec = 90.0, same 120 pixels of overlap on each side. All +image data products beyond {\em warp} ({\em stacks}/{\em forced warps}/{\em diffs}/ etc.) are laid out in skycells as well. + +The warp image products will be available to users via MAST for DR2. + +%skycell tess info for others who read this +%https://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/PS1_Tessellations + +\subsubsection{Stack, StaticSky, Skycal Stages} +\label{sec:stackstages} + +\noindent There are 3 stack related stages: stack, staticsky, and skycal. The stack stage generates the images, and staticsky and skycal generates the catalogs files. + +\noindent {\em Stacks} are generated from adding together {\em warp} exposures with the same skycell id and filter, the process is described in more detail in \citet{Waters2017}. There are several {\em stack} types, they are listed in the {\em StackType} in the PSPS database. For the 3$\pi$ database, the {\em stack} type is set to \texttt{DEEP\_STACK}, i.e., all available and good quality {\em warps} for a given skycell and filter within 3$\pi$ are used to generate the best and deepest {\em stack} possible. The 3$\pi$ deep {\em stacks} consist of one deep {\em stack} per skycell per filter. This step produces unconvolved {\em stacks}, {\em stacks} with input {\em warps} convolved to 6 pixels, and {\em stacks} with input {\em warps} convolved to 8 pixels. Masks, weights, variance, and number maps are also generated for each deep stack. + +Once the {\em stack} images are created, further processing is done on stacks, via {\em staticsky} and {\em skycal} stages, to do photometry and astrometry on the stacks. For the {\em staticsky} stage, photometric analysis is run on all 5 filters at once, both for unconvolved stacks and {\em stacks} convolved to 6 and 8 pixels. Catalog files, one per filter, of matched sources within a 5 pixel radius are generated. The {\em skycal} stage calibrates the {\em staticsky} catalogs relative to the reference catalog. The {\em skycal} catalog files are later ingested into the DVO database and then into the PSPS database. Due to the overlap between skycells, sources that land in the overlaps can be reported 2, 3, or 4 times in the DVO and PSPS database. Use the \texttt{BestDetection} flag to select the best one of these. + +Stack image products are available to users via MAST. + +\subsubsection{Diff Stage} +\label{sec:diffstage} + +\noindent In general, for the IPP, there are several different types of {\em diffs}. These are \texttt{WARP\_WARP}, \texttt{WARP\_STACK}, \texttt{STACK\_WARP} and \texttt{STACK\_STACK} {\em diffs}. For 3$\pi$, difference images are generated between {\em warps} and deep {\em stacks}, i.e., \texttt{WARP\_STACK} diffs. That is, each good quality {\em warp} within the 3$\pi$ dataset is subtracted from the appropriate 3$\pi$ deep {\em stack} (same filter and skycell\_id). + +The results from this stage of processing include warp images and related files, and warp catalog files. The Warp image files are used in later stages of processing (stack and diff). Users can access individual warp images via MAST (DR2). + +\subsubsection{Forced Photometry Stage} +\label{sec:forcedphotom} + +\noindent Photometry done in the earlier stages is unforced. That is, the sources are located on the images, and then photometry is performed. Forced photometry is done with prior knowledge of source positions. There are 2 steps of forced photometry for the IPP: One performs forced photometry on the individual {\em warp} exposures, and the other calculates forced galaxy model fits on the stacks. + +The forced warp photometry stage takes the positions of sources located in the deep {\em stacks} and then calculates photometry at those positions on the individual warps. The catalogs generated by this process are first ingested into the DVO database, then translated using {\em IppToPsps} into the {\em ForcedWarp*} tables for the PSPS. + +Forced galaxy photometry is done on the {\em stack} images. This step calculates galaxy model fits on the known sources on the stacks.%{\color{red} not happy not sure if this is right needs more investigation} +Catalog files are produced for this stage of processing, and these are later ingested into the PSPS database, as the {\em ForcedGalaxy*} tables. + +%\subsection{Results from Processing Stages} +%\label{sec:resultsfromprocessingstages} + +%\noindent A subset of these products are to be released in DR1, and the rest will be released in DR2. These include, for DR1, unconvolved images from the {\em stack} stage for 3$\pi$. +%DR2 will include warp images for all of the 3$\pi$ exposures. Catalog data will be available via the PSPS database, it will include for DR1 stack measurements for unconvolved and convolved stacks, available in the Stack* tables, and mean properties from the camera stage (ObjectThin and MeanObject). DR2 will include single exposure catalogs from the 'camera' stage (as Detection tables), all measurements from the 'forced photometry' stage (as Forced* tables), and all measurements from the 'diff' stage (as Diff* tables). + +%images/{\em smf} files for the camera stage, images/{\em cmfs} for the {\em warp} stage, and images/{\em cmfs} for the {\em stack} stage (check). Later data released will include {\em diffs} and forced {\em warp} images/cmfs (xxx) These products are available via STSCI / MAST (xxx) + +\subsection{DVO Database Steps} +\label{sec:DVOdatabase} + +\subsubsection{Building and calibrating a DVO Database} +\label{sec:buildingdvo} + +%{\color{red} this needs a high level description of what DVO is } + +Desktop Virtual Observatory (DVO) is a database developed by Eugene Magnier that takes a subset of photometric, astrometric, flags, metadata, etc. from the catalog FITS files {\em smf/cmf} from various IPP stages and puts them into a relational database built from FITS files. + +%structure of files + +%\color{red} brief list of ingredients } +Catalog files are ingested into the DVO database via the \texttt{addstar} program (part of the IPP code). There are several stages of IPP processing that are ingested into the DVO database. These are the catalogs produced by the {\em skycal}, {\em camera}, forced photometry on warps, and forced galaxy model fit stages. Difference image catalogs are ingested into the diff DVO database. + +%addstar +%{\color{red} cooking instructions (calibration)} + +% make sure I"m not missing anything dumb. + +Once the DVO database is built, it is then calibrated. Steps include relative photometry and astrometry. Average properties are also calculated. Full details are in \citet{Magnier2017c}. +%\noindent There are several stages of IPP products that are ingested into the DVO database, these are: {\em camera}, {\em skycal} (called {\em 'stacks'}), {\em forcedwarps}, and {\em forced galaxys} {\color{red} (???)}, and {\em diffs}. +%DVO is a database developed by Eugene Magnier that takes a subset of photometric, astrometric, flags, metadata, etc. from the {\em smf/cmf} files and puts them into a relational database built from FITS files. + +%The structure of the DVO database is laid out in this paper. Essentially, the DVO is subdivided into FITS files divided by RA and Dec boundaries with a small {\color{red}(xxx)} overlap between files. %This boundary, which allows the database to be smoothly calibrated over the sky, is also a source of duplicate IDs because {\color{red} (xxx)}, and these duplicates are present within the DR1 data release. + +%{%\color{red} i need help from eam on DVO stuff -- need a summary as well as specifics for 3$\pi$ calibration} + + + +%\subsubsection{General DVO Calibration Steps} +%\label{sec:generalDVOcalib} + + +There are several categories of DVO files that are used by {\em IppToPsps} to populate the PSPS database. Short summaries of these file types are included here, full details are available in \citet{Magnier2017c}. This list is only a subset, and only the files that are most relevant for {\em IppToPsps}. + +\begin{description} + +\item[.cpt] Object information - each .cpt table has one entry for each object in that region of the sky. It summarizes the average properties of that object as long as those properties can be derived independently of the filter used. Information such as mean RA and Dec are listed in these files. + +\item[.cpm] Measurements - each .cpm table contains all of the measurement information for each object in the .cpt file. Contains measurement information for detections from the stack/skycal cmf, camera smfs, and forced warp smfs. + +\item[.cps] Mean properties - the .cps table has filter dependent average property information for each object listed in the .cpt file. Information such as mean magnitudes are located in these files. + +\item[.cpx] Lensing measurements - the .cpx files contains lensing parameters measured from all the forced warp cmfs. + +\item[.cpy] Lensing Objects - the .cpy table has one entry for each object in that region of the sky, same object ids as for objects in the .cpt file. It summarizes the average properties of the lensing measurements. + +\item[.cpq] Forced Galaxy - the .cpq table has one entry for each object in that region of the sky, same object ids as for objects in the .cpt files. It summarizes the extended source galaxy shape measurements. + + + + +\end{description} + +%query to get the numbers +%select count(*), stage from mergeDVOdbRun join minidvodbRun using (minidvodb_id) join addRun using (minidvodb_group, minidvodb_name) where mergedvodb = 'LAP.PV3.MERGE' group by stage; + +%ffw exp number select count(*) from fullForceRun join fullForceInput using (ff_id) where label = 'LAP.PV3.20140730.ff01' group by warp_id; +% select count(*) from fullForceRun join fullForceInput using (ff_id) join fullForceResult using (ff_id, warp_id) where label = 'LAP.PV3.20140730.ff01' and quality = 0 group by warp_id; + +%skycell counts + +%ffg numbers +%select count(*) , label from minidvodbRun join addRun using (minidvodb_group, minidvodb_name ) where label like '%ffg' group by label; + + +%specific 3$\pi$ calibration steps +%know missing data + +%\subsubsection{Building the 3$\pi$ Diff Database} +%\label{sec:building3pidiff} + +%The 3$\pi$ diff database has not been built yet. +%specific 3$\pi$ {\em diff} steps +%known missing data + +%\subsubsection{Building the MD Databases} + +%The MD databases have not yet been built, details will be included in \citet{Huber2017}. + +\subsection{IppToPsps Steps} +\label{sec:ipptopsps} +% needs s better name + +\noindent The DVO database contains a subset of information, primarily average properties of sources, and precisely calibrated astrometric and photometric information. It is necessary, when building the PSPS database, to combine the DVO database as well as extra columns from the individual {\em smf} and {\em cmf} files. The {\em IppToPsps} stage does this for the mean properties (split into mean properties for single exposures, calibrations against the Gaia catalogue \citep{Gaia2016}, difference exposures, and {\em forcedwarp} exposures), subdivided by DVO FITS files with RA/Dec boundaries, and again for the individual stages, which represent either single exposures or skycells from other stages ({\em camera}, {\em stacks}, {\em forced warps}, {\em difference images}). + +\begin{figure*} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,angle=0]{ipptopsps.pdf}} +\caption{This figure shows a flowchart of how data flows from the IPP side into batches for PSPS, using {\em IppToPsps}. On the IPP side, the DVO database shows cpt/cpm/cps/cpx/cpy/cpq files, organized and grouped by which {\em IppToPsps} batch type uses them. The IPP side also has the smf/cmf files from the camera stage, forced warp stage, and stack (skycal) stages, these smf/cmf files are also needed for {\em IppToPsps}. {\em IppToPsps} has several different batch types, extracting data from different sources, and generating batches for ingest into PSPS. Batches related to diffs are not shown here, it is a similar process (cpt,cpm) files from the diff DVO and cmf files from the diff skycells go through {\em IppToPsps} to create DF batches (analagous to P2 or ST but using diff cmfs). DO batches are created using cpt,cps files from the diff DVO (similar to how OB or GO batches are created).} +\label{fig:ipptopsps} +\end{figure*} + + +The {\em IppToPsps} translates the DVO and various catalog files associated with processing ({\em camera}/{\em stacks}/{\em forced warp}/{\em diff}) into smaller batches which are loaded onto data stores to be ingested by PSPS. This is the stage that transforms the data into the same schema as what the end user sees. The {\em IppToPsps} is written in python/jython, STILTS \citep{Taylor2006}, uses {\em mysql} for the database ({\em IppToPsps}) used to track processing as well as for scratch databases, and uses some of the core tools within IPP to access the GPC1 database, to retrieve files, and to read the DVO database. + +The {\em IppToPsps} uses the GPC1 database to generate a list of data products from the different stages that were successfully ingested into the DVO database. The GPC1 database is used by IPP to keep track of the images and their progress through different stages of processing including if they are in the DVO database. For {\em IppToPsps}, only data products ingested successfully into the DVO database are queued up to be processed. Therefore it is extremely important to verify and finalize the DVO database prior to running {\em IppToPsps}. + +There are multiple types of batches that are generated by {\em IppToPsps}, these include {\em Init} (IN), {\em Object} (OB), {\em stack} (ST), {\em Detection} (P2), {\em Forced Mean Objects} (FO), {\em Forced warp} (FW), {\em Forced Galaxy} (FG), {\em Gaia Objects} (GO), {\em diff Detection Objects} (DO), and {\em diff Detections} (DF). For DR1, IN, OB, ST, FO and GO batches are processed through {\em IppToPsps} and ingested into PSPS. DR2 has P2, FW, FG, DO and DF batches. An overview of the different batch types and associated DVO files and smf/cmf files is shown in the flowchart on Figure~\ref{fig:ipptopsps}. + +The init batch (IN) is the first batch created by {\em IppToPsps}, and it is first to be ingested into PSPS. This includes the system metadata tables described in Section~\ref{sec:schemameta}, with flag bits listed in Appendix~\ref{sec:FlagTables}. This metadata is hardwired and fixed. + +The object batches (OB) create the {\em ObjectThin} and {\em MeanObject} tables, described in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:schemaobject}. Each batch represents individual DVO files which are subdivided into small rectangular patches of sky. Columns are filled from the DVO database (cpt and cps files). + +The detection batches (P2), create the {\em Detection} tables, described in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:schemap2}. Each batch corresponds to a single exposure from \PS. Columns within are filled from the DVO database (cpt and cpm files) as well as the {\em camera} stage catalog file (smf). + +The {\em stack} batches (ST) create the {\em stack} tables, described in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:schemast}. Each batch corresponds to a skycell from the skycal stage. Columns are filled from the DVO database (cpt and cpm files ) as well as from the corresponding skycal catalog files (cmf) for all 5 filters (or what is available). + +The {\em forced mean objects} (FO) create the {\em ForcedMeanObject} and {\em ForcedMeanLensing} tables, described in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:schemaobject}. Forced warp processing is ingested into a DVO, forced objects are determined and their mean properties are calculated and contained withing the DVO. Each batch contains data from individual DVO files (cpt, cps, cpy). + +The {\em forced galaxy} batches (FG) create the {\em ForcedGalaxyShape} table, described in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:schemaobject}. Forced galaxy model fits calculated from the stacks are ingested into the DVO, the forced galaxy objects are determined within the DVO. Each batch contains data from individual DVO files (cpt, cps, cpq). + +The {\em forced warp} batches (FW) create the {\em ForcedWarp*} tables, described in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:schemafw}. Each batch corresponds to a different skycell, and contains all the {\em forced warp} catalogs for that skycell. Each batch contains data from individual DVO files (cpm, cpt, cpx) as well as from the corresponding {\em forced warp} catalog files ({\em cmf}). + +The {\em diff} object batches (DO) create the {\em DiffDetObject} table, described in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:schemaobject}. Diff detection catalog images are ingested into a DVO, {\em diff} objects are defined and mean properties are calculated for the {\em diff} objects. Columns are filled from the DVO {\em diff} database (cpt and cps files). + +The {\em diff detection} batches (DF) create the {\em DiffDetection} table, described in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:schemadiff}. Each batch corresponds to a difference image catalog file created in the {\em diff} stage, and will contain all the skycells for a given exposure. Columns are filled from the DVO database (cpt and cpm files), and from the corresponding {\em diff} catalog file ({\em cmf}). + +Gaia DR1 \citep{Gaia2016} was released after all of the object tables were ingested into the PSPS database. We used the Gaia data to recalibrate the DVO object positions, this improved the astrometry significantly. Rather than dump the database and start over (with corrected RA and Dec positions), we added a new type of batch, (GO), that contains minimal metadata information, the \texttt{ObjID} for the objects, the {\em objectInfoFlags}, and the corrected RA and Dec as well as the errors. It is based on exactly the same DVO files as OB batches, has updated RA and Dec calibrated to Gaia, and ignores the rest of the DVO columns. + +Within {\em IppToPsps} it is possible to verify that the expected batches were generated, and to re-queue and regenerate batches that failed. Batches fail for a variety of reasons, none of the failures are terminal. Batches can fail if any of the associated {\em mysql} databases time out or are unavailable, if there are disk I/O glitches or other disk problems. The DVO database sets the expected number of batches to generate, and failures are investigated and retried until they are resolved. Within {\em IppToPsps} it is also possible to poll the PSPS to verify if batches have been ingested. This allows for easy removal of batches that have been loaded to PSPS in order to regain disk space. + +%\subsection{Ingest into PSPS} +%\label{sec:PSPS} + +%\noindent We present an overview of the PSPS, first so that the user understands better how the PSPS database is constructed in order to optimize the queries, and secondly to describe the currently known issues within the PSPS database. + +\section{PSPS} +\label{sec:overviewpsps} +\label{sec:PSPS} + +\noindent We present an overview of the PSPS, first so that the user understands better how the PSPS database is constructed in order to optimize the queries, and secondly to describe the currently known issues within the PSPS database. + + +\begin{figure*} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,angle=0]{ODM_data_flow.pdf}} +\caption{This figure shows a flowchart of how data flows from the IPP (via IppToPsps) into the load merge machines, which is then flipped to the slice machines to allow for users to query the data (via a modified CasJobs)} +\label{fig:odm_data_flow} +\end{figure*} + +\begin{figure*} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,angle=0]{ODM_data_layout.pdf}} +\caption{This shows how the data (L1 data/csv files/Image Pipeline) is loaded into L2 data (the load merge machines - responsible for loading the data and merging it into the 'cold' part of the database. In this figure there are 8 slice machines which hold hot and warm copies of the database. At the bottom is the head nodes and the main database. The hot database serves the fast response queue and the warm database serves the slow queue. The fast queue is specifically for queries that take less than one minute to complete. The cold database is never accessible by users. } +\label{fig:odm_data_layout} +\end{figure*} + + + + +\noindent {\em Introduction}: PSPS consists of 5 parts: the data transformation layer (DXLayer), the Object Database Manager (ODM), the Workflow Manager Database (WMD), the data retrieval layer (DRL), and the \PS\ Science Interface (PSI). The DXLayer polls the {\em IppToPsps} datastores for new batches and prepares them for loading. The ODM is the software that all loading nodes run to load, merge, copy and publish the PSPS databases. The WMD is the database containing all the logs about the PSPS databases. The DRL is the intermediate layer between the client and the PSPS database. The PSI is the web based interface for PS1 consortium members, for interacting with the DRL. Each of these components is described in more detail below, and a diagram of the process is shown in Fig~\ref{fig:odm_data_flow} + + +\noindent {\em Partitioning the PSPS}: The PSPS uses distributed Partitioned Views (DVP), these are tables that are partitioned to reside on different files on different linked servers. The tables are partitioned into slices, with cuts based on declination, and with each slice containing a similar amount of data. Partition slices are customized for each database ($3\pi$ vs MD) %Fig~\ref{fig:pspsslices} shows the different database slices, and Table~\ref{table:pspsslices} describes the names of the slices and the declination ranges for each slice. +Fig~\ref{fig:odm_data_layout} shows how the data is partitioned across a subset of the machines. + +\noindent {\em The DXLayer}: The DXLayer is the first stage in the PSPS, this is the stage that polls for new batches to load and preps them for the next step (ODM). Fig~\ref{fig:dxlayerprocess} shows the flowchart of the DXLayer process, and Fig~\ref{fig:psps_loadprocess} shows a more detailed flowchart of how batches are loaded and verified within the DXLayer and ODM. +PSPS loads batches created by the {\em IppToPsps}. A batch corresponds to either products from different processing stages ({\em camera}, {\em stack/skycal}, {\em diff}, {\em forced warp}) or from different DVO files (arranged by area of sky). Batches contain a manifest file that describes the batch information such as type of batch, min/max \texttt{ObjID}, MD5 checksum, and the tables to load. Batches data is stored in FITS files, which are transformed to csv files in the DXLayer. The batch area cannot exceed two PSPS slices, else it will not load correctly. The PSPS slices are chosen so that this does not happen. + +\begin{figure} +\vskip -0.6cm +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,angle=0]{dxlayerprocess.pdf}} +\vskip -1.0cm +\caption{A flowchart of the DXLayer process, showing how batches are loaded into the DXLayer, verified, and submitted to the ODM} +\label{fig:dxlayerprocess} +\end{figure} + +\noindent {\em The ODM}: The nodes within the ODM have naming conventions for their roles: load/merge (lm), slice (s), head (h) and admin (a). All ODM processes are named workflows (load, merge, copy, flip). Everything (logs, process, requests) are inserted into an administration database called the Workflow Manager Database (WMD). Databases are named by roles Load, Cold, Warm, Hot. These databases are MS-SQL Server and are broken into four volumes with 96 file partitions each. The disk layout is RAID1+0 with 64 bit alignment. All of the metadata tables and {\em ObjectThin}, {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate}, {\em StackObjectThin} are merged into a head database to provide faster queries. + +{\color{red} moar words} + +\noindent {\em The WMD}: {\color{red} moar words} + + +\noindent {\em The DRL}: The DRL is the layer between the user and the PSPS database. The DRL is responsible for management of queries that the user submits via the DRL API, is based from CasJobs, and has many similar features. It primarily keeps track of all user queries and provides progress of those queries in a secure way. It also kills queries that use too many resources or take too long. The DRL API is accessed via Simple Access Object Protocal (SOAP), allowing for multiple ways for the user to access the database. Consortium members used the PSI (a web user interface), but it is also possible for the users to query the database via SOAP calls from command line scripts. A flowchart of the DRL can be seen in Figure~\ref{fig:psps_drl}. + + +\noindent {\em PSI}: The PSI is the web user interface, but only for consortium members. As it was part of the design of PSPS it is included here for reference. This interface provides many useful features including a query request page, information on query progress, MyDB management tools, graphing tools, access to the pixel data products, and interactive help. The query request page allows for the user to easily submit queries to a variety of databases (3pi/MD/MyDB), to upload query files or to check the syntax, to name MyDB results tables and to select the queue to submit to. The MyDB management tools allow the user to easily select which MyDB tables to purge as well as well as methods to extract to csv, FITS or xml files to download. Some of the interactive features include an interactive schema browser, a query builder to easily create a query with multiple joins and conditions, and a flag generator to create bitmasks for the different types of flag tables. The plotting tool allowed the user to quickly plot data from the PSPS databases or their own MyDB within the browser. + + +\begin{figure} +\vskip -0.6cm +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,angle=0]{psps_loadprocess.pdf}} +\vskip -1.0cm +\caption{\noindent A flowchart of loading data from {\em IppToPsps}/IPP as batches into the DXLayer and ODM.} +\label{fig:psps_loadprocess} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,angle=0]{psps_merging.pdf}} +\vskip -1.0cm +\caption{\noindent A graphical representation of how the database is re-indexed as more data is ingested. } +\label{fig:psps_merging} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,angle=0]{psps_index.pdf}} +\vskip -1.0cm +\caption{\noindent PSPS uses \texttt{ObjID} as the index, with specific \texttt{ObjID} ranges associated with physical locations such as different hard disks} +\label{fig:psps_index} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,angle=0]{psps_drl.pdf}} +\vskip -1.0cm +\caption{\noindent A flow chart explaining the DRL, the layer that provides the user access to the database.} +\label{fig:psps_drl} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +%\vskip -0.5cm +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,angle=0]{psps_copy.pdf}} +\vskip -0.5cm +\caption{\noindent A flow chart showing the steps necessary to do the copy workflow.} +\label{fig:psps_copy} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +%\vskip -0.5cm +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.2\columnwidth,angle=0]{psps_mergecriteria.pdf}} +%\vskip -1.0cm +\caption{\noindent Flow chart showing how data from IPP/{\em IppToPsps} batches is loaded into the system and then merged into a new cold database.} +\label{fig:psps_mergecriteria} +\end{figure} + +%\subsubsection{Verification of Ingest into PSPS} +%\label{sec:verifypsps} + +%{\color{red} write some generic words here} + + + +\section{Overview of the PSPS Database Schema} +\label{sec:schemaintro} + +\noindent There are over 50 different tables that make up the PSPS schema. Here we give a brief overview of the tables and indexes, to help aid the user in selecting the most appropriate table for queries. The core concept is that the database has a unique \texttt{ObjID} for each object detected within \PS\ data. An object is defined to be something which has measurable flux at a given RA and Dec. Multiple detections of an object will all share the same \texttt{ObjID}, as well as multiple detections within one arcsecond of that object (which might not be associated with that object, for example, blended sources). This \texttt{ObjID} is the core index used to join the object and detection tables. For example, {\em ObjectThin} has the astrometric information for the objects, one would join against the {\em Detection} table, using \texttt{ObjID}, in order to get the individual photometric attributes for all the detections of that object within the single exposures (at a given RA and Dec). + +\subsection{The Main Categories of Tables} +\label{sec:schemacategories} + + +\noindent There are 4 main types of tables within the PSPS database, these are Fundamental Data Product tables, Observational Metadata tables, Derived Data Product tables, and System Metadata tables. +Fundamental Data Product tables can be categorized into either Object Tables (summarized in Section~\ref{sec:schemaobject} or Detection Tables (summarized in Section~\ref{sec:schemadetections}. + Object tables contain basic information on each source in the sky, including the mean photometric and astrometric information. Detection tables contain photometric and astrometric information on the individual exposures. Detection tables contain detections from individual exposures ({\em Detection}), stacked images ({\em Stack*} tables), Forced {\em warp} images ({\em forcedWarp*} tables) that contain forced photometry of individual exposures using positional knowledge of sources detected on {\em stacked images}, {\em Difference Images} ({\em stack} - individual exposures). + Observational Metadata contains information about the different data products and how they are mapped to the individual exposures. Observational Metadata tables are summarized in Sections~\ref{sec:schemadetections}. + Derived Data Products will come later and are not described in this paper. System Metadata tables are summarized in Section~\ref{sec:schemameta}, they contain hardwired information about the PSPS, this includes tables about flags, filters, tessellations and other useful metadata that is fixed. + +This section will start by briefly describing the System Metadata tables (Section~\ref{sec:schemameta}), followed by Object tables (Section~\ref{sec:schemaobject}. The Detection tables (Section~\ref{sec:schemadetections}) are organized by stage of IPP processing and contain a mix of Fundamental Data Product tables and Observational Metadata tables as this seemed the more natural way to organize this part of the schema. + + + %For this section, there will be a brief discussion of +%3 of the different categories of the tables, followed by the table descriptions and indexes. + +\begin{figure*} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,angle=0]{dataproductimages004.pdf}} +\caption{\noindent A summary of how the different tables are related. The rectangular boxes with words inside represent the different table names. The ovals with words inside represent the column names to use to join the tables. Black lines connect table names to columns (i.e., {\em Detection} has a line to \texttt{ObjID} which has a line to {\em StackObjectThin}) - this shows that {\em Detection} can be joined to {\em StackObjectThin} using \texttt{ObjID}). The grey rounded boxes represent different stages of data processing, which corresponds to different stages of loading into the database. Tables within the grey boxes are related; connections to the (grey) metadata tables are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:objidmap}. The tables that are not in grey rounded boxes represent system metadata, metadata that describes the \PS\ system as well as flag information.} +\label{fig:objidmap} +\end{figure*} + + + +\begin{figure*} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,angle=0]{imageid.pdf}} +\caption{\noindent This diagram shows how to find the \texttt{imageID} and \texttt{frameID} from each of the different detection tables and metadata tables. The rectangular boxes with words inside represent the different table names. The ovals with words inside represent the column names to use to join the tables. Black lines connect table names to columns (i.e., {\em Detection} has a line to \texttt{imageID} which has a line to {\em ImageMeta}) - this shows that {\em Detection} and {\em ImageMeta} share the same index \texttt{imageID}). } +\label{fig:imageidmap} +\end{figure*} + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{\noindent Summary of the different database tables, their types, and other comments} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{.70\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{llll} +\hline +\hline +PSPS Table Name & Table Type & Release\\ +\hline +Filter & System Metadata & DR1 \\ +FitModel & System Metadata & DR1 \\ +Survey & System Metadata & DR1 \\ +PhotoCal & System Metadata & DR1 \\ +StackType & System Metadata & DR1 \\ +DiffType& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +Tessellation Type& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +ImageFlags& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +DetectionFlags& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +DetectionFlags2& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +DetectionFlags3& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +ObjectInfoFlags& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +ObjectFilterFlags& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +ObjectQualityFlags& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags& System Metadata & DR1 \\ +FrameMeta& Observational Metadata & \\ +ImageMeta& Observational Metadata & \\ +Detection & Detection table & \\ +ImageDetEffMeta& Observational Metadata & \\ +ObjectThin & Object / Mean properties & DR1\\ +MeanObject & Object / Mean properties & DR1\\ +StackMeta& Observational Metadata & DR1 \\ +StackObjectThin & Detection table & DR1\\ +StackObjectAttributes& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackApFlx& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackModelFitExtra& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackModelFitExp& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackModelFitDeV& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackModelFitSer& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackApFlxExGalUnc& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackApFlxExGalCon6& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackApFlxExGalCon8& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackPetrosian& Detection table & DR1\\ +StackToImage& Observational Metadata & DR1 \\ +StackToFrame& Observational Metadata & DR1\\ +StackDetEffMeta& Observational Metadata & DR1\\ +DiffMeta& Observational Metadata & \\ +DiffDetection& Detection table & \\ +DiffToImage& Observational Metadata & \\ +DiffDetEffMeta& Observational Metadata & \\ +DiffDetObject & Object / Mean properties & \\ +ForcedWarpMeta& Observational Metadata & \\ +ForcedWarpMeasurement& Detection table & \\ +ForcedWarpMasked& Detection table & \\ +ForcedWarpExtended& Detection table & \\ +ForcedWarpLensing& Detection table & \\ +ForcedWarpToImage& Observational Metadata & \\ +ForcedGalaxyShape & Object / Mean properties & \\ +ForcedMeanObject & Object / Mean properties & DR1\\ +ForcedMeanLensing & Object / Mean properties & DR1 \\ +GaiaFrameCoordinate & Object / Mean properties & DR1 \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:pspstables} +\end{table}% + + +\begin{table*} +\caption{Fundamental IPP data product database tables} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{.70\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +Table Class & PSPS Table Name & Source & Note & Release \\ +\hline +\hline +Detection & Detection & dvo and cam smf & 1 & DR2\\ +Object & ObjectThin & & 2 & DR1\\ + & MeanObject & dvo & 3 & DR1\\ + & GaiaFrameCoordinate & dvo & 4 & DR1\\ +Stack & StackObjectThin & dvo and skycal cmf & 5 & DR1\\ + & StackObjectAttributes & dvo and skycal cmf & 6 & DR1\\ + & StackApFlx & dvo and skycal cmf & 7 & DR1\\ + & StackApFlxExGalUnc & dvo and skycal cmf & 7 & DR1\\ + & StackApFlxExGalCon6 & dvo and skycal cmf & 7 & DR1\\ + & StackApFlxExGalCon8 & dvo and skycal cmf & 7 & DR1\\ + & StackPetrosian & dvo and skycal cmf & 7 & DR1\\ + & StackModelFitExp & dvo and skycal cmf & 8 & DR1\\ + & StackModelFitDeV & dvo and skycal cmf & 8 & DR1\\ + & StackModelFitSer & dvo and skycal cmf & 8 & DR1\\ +Difference & DiffDetection & dvo and diff skycal cmf & 9 & DR2\\ +Difference & DiffDetObject & dvo & 10 & DR2\\ +Forced & ForcedMeanObject & dvo & 11 & DR1\\ + & ForcedWarpMeasurement & dvo and forced warp cmf & 12 & DR2\\ + & ForcedMeanLensing & dvo & 13 & DR2\\ + & ForcedWarpLensing & dvo and forced warp cmf & 13 & DR2\\ + & ForcedGalaxyShape & dvo & 15 & DR2\\ + & ForcedWarpMasked & dvo and forced warp cmf & 16 & DR2\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:fundamentalipp} +\end{table*} + + + + + + + + + + +%\begin{table} +%\caption{Fundamental IPP data product database tables} +%\begin{center} +%\resizebox{.70\textwidth}{!}{ +%\begin{tabular}{ll} +%\hline +%\hline +%PSPS Table Name & Rel.\\ +%\hline +%Detection & \\ +%ObjectThin & DR1\\ +%MeanObject & DR1\\ +%StackObjectThin & DR1\\ +%StackObjectAttributes& DR1\\ +%StackApFlx& DR1\\ +%StackModelFitExtra& DR1\\ +%StackModelFitExp& DR1\\ +%StackModelFitDeV& DR1\\ +%StackModelFitSer& DR1\\ +%StackApFlxExGalUnc& DR1\\ +%StackApFlxExGalCon6& DR1\\ +%StackApFlxExGalCon8& DR1\\ +%StackPetrosian& DR1\\ +%DiffDetection& \\ +%DiffDetObject & \\ +%ForcedWarpMeasurement& \\ +%ForcedWarpMasked& \\ +%ForcedWarpExtended& \\ +%ForcedWarpLensing& \\ +%ForcedGalaxyShape & \\ +%ForcedMeanObject & DR1\\ +%F%orcedMeanLensing & DR1 \\ +%GaiaFrameCoordinate & DR1 \\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +%\label{table:fundamentalipp} +%\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{Observational Metadata} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{.70\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{ll} +\hline +\hline +PSPS Table Name & Rel.\\ +\hline +FrameMeta& \\ +ImageMeta& \\ +ImageDetEffMeta& \\ +StackMeta& DR1 \\ +StackToImage& DR1 \\ +StackToFrame& DR1\\ +StackDetEffMeta& DR1\\ +DiffMeta& \\ +DiffToImage& \\ +DiffDetEffMeta& \\ +ForcedWarpMeta& \\ +ForcedWarpToImage& \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:observationalmetadata} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{System Metadata} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{.70\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{ll} +\hline +\hline +PSPS Table Name & Rel.\\ +\hline +Filter & DR1 \\ +FitModel & DR1 \\ +Survey & DR1 \\ +PhotoCal & DR1 \\ +StackType & DR1 \\ +DiffType& DR1 \\ +TessellationType& DR1 \\ +ImageFlags& DR1 \\ +DetectionFlags& DR1 \\ +DetectionFlags2& DR1 \\ +DetectionFlags3& DR1 \\ +ObjectInfoFlags& DR1 \\ +ObjectFilterFlags& DR1 \\ +ObjectQualityFlags& DR1 \\ +ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags& DR1 \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:systemmetadata} +\end{table}% + +\subsection{System Metadata Tables} +\label{sec:schemameta} + +%\noindent There are several types of metadata tables, primarily they fall into one of two categories. There are metadata tables that provide additional general information about \PS\ (specifically, filters, flags, etc.) this is called system metadata, and metadata tables that provide specific information about images, stacks, difference images, and forced {\em warp} (example, {\em ImageMeta}, {\em StackMeta}, etc.), these are called observational metadata. + +The system metadata tables primarily contain definitions of flags, filters, surveys and other information that is specific to \PS. % and would be the same for the Medium Deep catalogs as well. + +There are several tables that describe the different flag bits, they are {\em ImageFlags}, {\em DetectionFlags}, {\em DetectionFlags2}, {\em DetectionFlags3}, {\em ObjectInfoFlags}, {\em ObjectFilterFlags}, {\em ObjectQualityFlags}, and {\em ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags}. % Use the {\em FlagGenerator} to create a bitmask or create your own bitmask to filter out entries based on flags. + +There are a handful of other system metadata tables: {\em Filter}, {\em Survey}, {\em FitModel}, {\em PhotoCal}, {\em StackType}, {\em DiffType}, {\em TessellationType}. The descriptions of each of those are provided below. + +\vskip 0.2cm + +\noindent {\bf \em Filter}: Contains a description of the optical filters used in the survey \citep{Tonry2012}. Filters (g,r,i,z,y) are assigned integer values (\texttt{filterID}). + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em FitModel}: Contains descriptions of the models used in fitting detections in images, both PSF-like and extended galaxies \citep[see][]{deVaucouleurs1948,Sersic1963}. Describes the values for column \texttt{psfModelID} (located in various tables). + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em Survey}: Contains descriptions of the various PS1 Science Consortium Surveys. The 3$\pi$ \texttt{SurveyID} is 0. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em PhotoCal}: Contains photometric calibration information for each filter and detector image combinations. Describes the values of \texttt{photoCalID} within {\em ImageMeta}, {\em StackMeta}, {\em ForcedWarpMeta}, and {\em DiffMeta}. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackType}: Contains descriptions of the types of stacked images constructed. For 3$\pi$, all {\em stacks} are \texttt{DEEP\_STACK}. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em DiffType}: Contains descriptions of the types of difference images constructed. For 3$\pi$, all {\em diffs} are \texttt{WARP\_STACK}. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em TessellationType}: Contains descriptions of the types of image tessellations for the sky. For 3$\pi$, this is \texttt{RINGS.V3}, pole regions of 3$\pi$ are \texttt{CNP.LAP}. Each medium deep field has its own {\em TessellationType} (\texttt{MD01.V3}, \texttt{MD02.V3}, etc.). The RINGS.V3 Tessellations are described in more detail in \citet{Magnier2017a}, and the medium deep tessellations in \citet{Huber2017}. + +\subsubsection{Flag Tables} +\label{sec:schemaflagsbitmasks} + +%{\color{red} needs introduction} + +%\subsection{Flags and Bitmasks} +%\label{sec:schemaflagsbitmasks} + +\noindent There are 45 flag columns within the \PS\ database schema, and 8 different types of flags ({\em ObjectInfoFlags}/{\em ObjectQualityFlags}, {\em ObjectFilterFlags}, {\em ImageFlags}, {\em ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags}, {\em DetectionFlags}, {\em DetectionFlags2}, {\em DetectionFlags3}). This section will give a brief overview of the 8 different types of flags. %, as well as some hints as to how to use them to select subsets of data. +Table~\ref{table:flagtablestable} organizes the available flags and is intended to be used as a reference to select the appropriate flag information tables. + +\vskip 0.2cm + +\noindent {\bf \em ObjectInfoFlags} Contains information flag values for {\em ObjectThin}, {\em ForcedObject}, {\em DiffDetObject}. These Flags are specifically useful for objects, several bits flag the object if it has been identified as QSO, variable, transient, or a known solar system object, if it has large proper motions, if it is extended, and the source of the average position information. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ObjectQualityFlags} Contains information flag values that denote if an object is real or a possible false positive. This is a subset of flags from {\em ObjectInfoFlags}, specifically the ones if the object is extended, has good measurements in indivudual exposures, and has good measurements in the stacks. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ObjectFilterFlags} Contains information flags for the photometric calibration of an object ({\em MeanObject}). Bits include if it is ubercal'd, where photometry comes from (single exposures or stacks), information about synthetic photometry, and how the average magnitude was calculated. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ImageFlags} Contains information flag values for images in {\em ImageMeta}. Primarily flags of whether the image is bad or if there are too few measurements. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags} Contains information flag values that define {\em ForcedGalaxyShape} chisq surface fit failures. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em DetectionFlags} Contains information flag values for detection tables {\em Detection}, {\em StackObjectThin}, {\em ForcedWarpMeasurements} and {\em DiffDetections}. Primarily information bits on sources, whether it is blended, used for PSF model, saturated, and many other types of defects, as well as information on types of magnitudes calculated, if it is extended, and fit information. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em DetectionFlags2} Contains information flag values for detection tables {\em Detection},{\em StackObjectThin},{\em ForcedWarpMeasurements}, and {\em DiffDetections}). These flags contain bits specific to difference imaging, if source is near difraction spikes, starcore, burntool, flags relating to petrosians, and information on the fits (if they failed). + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em DetectionFlags3} Contains information flag values for detection tables {\em Detection}, {\em StackObjectThin}, {\em ForcedWarpMeasurements}, and {\em DiffDetections}. Contains flags of whether detection was used for many different mean calculations (astrometric, photometric), and various associations with the DVO database. + +%\subsubsection{Examples of useful bitmasks} +%\label{sec:schemaflagexamples} + + +%\subsubsection{Known Issues} +%\label{sec:schemaflagissues} + +%\noindent {\em DetectionFlags} is currently a type \texttt{BIGINT}, however should be an \texttt{INT}. Applying a bitmask will work the same as for the other flag table types. If in the future there is a flag column with a type of \texttt{BIGINT}, i.e. through additional database tables or views, the bit mask will need to be recast as a \texttt{BIGINT}. + + + + + + +\subsection{Object type tables} +\label{sec:schemaobject} + +\noindent The object type tables originate from the DVO database, specifically, the DVO tables that have information about objects, their mean astrometric and photometric properties and information such as the number of detections per objects and other statistics and information. The object type tables form the equivalent of a telephone book for all of the objects, with \texttt{ObjID} being the equivalent of the phone number. If an object is not in these tables, it has not been detected in any of the stages of processing. The object type tables are {\em ObjectThin}, {\em MeanObject}, {\em DiffDetObject}, {\em ForcedMeanObject}, {\em ForcedMeanLensing}, {\em ForcedGalaxyShape} and {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate}. For DR1, the available tables are {\em ObjectThin}, {\em MeanObject}, {\em ForcedMeanObject}, {\em ForcedMeanLensing}, and {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate}. What follows is a description of each of the object type tables, for DR1 and beyond. + +\vskip 0.2cm + +\noindent {\bf \em ObjectThin} Contains the positional information for objects in a number of coordinate systems. The objects associate single epoch detections and the stacked detections within a one arcsecond radius. The mean position from the single epoch data is used as the basis for coordinates when available, or the position of an object in the {\em stack} when it is not. The right ascension and declination for both the {\em stack} and single epoch mean is provided. The number of detections in each filter from single epoch data is listed, along with which filters the object has a {\em stack} detection \citep[see][]{Szalay2007}. Use \texttt{ObjID} to join to most tables; {\em uniquePspsOBid} to join to {\em MeanObject}. \texttt{ObjID} is not unique. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em MeanObject} Contains the mean photometric information for objects based on the single epoch data, calculated as described in \citet{Magnier2013}. To be included in this table, an object must be bright enough to have been detected at least once in an individual exposure. PSF, \citet{Kron1980}, and aperture magnitudes and statistics are listed for all filters. Use \texttt{ObjID} to join to most tables; {\em uniquePspsOBid} to join to {\em MeanObject}. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em DiffDetObject} Contains the positional information for difference detection objects in a number of coordinate systems. The objects associate difference detections within a one arcsecond radius. The number of detections in each filter is listed, along with maximum coverage fractions \citep[see][]{Szalay2007}). Use \texttt{diffObjID} to join to most tables (\texttt{diffObjID} = \texttt{objID}). \texttt{diffObjID} is not unique, \texttt{uniquePspsDOid} is unique. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedMeanObject} Contains the mean of single-epoch photometric information for sources detected in the stacked data, calculated as described in \citet{Magnier2013}. The mean is calculated for detections associated into objects within a one arcsecond correlation radius. PSF, \citet{Kron1980}, and SDSS aperture R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), and R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002} magnitudes and statistics are listed for all filters. See also \citet{Kaiser1995,Magnier2013,Stoughton2002}. Use \texttt{ObjID} to join to most tables, and use {\em uniquePspsFOid} to join to {\em ForcedMeanLensing}. \texttt{ObjID} is not unique, but \texttt{uniquePspsFOid} is. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedMeanLensing} Contains the mean \citet{Kaiser1995} lensing parameters measured from the forced photometry of objects detected in stacked images on the individual single epoch data. Use \texttt{ObjID} to join to most tables; use \texttt{uniquePspsFOid} to join to {\em ForcedMeanObject}. \texttt{ObjID} is not unique, but \texttt{uniquePspsFOid} is. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedGalaxyShape} Contains the extended source galaxy shape parameters. All filters are matched into a single row. The positions, magnitudes, fluxes, and Sersic indices are inherited from their parent measurement in the {\em StackModelFit} tables, and are reproduced here for convenience. The major and minor axes and orientation are recalculated on a warp-by-warp basis from the best fit given these inherited properties \citep{Sersic1963}. Use \texttt{ObjID} to join to most tables. \texttt{ObjID} is not unique, but \texttt{uniquePspsFGid} is. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em GaiaFrameCoordinate} This table contains PSPS objects calibrated against Gaia astrometry, this is the best RA and Dec to use for an object. Use \texttt{ObjID} to join to most tables.%&, note that\texttt{ObjID} is not unique. {\color{red}GH: is this correct? Twice ObJID?} + +\subsection{Individual Exposure Detection Type Tables} +\label{sec:schemadetections} + +\noindent The majority of the data in the database is in the form of detection type tables. These are tables that are based on individual stages of processing from the IPP. Specifically, these are tables from the catalog outputs of {\em camera}, {\em stack}, {\em forced photometry} and {\em diff} stages of the IPP. Each of these categories of tables are described below. + +%There are several metadata tables specific to different stages of data ingested (i.e., metadata for individual exposures, {\em stacked} skycells, {\em difference} skycells, {\em forced warp} skycells). Basic information about indivudual exposures, {\em stack} skycells, {\em difference} skycells, such as the filter, exposure time, observation time, basic metrics, etc. can be found in these tables: {\em DiffMeta}, {\em ForcedWarpMeta}, {\em StackMeta}, {\em ImageMeta}. The metadata tables linking {\em stacks}/{\em diffs}/{\em forcedwarps} to individual exposures are {\em DiffToImage}, {\em ForcedWarpToImage}, {\em StackToImage}, and {\em StackToFrame}. There is metadata available on the detection efficiency for difference images and single exposures in {\em DiffDetEffMeta} and {\em ImageDetEffMeta}. {\em ImageMeta} has metadata for a single exposure, while {\em FrameMeta} has metadata for each of the 60 OTAs that make up an image. Further information about these tables are described in sections below. + + +\subsubsection{Tables based on the {\em 'camera'} stage of IPP} +\label{sec:schemap2} + +\noindent Images processed through the {\em camera} stage of the IPP have been detrended, and have had astrometry and photometry calculated. Basic information from the images are then merged into the DVO database. The core tables based on the {\em camera} stage are {\em FrameMeta}, {\em ImageMeta}, {\em Detection}, and {\em ImageDetEffMeta}. Each image ingested into the PSPS database has a unique \texttt{imageID}; this can be used to find out, via the {\em FrameMeta}, {\em ImageMeta}, and {\em ImageDetEffMeta} tables, information about each image such as the filter, RA and Dec, exposure time, etc. All of the detections measured in the image are ingested into the Detection table, which also has the \texttt{imageID}, allowing for single detections to be traced back to the OTA that it was imaged on. + +\vskip 0.2cm + +\noindent {\bf \em FrameMeta} Contains metadata related to an individual exposure. A {\em Frame} refers to the collection of all images obtained by the 60 OTA devices in the camera in a single exposure. The camera configuration, telescope pointing, observation time, and astrometric solution from the detector focal plane (L,M) to the sky (RA,Dec) is provided. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ImageMeta} Contains metadata related to an individual OTA image that comprises a portion of the full exposure. The characterization of the image quality, the detrends applied, and the astrometric solution from the raw pixels (X,Y) to the detector focal plane (L,M) is provided. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em Detection} Contains single epoch photometry of individual detections from a single exposure. The identifiers connecting the detection back to the original image and to the object association are provided. PSF, aperture, and \citet{Kron1980} photometry are included, along with sky and detector coordinate positions. Use \texttt{ObjID} to join to other tables with photometry/astrometry parameters. \texttt{ObjID} is not unique. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ImageDetEffMeta} Contains the detection efficiency information for a given individual OTA image. Provides the number of recovered sources out of 500 injected fake source and statistics about the magnitudes of the recovered sources for a range of magnitude offsets. + +\subsubsection{Tables based on the 'stack' stage of IPP} +\label{sec:schemast} + +\noindent There are 15 tables based on the stack stage of processing. The tables can be categorized into different groups, many of the tables are similar in shape (same column names), but based off of different stack Images (unconvolved vs convolved) or different extended models. The most important table is {\em StackObjectThin}. This table contains the positional and photometric information for point-source photometry of stack detections. {\em StackObjectAttributes} extends information from {\em StackObjectThin} and it contains the PSF, Kron, and aperture fluxes for all objects. + +StackApFlx, contains the unconvolved fluxes for 3 SDSS radii, for all sources. ({\em StackApFLxExGalUnc}, {\em StackApFlxExGalCon6}, {\em StackApFlxExGalCon8}) are based on the (unconvolved, convolved to 6 pixels, convovolved to 8 pixels) fluxes or 9 SDSS radii, but only for sources not in the galactic plane. ({\em StackModelFitExp}, {\em StackModelFitDeV}, {\em StackModelFitSer}) all contain fit parameters for extended sources for different types of models (Exponential, DeVaucouleurs, Sersic). {\em StackPetrosian} contains the magnitudes and radii for extended sources. + +There are several stack metadata tables, they are {\em StackMeta}, {\em StackToImage}, {\em StackToFrame} and {\em StackDetEffMeta}. They provide general information about the stack and can be used to find out the exposures used in the stack. + +\vskip 0.2cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackMeta} Contains the metadata describing the stacked image produced from the combination of a set of single epoch exposures. The nature of the stack is given by the \texttt{StackTypeID}. The astrometric and photometric calibration of the stacked image are listed. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackObjectThin} Contains the positional and photometric information for point-source photometry of stack detections. The information for all filters are joined into a single row, with metadata indicating if this stack object represents the primary detection. Due to overlaps in the stack tessellations, an object may appear in multiple stack images. The primary detection is the unique detection from the stack image that provides the best coverage with minimal projection stretching. All other detections of the object in that filter are secondary, regardless of their properties. The detection flagged as best is the primary detection if that detection has a \texttt{psfQf} value greater than 0.98; if that is not met, then any of the primary or secondary detections with the highest \texttt{psfQf} value is flagged as best \citep[see][]{Kron1980,Magnier2017a}. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackObjectAttributes} Contains the PSF, \citet{Kron1980}, and aperture fluxes for all filters in a single row, along with point-source object shape parameters. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackApFlx} Contains the unconvolved fluxes within the SDSS R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), and R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002}. Convolved fluxes within these same apertures are also provided for images convolved to 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) and 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec). All filters are matched into a single row. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackModelFitExtra} Contains the galaxy shape and concentration parameters measured from the stack detections. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. See \citet{Blakeslee2006,Cheng2011,Schade1995,Simard2011,Simard2002}. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackModelFitExp} Contains the exponential fit parameters to extended sources. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackModelFitDeV} Contains the \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit parameters to extended sources. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackModelFitSer} Contains the \citet{Sersic1963} fit parameters to extended sources. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackApFlxExGalUnc} Contains the unconvolved fluxes within the SDSS R3 (r = 1.03 arcsec), R4 (r = 1.76 arcsec), R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec), R8 (r = 11.42 arcsec), R9 (r = 18.20 arcsec), R10 (r = 28.20 arcsec), and R11 (r = 44.21 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002} for extended sources. These measurements are only provided for objects in the extragalactic sky, i.e., they are not provided for objects in the Galactic plane because they are not useful in crowded areas. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackApFlxExGalCon6} Contains the fluxes within the SDSS R3 (r = 1.03 arcsec), R4 (r = 1.76 arcsec), R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec), R8 (r = 11.42 arcsec), R9 (r = 18.20 arcsec), R10 (r = 28.20 arcsec), and R11 (r = 44.21 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002} for extended sources after the images have been convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec). These measurements are only provided for objects in the extragalactic sky, i.e., they are not provided for objects in the Galactic plane because they are not useful in crowded areas. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackApFlxExGalCon8} Contains the fluxes within the SDSS R3 (r = 1.03 arcsec), R4 (r = 1.76 arcsec), R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec), R8 (r = 11.42 arcsec), R9 (r = 18.20 arcsec), R10 (r = 28.20 arcsec), and R11 (r = 44.21 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002} for extended sources after the images have been convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec). These measurements are only provided for objects in the extragalactic sky, i.e., they are not provided for objects in the Galactic plane because they are not useful in crowded areas. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackPetrosian} Contains the \citet{Petrosian1976} magnitudes and radii for extended sources. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackToImage} Contains the mapping of which input images were used to construct a particular stack. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackToFrame} Contains the mapping of input frames used to construct a particular stack along with processing stats. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em StackDetEffMeta} Contains the detection efficiency information for a given stacked image. Provides the number of recovered sources out of 500 injected sources for each magnitude bin and statistics about the magnitudes of the recovered sources for a range of magnitude offsets. + +\subsubsection{Tables from the 'forced photometry' stage of IPP} +\label{sec:schemafw} + +\noindent The {\em forced photometry} stage of the IPP uses the positions of detections found on the {\em stacks} as a list of positions to force calculations of photometry on the individual {\em warps} from images. The {\em warp} images are essentially the detrended images rotated, rebinned, and chopped into skycells. For a given {\em stack} skycell with a list of detected objects, the corresponding {\em warps} (from individual images) will have their photometry calculated, based on the list of detected objects in the {\em stack} skycell. More extended photometric calculations are performed in the {\em forced photometry} stage compared to the {\em camera} stage, for example, lensing parameters and extended photometry is calculated for this stage and not for the {\em camera} stage. Similar to the {\em stack} and {\em camera} stages, the end product of this stage of processing is a catalog file, basic information from the catalog file is ingested into the DVO, and then information from both the DVO and the catalog file are later ingested into the PSPS. Basic information about each {\em forced warp} skycell can be found in {\em ForcedWarpMeta} and a mapping to the individual exposures can be found in {\em ForcedWarpToImage}, use \texttt{forcedWarpID} and \texttt{imageID} to make these joins. Tables with photometric information are in {\em ForcedWarpMeasurement} and {\em ForcedWarpExtended}. {\em ForcedWarpMasked} allows one to know if there were no unmasked pixels for a specific {\em forced warp} measurement. + +\vskip 0.2cm + +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedWarpMeta} Contains the metadata related to a sky-aligned distortion corrected {\em warp} image, upon which forced photometry is performed. The astrometric and photometric calibration of the {\em warp} image are listed. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedWarpMeasurement} Contains single epoch forced photometry of individual measurements of objects detected in the stacked images. The identifiers connecting the measurement back to the original image and to the object association are provided. PSF, aperture, and \citet{Kron1980} photometry are included, along with sky and detector coordinate positions. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedWarpMasked} Contains an entry for objects detected in the stacked images which were in the footprint of a single epoch exposure, but for which there are no unmasked pixels at that epoch. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedWarpExtended} Contains the single epoch forced photometry fluxes within the SDSS R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), and R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002} for objects detected in the stacked images. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedWarpLensing} Contains the \citet{Kaiser1995} lensing parameters measured from the forced photometry of objects detected in stacked images on the individual single epoch data. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em ForcedWarpToImage} Contains the mapping of which input image comprises a particular {\em warp} image used for forced photometry. + +\subsubsection{Tables based on the 'diff' stage of IPP} +\label{sec:schemadiff} + +\noindent The {\em diff} stage for 3$\pi$ processing subtracts {\em warp} images from the deep {\em stack} images. Other types of {\em diffs} are also possible, but are not used for the 3$\pi$ database. There is one {\em diff} image for each single exposure within the 3$\pi$ survey. The {\em diff} input images (the {\em stack} and {\em warp} images) are convolved to have similar PSFs \citep{Waters2017}. Once the {\em diff} images are created, basic photometry is performed in order to find new sources, and {\em diff} catalog files are created. The {\em diff} catalog files are then ingested into the {\em diff} DVO, and later ingested into the PSPS. There are 4 database tables for this stage of processing. Each {\em diff} has a unique {\em diffImageId}, and all 4 {\em diff} tables use this to join to each other. {\em DiffMeta}, {\em DiffToImage}, and {\em DiffDetEffMeta} are metadata tables that describe basic properties of the difference images as well as allows the {\em diffs} to be mapped to the {\em stacks} and single exposures that were used in the creation of the diffs. {\em DiffDetection} contains the photometry from the detections measured from the difference images. More details about these tables are described below. + +\vskip 0.2cm + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em DiffMeta} Contains metadata related to a difference image constructed by subtracting a stacked image from a single epoch image, or in the case of the MD Survey from a nightly {\em stack} (stack made from all exposures in a single filter in a single night). The astrometric calibration of the reference {\em stack} is listed. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em DiffDetection} Contains the photometry of individual detections from a difference image. The identifiers connecting the detection back to the difference image and to the object association are provided. PSF, aperture, and \citet{Kron1980} photometry are included, along with sky and detector coordinate positions. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em DiffToImage} Contains the mapping of which input images were used to construct a particular difference image. + +\vskip 0.1cm +\noindent {\bf \em DiffDetEffMeta} Contains the detection efficiency information for a given individual difference image. Provides the number of recovered sources out of 500 injected sources and statistics about the magnitudes of the recovered sources for a range of magnitude offsets. + +\subsection{Description of \texttt{ObjID}} +\label{sec:schemaobjid} + +\noindent The indices \texttt{objID} and \texttt{diffObjID} are derived from right ascension and declination. The derivation is the same for both. While it is possible to calculate the RA and Dec from the \texttt{objID}, it is not recommended to do this, because the \texttt{objID} is based on the astrometric solutions from individual exposures and {\em stacks} as they are ingested into the DVO database, and is not calibrated against 2MASS or Gaia. It is recommended to use \texttt{raMean}, \texttt{decMean} from {\em ObjectThin} or \texttt{ra}, \texttt{dec} from {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate}. {\em ObjectThin} is calibrated against 2MASS, and {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate} is calibrated against Gaia. Included below is the C code for the translation between RA and Dec, for users interested in the relationship. + +\vskip 0.5cm + +\texttt{ +uint64\_t \\ +CreatePSPSObjectID(double ra, double dec) \\ +\{\\ + double zh = 0.0083333;\\ + double zid = (dec + 90.) / zh; // 0 - 180*60*2 = 21600 < 15 bits\\ + int izone = (int) floor(zid);\\ + double zresid = zid - ((float) izone); // 0.0 - 1.0\\ +\\ + uint64\_t part1, part2, part3;\\ + part1 = (uint64\_t)( izone * 10000000000000LL) ; \\ + part2 = ((uint64\_t)(ra * 1000000.)) * 10000 ; // 0 - 360*1e6 = 3.6e8 (< 29 bits)\\ + part3 = (int) (zresid * 10000.0) ; // 0 - 10000 (1 bit == 30/10000 arcsec) (< 14 bits)\\ +\\ + return part1 + part2 + part3;\\ +\}\\ +} + +\begin{figure} +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.1\columnwidth,angle=0]{objid.pdf}} +\vskip -0.5cm +\caption{Graphical description of how \texttt{ObjID} is calculated from RA and Dec. It is not recommended to derive the RA and Dec from the \texttt{objID} as this will result in an innaccurate RA and Dec, the \texttt{ObjID} is assigned when the stack/skycal cmfs are ingested into the database, and are not yet calibrated against 2MASS and Gaia. } +\vskip 0.5cm +\label{fig:objiddef} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Which RA and Dec to use?} +\label{sec:schemaradec} + +\noindent There are multiple tables that contain columns that provide the RA and Dec, this section gives information on each so that the user can choose the appropriate RA and Dec. A summary of these tables are provided in Table~\ref{table:radec} Generally, if the user is not interested in proper motion or moving objects, the best RA and Dec to use is the RA and Dec in {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate}, as this is the weighted mean RA and Dec (similar to {\em ObjectThin}), but calibrated to Gaia. The reason why this is in a separate table and not part of {\em ObjectThin} is because the mean properties were calculated and ingested into PSPS prior to Gaia's DR1. {\em ObjectThin}'s \texttt{raMean} and \texttt{decMean} is calibrated against 2MASS, and is different from Gaia on average by {\color{red}X} \citep{Magnier2017c}. %{\color{red} EAM needs to fix}. + +\begin{table*} +\caption{Various locations of RA and Dec columns} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cccc} +\hline +\hline + +PSPS Table & RA column name & Dec column name & comments\\ +\hline +FrameMeta & raBore & decBore & RA/Dec of telescope boresite \\ +%- where the telescope was pointed when image was taken \\ +ObjectThin & raMean & decMean & mean RA and Dec from single exposure, calibrated against 2MASS \\ +ObjectThin & raStack & decStack & mean RA and Dec calculated from {\em stack} skycells \\ +Detection & RA & Dec & RA and Dec for single exposure detections \\ +StackObjectThin & (grizy)ra & (grizy)dec & RA and Dec calculated from individual {\em stack} skycells \\ +DiffDetection & RA & Dec & RA and Dec for single {\em diff} exposure detections \\ +DiffDetObject & RA & Dec & similar to raMean/decMean, calculated for {\em diff} objects \\ +GaiaFrameCoordinate & RA & Dec & \textbf{Best RA and Dec, recalibrated to Gaia.}\\%\tablenotemark{a} \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +%\tablenotetext{a}{This is the best and most accurate RA and Dec to use if interested in the static sky.} +\label{table:radec} +\end{table*} + +\subsection{Indexes and Joins} +\label{sec:schemaindexjoins} + +There are multiple columns within the schema that are indexed and designed to be used to join tables together. Generally, if a column name ends in "\texttt{ID}", it is designed to be joined to other tables, either to system metadata tables (examples include \texttt{filterID}, \texttt{surveyID}, +\texttt{ccdID}), or to fundamental data tables (for example, \texttt{}{objID}, \texttt{}{diffObjID}, \texttt{uniquePspsSTid}). There are a few exceptions, \texttt{randomID} and \texttt{random(stage)ID} should not be used for joins, the contents of each are random numbers to aid the user in selecting repeatable random subsets of data. Also, some of the \texttt{uniquePspsXXIds} are only present in one table, they are used to provide unique IDs for each stage of processing but some stages ({\em DiffDetObject}, for example) only have one corresponding table and therefore nothing to join to. + +\noindent Figure~\ref{fig:objidmap} and Figure~\ref{fig:imageidmap} show graphical representations of how to join various tables. On these figures, the table names are boxed, while the columns to be used to join are in ovals. For the diagram with \texttt{objID} in the middle, it shows that any of the boxes connected to \texttt{objID} can be joined to each other using \texttt{objID}. + +\noindent All tables with photometric or astrometric information involving different sources or objects have an index, called \texttt{objID}. \texttt{ObjID} is not unique, and is loosely based on RA and Dec, see Section~\ref{sec:schemaobjid} for more information. It is possible to use the \texttt{ObjID} to get a rough estimate of the RA and Dec, but this should not be used for the definitive RA and Dec. Use {\em ObjectThin} to get the RA and Dec calibrated to 2MASS, and use {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate} to get the RA and Dec calibrated to Gaia astrometry. When available and possible, if joining 2 tables and they both have the same column name like \texttt{uniquePspsXXId}, join those 2 tables using the \texttt{uniquePspsXXId}. See Table~\ref{table:uniqueuepsps} to see the \texttt{uniquePsps} column name. \texttt{UniquePspsXXId} is designed to be unique, specifically for the cases of when there are multiple detections that are sufficiently close by, they will have the same \texttt{objID} but different \texttt{uniquePspsXXId}s. + +\noindent It is possible to join every detection, no matter what stage of processing it is from, back to the original exposure(s) and to the OTAs. Figure~\ref{fig:imageidmap} shows how to do this. For each stage of processing, there is an associated (stage)imageID that is mapped back to the \texttt{imageID} via tables of the name \texttt{(stage)ToImage}. For example, if one wanted to find out which exposures contributed to a detection in {\em StackObjectThin}, they would join to {\em StackToImage} using the \texttt{stackImageID}. This allows the user to find data within the database as well as to find out the corresponding images to download from MAST. + +\begin{table} +\caption{Unique indicies for various PSPS tables} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cccc} +\hline +\hline +PSPS Table & uniquePspsID name & Release\\ +\hline +ObjectThin & uniquePspsOBid & DR1 \\ +MeanObject & uniquePspsOBid & DR1 \\ +Detection & uniquePspsP2id & DR2\\ +DiffDetection & uniquePspsDFid & DR2\\ +DiffDetObject& uniquePspsDOid & DR2\\ +ForcedGalaxyShape& uniquePspsFGid & DR2\\ +ForcedMeanObject& uniquePspsFOid & DR1\\ +ForcedMeanLensing& uniquePspsFOid & DR1\\ +ForcedWarpMeasurement& uniquePspsFWid & DR2\\ +ForcedWarpExtended& uniquePspsFWid & DR2\\ +ForcedWarpLensing& uniquePspsFWid & DR2\\ +ForcedWarpMasked& uniquePspsFWid & DR2\\ +GaiaFrameCoordinate& uniquePspsGOid & DR1\\ +StackObject* (2 tables)& uniquePspsSTid & DR1\\ +StackApFlx* (4 tables)& uniquePspsSTid & DR1\\ +StackModelFit* (4 tables)& uniquePspsSTid & DR1\\ +StackPetrosian& uniquePspsSTid & DR1\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:uniqueuepsps} +\end{table}% + +\subsection{NULLS as -999} +\label{sec:schemanulls} + +The PSPS uses \texttt{-999} to denote \texttt{NULL} values, as PSPS is based off of CasJobs which also does not use NULL. The justification for this is explained at the following url: \url{http://skyserver.sdss.org/edr/en/sdss/skyserver/}. + + +%Some of the Flag tables are of type \texttt{BIGINT}. Care should be taken when doing bitmask queries with a \texttt{BIGINT}. Specifically, the bitmask needs to be recast as a BIGINT to force it to be of a proper size. + +%For example, suppose one want to find {\em stack} detections in g band where the PEAK\_OFF\_CHIP bit (2147483648) is set. + +%SELECT TOP 10\texttt{ObjID}, gInfoFlag FROM StackObjectThin WHERE ginfoFlag \& CAST(2147483648 AS BIGINT) > 0 + + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{Flag types within \PS} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cccc} +\hline +\hline +Flag Type & Size & Comments \\ +\hline +ObjectInfoFlags & INT & \\ +ObjectQualityFlags & SMALLINT & \\ +ObjectFilterFlags & INT & \\ +ImageFlags & INT & \\ +ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags & SMALLINT & \\ +Detection & BIGINT & \\ +Detection2 & INT & \\ +Detection3 & INT & \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:flagtypetables} +\end{table}% + + +\begin{table*} +\caption{Flag columns within \PS} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cccc} +\hline +\hline +Table Name & Flag Column & Size & Flag Information Table \\ +\hline +ObjectThin & objectInfoFlag & INT & ObjectInfoFlags \\ +ObjectThin & qualityFlag & SMALLINT & ObjectQualityFlags \\ +GaiaFrameCoordinate & gaiaFlag & INT & ObjectInfoFlags \\ +MeanObject & (grizy)Flags & INT & ObjectFilterFlags \\ +ForcedMeanObject & (grizy)Flags & INT & ObjectInfoFlags \\ +DiffDetObject & objectInfoFlag & INT & ObjectInfoFlags \\ +DiffDetObject & qualityFlag & SMALLINT & ObjectQualityFlags \\ +ImageMeta & qaFlags & INT & ImageFlags \\ +ForcedGalaxyShape & (grizy)GalFlags & SMALLINT & ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags \\ +Detection & infoFlag & BIGINT & DetectionFlags \\ +Detection & infoFlag2 & INT & DetectionFlags2 \\ +Detection & infoFlag3 & INT & DetectionFlags3 \\ +StackObjectThin & (grizy)infoFlag & BIGINT & DetectionFlags \\ +StackObjectThin & (grizy)infoFlag2 & INT & DetectionFlags2 \\ +StackObjectThin & (grizy)infoFlag3 & INT & DetectionFlags3 \\ +DiffDetection & DinfoFlag & BIGINT & DetectionFlags \\ +DiffDetection & DinfoFlag2 & INT & DetectionFlags2 \\ +DiffDetection & DinfoFlag3 & INT & DetectionFlags3 \\ +ForcedWarpMeasurement & FinfoFlag & BIGINT & DetectionFlags \\ +ForcedWarpMeasurement & FinfoFlag2 & INT & DetectionFlags2 \\ +ForcedWarpMeasurement & FinfoFlag3 & INT & DetectionFlags3 \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:flagtablestable} +\end{table*}% + +\subsection{Tables and Views} +\label{sec:schemaviews} + +\noindent The PSPS has defined several views to aid the user in making database queries. A view is a virtual table that is based on the results from an SQL statement. A view looks like a table to the user. Table~\ref{table:views} describes the views currently in PSPS. + +\begin{table*} +\caption{Currently defined views within PSPS} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{ccc} +\hline +\hline +View Name & Tables used to create view\\ +\hline +DetectionObjectView & ObjectThin, MeanObject, Detection\\ +MeanObjectView & ObjectThin, MeanObject\\ +StackObjectView & ObjectThin, StackObjectThin, StackObjectAttributes\\ +StackApFlxObjectView & ObjectThin, StackApFlx\\ +StackApFlxExGalUncObjectView & ObjectThin, StackApFlxExGalUnc\\ +StackApFlxExGalCon6ObjectView & ObjectThin, StackApFlxExGalCon6\\ +StackApFlxExGalCon8ObjectView & ObjectThin, StackApFlxExGalCon8\\ +StackModelObjectView & ObjectThin, StackModelFitExp, StackModelFitDeV, StackModelFitSer, StackPetrosian\\ +StackModelFitExpObjectView & ObjectThin, StackModelFitExp\\ +StackModelFitDeVObjectView & ObjectThin, StackModelFitDeV\\ +StackModelFitSerObjectView& ObjectThin, StackModelFitSer\\ +StackModelFitPetObjectView & ObjectThin, StackPetrosian&\\ +StackObjectPrimaryView& ObjectThin,StackObjectThin,StackObjectAttributes,StackApFlx\\ +DiffDetObjectView& DiffDetObject,DiffDetection\\ +ForcedDetObjectView&ObjectThin,ForcedWarpMeasurement\\ +ForcedMeanObjectView&ObjectThin,ForcedMeanObject\\ +ForcedGalaxyModelView &ObjectThin,ForcedGalaxyShape\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:views} +\end{table*}% + +\section{The $3\pi$ Database} +\label{sec:threepidatabase} + +The $3\pi$ Survey is described in detail in \citet{Chambers2017}, it covers 3/4 of the sky (everything with Dec $>$ -30) in 5 bands (\grizy), with approximately 60 exposures per patch of sky. For various reasons, a very tiny fraction of the data does not make it into the PSPS database. Some of the data will be ingested at a later time (DR2 and beyond), however some will not be ingested at all. We present the different sources of missing data that we are aware of. This section describes the numbers of exposures that were processed in each stage, including counts for what were expected and as well as counts for known faults and quality issues. + +%\subsection{IPP Processing stages} + +%{\color{red} needs more words and preface, also is it in the right place (data products for 3pi)} +%\noindent A subset of these products are to be released in DR1, and the rest will be released in DR2. These include, for DR1, unconvolved images from the {\em stack} stage for 3$\pi$. +%DR2 will include warp images for all of the 3$\pi$ exposures. Catalog data will be available via the PSPS database, it will include for DR1 stack measurements for unconvolved and convolved stacks, available in the {\em Stack*} tables, and mean properties from the {\em camera} stage ({\em ObjectThin} and {\em MeanObject}). DR2 will include single exposure catalogs from the {\em camera} stage (as {\em Detection} tables), all measurements from the {\em forced photometry} stage (as {\em Forced*} tables), and all measurements from the {\em diff} stage (as {\em Diff*} tables). + +%\subsection{Known Issues with the database} +%\label{sec:knownissues} + +%\noindent For various reasons, a very tiny fraction of the data does not make it into the PSPS database. Some of the data will be ingested at a later time (DR2 and beyond), however some will not be ingested at all. We present the different sources of missing data that we are aware of. This list is not exhaustive and will be added to at this link ( ) . + + +\subsubsection{IPP Processing stages} +\label{sec:3piprocessing} + +All of the $3\pi$ data was reprocessed in a consistent way with the same version of IPP code, this reprocessing is called Large Area Processing (LAP), internally called Processing Version 3 (PV3). Details of this are in \citet{Magnier2017a}. Small fractions of the raw image data were simply not processed at all, or failed at processing and were not recovered. This can happen at various stages of processing, and we can report the expected numbers here. A deeper understanding of these inconsistencies requires further documentation and is beyond the scope of this section. + +There are 388177 raw exposures taken between 2009-06-03 and 2015-02-25, that have metadata indicating that they were observed for the 3$\pi$ survey. However, only 381279 of these were queued for the first stage of processing, the {\em chip} stage. The missing exposures were excluded because they did not meet various requirements: they were flagged by the observers to not be used, or they failed to be processed by nightly science processing because of bad seeing or camera issues or other observational or telescope conditions that can ruin an exposure. + +Of the 381279 exposures that were queued up for {\em chip} processing, 375573 completed PV3 processing with good quality: no issues detected while detrending or finding sources and performing photometry. + +The {\em camera} stage started with these 375573 exposures, of which 374521 completed processing. The ones that did not, failed because of bad quality: no stars for astrometry analysis, failed single chip astrometry, or failed mosaic astrometry. %Of those, 374446 were ingested into the DVO. These are the number of exposures we expect to see in the PSPS after loading. + +The {\em fake/warp} stages started off with a larger number of exposures than expected: 379973 instead of 374521. This is due to the fact that the images were processed on different computing clusters, some with more computing power, which presented additional difficulties. Of the 379973 exposures processed, 374339 are unique, 1234 are duplicates. Of the 379973, 379551 have good quality. The {\em warp} stage is the first stage that repartitions the exposures into the skycell tessellation, and since all later stages process on a skycell level rather than an exposure level, it makes sense to report that the {\em warp} stage has 206177 distinct skycells. + +The {\em stack} stage has 200730 distinct skycells, 200725 of which have good quality. This is less than the above number 206177, because there is a declination cut on creating stacks, and {\em stacks} at declination less than the lower cut will have significantly less coverage and are not useful here. The static sky stage stage has 200720 distinct skycells that are processed and all have good quality. The {\em skycal} stage, the final stage of {\em stack} processing, started with 200722 skycells, of which 2 were essentially duplicate {\em stacks} (same inputs, same skycells), 200684 processed with good quality data.%, 200684 are ingested into the DVO, which is the number expected to be loaded through {\em IppToPsps} into PSPS. + +The {\em stack} stages have a couple of additional inconsistencies. First of all, of the 200684 {\em stacks} that we expect, there are 409 {\em stacks} that include duplicate exposures, i.e. the same exposure appears in a {\em stack} twice. There are also 130 {\em stacks} with camera testing files included (short exposures, 1 second, which have been mislabeled as 3$\pi$ data and managed to get successfully processed). These inconsistencies were discovered during the {\em IppToPsps} and PSPS phases, and will be present in the database. Secondly, there are two {\em stack} duplicates present (i.e. two {\em stacks} for the same filter and skycell), these are also present in the PSPS. +%{\em IppToPsps} expected to generate 200684 {\em stack} batches. It created 200681 batches (missing 3), of those that are expected, 1940 partially loaded, and 14 failed to load into PSPS by the DR1 deadline. These missing batches (1957) will not be included in DR1; they will be added shortly after DR1. + +The {\em forced warp stages} Forced warps are queued by skycell and filter, and there are 994890 of these, resulting in 19266450 cmf files (one per exposure per skycell) in 373743 exposures and 199151 distinct skycells. We see no inconsistencies in the numbers. There are slighltly less distinct skycells than in the stack stages. This is because there is a ragged edge at the survey limit of -30 (not consistently observed at that declination), and it made no sense to include those in forced photometry processing. + +%add diff at some point + +%{\color{red} I have the bulk of the information here, but I do not know the best way to organize what is missing} + +%\noindent {\em Missing from ObjectThin/MeanObject}: These were loaded via OB batches, there were 116252 batches, subdivided by individual DVO files (each DVO file covers specific RA/Dec ranges). Of the 116252 batches, 2902 batches were only partially ingested into PSPS; this represents 2.5\% of the total number of batches, and 1.2\% of the total number of objects. The missing batch data will be released shortly after DR1. + +%\noindent {\em Missing Forced Objects}: We expect 113665 {\em Forced Object} batches. There are 7086 batches that have been partially loaded into PSPS, the rest of the batches are fully loaded. These missing batches will not be included in DR1, they will be added shortly after DR1. + +%\noindent {\em Missing from Forced Warp}: We expect 994890 {\em Forced Warp} batches. These have not yet been generated by {\em IppToPsps}, and therefore have not been loaded into PSPS. These will be released in DR2. + +%\noindent {\em Missing Forced Galaxy Objects}: We expect 113665 {\em Forced Galaxy Object} batches. These have not yet been generated by {\em IppToPsps}, and therefore have not been loaded into PSPS. These will be released in DR2. + +%\noindent {\em Missing Diff and Diff Objects}: We expect 113665 {\em Diff Object} batches and 374521 {\em Diff} Detection batches. These have not yet been generated by {\em IppToPsps}, and therefore have not been loaded into PSPS. These will be released in DR2. + +%(or a few less) for diffs (but right now I am finding it to be higher) - 20264363 good warp skycells, 392210 good warp images... hang on... + + + + +\subsection{Building the 3$\pi$ DVO Database} +\label{sec:building3pi} + +The $3\pi$ database was built in stages, with many checks to verify all of the data was included. Full details of the construction and final calibration are in \citet{Magnier2017c}. The $3\pi$ database contains the following counts of data for various processing stages, ordered by how they were ingested into the database: + +\begin{description} +\item[stack/skycal cmf] The end product from the skycal stage produces 1 cmf file per stack skycell per filter. There are 1-5 cmfs per skycell, corresponding to different filters. We expected 998101 skycal cmfs, in 200684 distinct skycells. All were successfully ingested into the DVO. + +\item[camera smfs] The camera stage produces 1 cmf file per exposure, with extensions for each of the 60 chips. We expected 374521 camera stage smf, of which 374446 of these were ingested with no faults. There are 75 that repeatedly failed to be ingested in the DVO and will not be included in the PSPS. + +\item[forced warp cmfs] The forced warp photometry stage produces many cmf files: each of the exposures that are within a given skycell will produce a cmf that is ingested into the database. There are 19266450 of these cmf files, they come from 373743 exposures, and are in 994890 skycells. + +\item[forced warp summary cmfs] The forced warp photometry stage also produces a summary cmf of the mean properties for a given skycell and filter, based on the forced photometry results for all of the included exposures that are within a given skycell. There are 994890 of these cmfs, in 199151 distinct skycells. There are 1-5 cmfs per skycell, corresponding to different filters. +\end{description} + +Very tiny amounts of data were not ingested due to quality issues, and there are very minor duplicate issues with processing resulting in some duplicate files being ingested. It is possible to remove those duplicates, but then the mean properties must be recalculated. There are a small number of duplicates that were discovered in {\em ippToPsps} and PSPS, and it was not possible to remove and recalibrate them at this time. %These are described in more detail in Section\ref{sec:knownissues}. + +%{\color{red} The diff DVO database } + +\subsection{IppToPsps Stage} + +IppToPsps generates batches that includes all of the smf/cmf files categorized by stage of processing, and generates batches corresponding to each DVO file. It is straightforward to verify all the data is accounted for and has been processed through ippToPsps, and easy to regenerate missing batches. This section describes the batch types and expected numbers. + +\noindent {Stacks}: {\em IppToPsps} expected to generate 200684 {\em stack} batches. It created 200681 batches (missing 3), these can be recovered and they will be added shortly after DR1. + +\noindent {\em ObjectThin/MeanObject}: {\em IppToPsps} generated all of the expected 116252 batches. + +\noindent {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate}: {\em IppToPsps} generated all of the expected 116252 batches. + +\noindent {\em Forced Mean Objects}: {\em IppToPsps} generated all of the expected 113665 {\em Forced Object} batches. There are less batches than for ObjectThin because it avoids the ragged edge of the survey at Dec = -30. + +\noindent {\em Detection Table}: We expect 374446 {\em Detection} batches, and we are still in the process of generating them (currently at 374330), we expect to generate the missing ones for DR2. + +\noindent {\em ForcedWarp Tables}: We expect 994890 {\em Forced Warp} batches. These have not yet been generated by {\em IppToPsps}, they will released in DR2.%, and therefore have not been loaded into PSPS. These will be released in DR2. + +\noindent {\em Forced Galaxy Objects}: We expect 113665 {\em Forced Galaxy Object} batches. These have not yet been generated by {\em IppToPsps}. These will be released for DR2. %, and therefore have not been loaded into PSPS. These will be released in DR2. + +%\noindent {\em Diff and Diff Objects}: We expect 113665 {\em Diff Object} batches and 374521 {\em Diff} Detection batches. These have not yet been generated by {\em IppToPsps}, and therefore have not been loaded into PSPS. These will be released in DR2. + +\subsection{Loading into PSPS} + +The PSPS database is partitioned into 32 slices, specifically chosen for the $3\pi$ database to have similar amounts of data in each slice. Fig~\ref{fig:pspsslices} shows the different database slices for $3\pi$, and Table~\ref{table:pspsslices} describes the names of the slices and the declination ranges for each slice. + +The PSPS has loaded the tables for DR1, however there are a few inconsistencies discovered: + +{\em IppToPsps} expected to generate 200684 {\em stack} batches. It created 200681 batches (missing 3), of those that are expected, 1940 partially loaded, and 14 failed to load into PSPS by the DR1 deadline. These missing batches (1957) will not be included in DR1; they will be added shortly after DR1. + +\noindent {\em Missing from ObjectThin/MeanObject}: {\em ippToPsps} generated 116252 batches. Of the 116252 batches, 2902 batches were only partially ingested into PSPS; this represents 2.5\% of the total number of batches, and 1.2\% of the total number of objects. The missing batch data will be released shortly after DR1. + +\noindent {\em Missing Forced Objects}: We expect 113665 {\em Forced Object} batches. There are 7086 batches that have been partially loaded into PSPS, the rest of the batches are fully loaded. These missing batches will not be included in DR1, they will be added shortly after DR1. + + + + +\begin{figure} +\vskip -0.2cm +\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.1\columnwidth,angle=0]{pspsslices.pdf}} +\vskip -1.5cm +\caption{\noindent The PSPS $3\pi$ database is subdivided into 32 slices, i.e, one slice per database machine. These 32 slices have Dec boundaries defined such that each slice contains a similar amount of data. The database tables ({\em Detectio}, {\em StackObjectThin}, etc.) are composed of views combining the 32 slices. This aspect of the database is intended to be transparent to the user, however, power users may find it useful to know how the slices are subdivided.} +\label{fig:pspsslices} +\end{figure} +%conrad calls this the ugly christmas sweater plot + +\begin{table} +\caption{PSPS Dec slice boundaries} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{.70\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{lll} +\hline +\hline +Slice Name & Min Dec & Max Dec\\ +\hline +Slice 1 &-54.82 & -28.68\\ +Slice 2 &-28.68 & -26.41\\ +Slice 3& -26.41 & -24.12\\ +Slice 4& -24.12 & -21.88\\ +Slice 5& -21.88 & -19.55\\ +Slice 6& -19.55 & -17.20\\ +Slice 7 &-17.20 & -14.78\\ +Slice 8 &-14.78 & -12.24\\ +Slice 9 &-12.24 & -9.64\\ +Slice 10 &-9.64 & -7.00\\ +Slice 11 &-7.00 & -4.29\\ +Slice 12 &-4.29 & -1.40\\ +Slice 13& -1.40 & +1.38 \\ +Slice 14 & +1.38 & +4.13\\ +Slice 15 &+4.13 & +6.91\\ +Slice 16& +6.91 & +9.78\\ +Slice 17& +9.78 & +12.70\\ +Slice 18 &+12.70 & +15.72\\ +Slice 19 &+15.72 & +18.79\\ +Slice 20 &+18.79 & +21.93\\ +Slice 21 & +21.93& +25.24\\ +Slice 22 &+25.24 & +28.59\\ +Slice 23 &+28.59 & +31.95\\ +Slice 24 &+31.95 & +35.44 \\ +Slice 25 &+35.44 & +38.98 \\ +Slice 26 &+38.98 & +42.73\\ +Slice 27 &+42.73 & +46.73\\ +Slice 28 &+46.73& +50.90\\ +Slice 29 &+50.90 & +55.41\\ +Slice 30 &+55.41 & +60.62\\ +Slice 31 &+60.62 & +67.83\\ +Slice 32 &+67.83 & +89.99\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:pspsslices} +\end{table}% + + + +\subsubsection{Queries to find holes} +\label{sec:pspsholes} + +\noindent It is possible to use the PSPS database to verify data and to check there is no missing data. The table {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate} is complete and has no missing data. It can be used to do quick integrity checks on other tables within PSPS. Finding missing objects from {\em ObjectThin} is straightforward: Do a \texttt{FULL OUTER JOIN} for {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate} and {\em ObjectThin} using \texttt{ObjID}. Objects with a \texttt{NULL} {\em ObjectThin}.\texttt{batchID} are missing. Missing objects from {\em ForcedMeanObject} can be found in a similar way as those in {\em ObjectThin}, do a \texttt{FULL OUTER JOIN} between {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate} and {\em ForcedMeanObject}. Objects with a NULL {\em ForcedMeanObject}.\texttt{batchID} are missing. Finding missing objects in {\em StackObjectThin} is trickier, because not all objects have {\em stack} photometry. This requires a \texttt{FULL OUTER JOIN} on {\em StackObjectThin} to {\em ObjectThin} to {\em GaiaFrameCoordinate}. Missing {\em stacks} will have valid {\em ObjectThin}.\texttt{raStack} and {\em ObjectThin}.\texttt{decStack} and \texttt{NULL} {\em StackObjectThin}.\texttt{objID}. + + +%For DR2 and beyond, we have not yet loaded the PSPS database, but we know what numbers to expect from the DVO and from IppToPsps. We report these numbers here. + +%Missing Single Exposures: We expect XXX Detection batches; XXX have been generated by IppToPsps. +%Missing Forced {\em warp} Exposures: We expect xxxx Forced Warps. Of those, xxx have bad quality and are not ingested into the DVO database. + +%We expect 113665 Forced Galaxy batches. {\em diffs} are unknown at this time; the {\em diff} DVO database has not yet been created. + +%Images in 3pi PV3 reprocessing were taken between 2009-06-03 and 2015-02-25 . + +\begin{table} +\caption{\noindent Expected exposure numbers in various stages of processing} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{.70\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{lll} +\hline +\hline +IPP stage & number queued & successful \\ +\hline +raw exposures & 388177 & ... \\ +chip stage& 381279 & 375573 \\ +cam stage& 375573 & 374521\\ +fake/warp (exp)& 379973 & 379551 \\ +fake/warp (skycells) & & 206177 \\ +stack & 200730 & 200725 \\ +staticsky& 200720 & 200720 \\ +skycal & 200722 & 200684 \\ +fullforce& 200684 & 200684 \\ +%f%orced galaxy& & \\ +%diff & & \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ippcounts} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{Expected numbers in DVO and PSPS} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{.70\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +IPP stage & successfull IPP & in DVO &{\em IppToPsps}& PSPS \\ +\hline +cam stage& 374521 & 374446 & & \\ +skycal& 200684 & 200684 & 200681 & 198727 \\ +fullforce& 200684 & 200684 & not yet & \\ +forced galaxy& 113665 & 113665 & not yet & \\ +%diff & & & & \\ +object & 116252 & 116252 & 116252 & 113350\\ +gaia & 116252 & 116252 & 116252 & 116252\\ +forced object & 113665 & 113665 & 106579 \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ipptopspscounts} +\end{table}% + +\section{Conclusion} +\label{sec:conclusion} +There are 10,723,304,629 objects in the database. Big database is big. +{\color{red} } + +\section{Acknowledgments} + +{\it Facilities:} \facility{PS1 (GPC1)} + +The \PS\ Surveys (PS1) have been made possible through contributions of the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the \PS\ Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1238877, and the University of Maryland. + +This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) +mission {\it Gaia} (\url{http://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia}), processed by +the {\it Gaia} Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, +\url{http://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium}). Funding +for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular +the institutions participating in the {\it Gaia} Multilateral Agreement. + +HF has some more acknowledgments to add but for now would especially like to thank G.Hasinger for extensive latex help, G.Narayan for magical latex ninja skills, and S.Isani (Ministry of Fonts) for checking latex for typos (he disagrees with my font choice). + +\bibliographystyle{apj} +\bibliography{main}{} + +\appendix +%should I use \chapter or section in appendix? I can't get the references to work. +%so chapter makes appendix numbers, and section makes appendix letters. + +% Do you have an idea, why the appendix is only one-column? +% no +\section{Query Examples} +\label{sec:query} + +\noindent This section shows example queries for the \PS\ database. The progression will be from simple queries to more complicated queries, with a focus on queries for DR1. Queries for DR2 will be added later. + +%\noindent Unless otherwise specified, assume that these queries are run off of the PSI query page ({\color{red} arrrgh this needs to be updated because we aren't using psi, right? what do I do KCC? } \texttt{http:\/\/panstarrs.stsci.edu/PSI/query\_page.php} ), under 'select database' use a database that starts with 'PanSTARRS\_3PI' (this will be updated as future data releases occur), paste the query in the Query box, and select the 'slow queue'. Set 'MyDB table for slow queue results:' to be query1, query2, etc as applicable. The progression will be from simple queries to more complicated queries, with a focus on queries for DR1 followed by queries applicable to later data releases. + +SQL has no requirements on case. We adopt the standard convention of using \texttt{CAPITAL LETTERS} for SQL reserved words and functions, and \texttt{CamelCase} for the tables and columns within the PSPS database schema. + + + +\begin{enumerate} +\item \textbf{Counting the number of rows in a large table} + +This is an example of a simple query, it needs to be run in the slow queue. The difference between \texttt{COUNT\_BIG()} and \texttt{COUNT()} is that \texttt{COUNT\_BIG()} returns a \texttt{BIGINT}, while \texttt{COUNT()} returns an \texttt{INT}. The PSPS tables are so large that \texttt{COUNT()}, which goes up to 2.14 billion, is too small of a number. Users should choose the method of counting rows that is appropriate for their data ranges. Unless it involves large tables and large areas of sky, \texttt{COUNT()} is recommended. + +\texttt{SELECT COUNT\_BIG(objID) FROM ObjectThin} + +\item \textbf{Return mean PSF magnitudes and errors for all filters (grizy) for a rectangular patch of sky} + +\texttt{SELECT ObjectThin.objID, nDetections, raMean, decMean, \\ +gMeanPSFMag, gMeanPSFMagErr, rMeanPSFMag, rMeanPSFMagErr, \\ +iMeanPSFMag, iMeanPSFMagErr, zMeanPSFMag, zMeanPSFMagErr, \\ +yMeanPSFMag, yMeanPSFMagErr \\ +FROM ObjectThin \\ +INNER JOIN MeanObject ON ObjectThin.objID = MeanObject.objID \\ +WHERE \\ +raMean > 100.0 \\ +AND raMean < 100.1 \\ +AND decMean > 0.0 \\ +AND decMean < 0.1 \\ +} + +This returns 3869 objects. The majority of these objects have only been detected once. + +\item \textbf{Make a simple text histogram of ObjectThin.nDetections for a rectangular patch of sky} + +It is possible to save queries into your own personal MyDB, as well as to make queries on your MyDB. Do the query from above, but save it to your MyDB as 'MyDBtest'. %Verify that the query is complete from the queued jobs page. Run the following query in the fast queue, but select the Database to be 'MyDB' +Run the following query on your MyDB to make a histogram of \texttt{nDetections}. + +\texttt{SELECT nDetections, COUNT(nDetections) FROM MyDBtest GROUP BY nDetections ORDER BY nDetections} + +The results are ordered by \texttt{ndetections}, and it is apparent that most of the objects have 0-2 detections. The \texttt{ndetections} column refers to the number of times something is detected from the the individual exposures. Objects that have 0 detections are so faint that they are not visible in the individual exposures but are detected in the stacks. Objects with 1-2 (or a few detections), might be spurious detections, moving objects, or faint objects. If the user is interested in objects that are more likely to be well measured in several epochs and also of astrophysical nature, it is best to add a restriction on \texttt{ndetections}. If the user is interested in the static sky, and in {\em stack} photometry, it is best to do a \texttt{JOIN} on \texttt{StackObjectThin}. See the next 2 queries for examples of each of those types of queries. + +\item \textbf{Select mean PSF magnitudes and errors for filters griyz and for a rectangular patch of sky, with a restriction of $>$ 10 \texttt{nDetections}} + +This is an example of a query to get mean PSF magnitudes and errors for all filters in a rectangular patch of sky, for objects with $>$ 10 \texttt{nDetections}. The reason we chose 10 detections is somewhat arbitrary, and can be adjusted, but is used primarily to cut out objects for which there are only a few detections. Objects with very few detections might not be astrophysical, or they might be too faint to be seen multiple times. + +\texttt{SELECT ObjectThin.objID, raMean,decMean, \\ +gMeanPSFMag, gMeanPSFMagErr, rMeanPSFMag, rMeanPSFMagErr, \\ +iMeanPSFMag, iMeanPSFMagErr, zMeanPSFMag, zMeanPSFMagErr, \\ +yMeanPSFMag, yMeanPSFMagErr \\ +FROM ObjectThin \\ +INNER JOIN MeanObject ON ObjectThin.objID = MeanObject.objID \\ +WHERE\\ +nDetections > 10 \\ +AND raMean >100.0 \\ +AND raMean < 100.1 \\ +AND decMean > 0.0 \\ +AND decMean < 0.1 +} + +This returns 748 objects, a significant reduction from the 3869 on the previous query. + +\item \textbf{Select {\em stack} PSF magnitudes for all filters for a rectangular patch of sky} + +This is an example of a query to get {\em stack} PSF magnitudes for the same rectangular patch of sky. No restrictions on \texttt{nDetections} is necessary, the expectation is that sources on {\em stacks} are more likely to be astrophysical. + +\texttt{SELECT ObjectThin.objID, raStack, decStack, \\ +gPSFMag, gPSFMagErr, rPSFMag, rPSFMagErr,iPSFMag, iPSFMagErr, \\ +zPSFMag, zPSFMagErr, yPSFMag, yPSFMagErr \\ +FROM ObjectThin \\ +INNER JOIN StackObjectThin ON ObjectThin.objID = StackObjectThin.objID \\ +WHERE raMean >100.0 \\ +AND raMean < 100.1 \\ +AND decMean > 0.0 \\ +AND decMean < 0.1 \\ +} + +This returns 1808 objects. + +\item \textbf{An example of finding rows with \texttt{NULL} values, using \texttt{TOP} to limit results} + +The PSPS uses \texttt{-999} to denote \texttt{NULL} values. The following query returns some objects that are detected in single exposures but not in the stacks. The numbers are limited by TOP to return the first 10 rows. + +%{\color{red} its's tested and all is good} +\texttt{ +SELECT TOP 10 \\ +objectThin.objID, raMean, decMean, raStack, decStack, \\ +nDetections, ng, nr, ni, nz, ny, imeanpsfmag \\ +FROM objectThin \\ +JOIN MeanObject on objectThin.objID = meanObject.objid \\ +WHERE raStack = -999\\ +} + +\item \textbf{Basic search using \texttt{BETWEEN} to limit ranges} + +Similar to the query above, except uses \texttt{BETWEEN} to limit RA and Dec ranges as well as iPSFMag ranges. + +\texttt{ +SELECT ObjectThin.objID, raStack, decStack, \\ +gPSFMag, gPSFMagErr, rPSFMag, rPSFMagErr,iPSFMag, iPSFMagErr, \\ +zPSFMag, zPSFMagErr, yPSFMag, yPSFMagErr \\ +FROM ObjectThin \\ +INNER JOIN StackObjectThin ON ObjectThin.objID = StackObjectThin.objID \\ +WHERE raMean BETWEEN 100.0 AND 100.1\\ +AND decMean BETWEEN 0.0 AND 0.1 \\ +AND iPSFMag BETWEEN 18.0 AND 21.0 \\ +} + +\item \textbf{Using built in functions to do a box search} + +ObjectThin contains Hierarchical triangular mesh information, making it possible to use the built in function dbo.fGetObjFromRectEq(minra, mindec, maxra, maxdec) to do a rectangular search. Tables which have htm, cx,cy, cz can use this built in function. + +\texttt{ +SELECT o.objID, o.raMean, o.decMean\\ +FROM ObjectThin o, dbo.fGetObjFromRectEq(56.65, 23.92, 57.05, 24.32) r\\ +WHERE p.objID = r.objID \\ +} + +\item \textbf{Using build in functions to do a cone search} + +ObjectThin contains Hierarchical triangular mesh information, making it possible to use the built in function dbo.fGetNearbyObjEq(ra, dec, conesize(deg)) to do a radial search for objects near a given ra and dec (cone search). Tables which have htm, cx,cy, cz can use this built in function. + +\texttt{ +SELECT o.objID, raMean, decMean, gPSFMag, gPSFMagErr\\ +FROM ObjectThin o, dbo.fGetNearbyObjEq(56.85 , 24.12, 0.2) n\\ +WHERE o.objID = n.objID \\ +} +%\item \textbf{Different kinds of joins} + +%SQL Server INNER JOIN (or sometimes called simple join) +%SQL Server LEFT OUTER JOIN (or sometimes called LEFT JOIN) +%SQL Server RIGHT OUTER JOIN (or sometimes called RIGHT JOIN) +%SQL Server FULL OUTER JOIN (or sometimes called FULL JOIN) + +%\item selection of random rows using rand() + +%\item selection of random rows using randomId + +%\item group by + +%\item order by + +%\item Using Multiple Joins to get {\em stack} information + +%\item flag methods + +%\item {\color{red} query to download the catalog (stacks) EAM / KCC} + +%\item {\color{red} query to download the catalog (mean) EAM / KCC} + + +%\item \textbf{Extracting a light curve for an object with a known \texttt{ObjID} using the Detection table(DR2)} + +%The detection table has the measurements for the single epoch images. Searching by the \texttt{ObjID} is the fastest method to return a lightcurve. + +%{\color{red}(TEST XXX)} + +%\texttt{SELECT filterID, obstime, expTime, zp, psfFlux, psfFluxErr, infoFlag, infoFlag2, infoFlag3 FROM Detection WHERE ObjID = (number XXX ) +%} + +%\item extracting a light curve for an object by RA and Dec using the Detection table (DR2) + +%If the \texttt{ObjID} of the object is not know, it is necessary to do a join on {\em ObjectThin} to search by RA and Dec. This method is much slower than to search by the \texttt{ObjID}. + +%\item extracting a light curve for an object with a known \texttt{ObjID} using the {\em ForcedWarpMeasurement} table(DR2) + +%\item extracting a light curve for an object by RA and Dec using the {\em ForcedWarpMeasurement} table (DR2) + +%\item extracting a light curve for an object with a known \texttt{ObjID} using the {\em DiffDetection} table(DR2) + +%\item extracting a light curve for an object by RA and Dec using the {\em DiffDetection} table (DR2) + +\end{enumerate} + +%\end{document} + +%1.3.3.1 Choosing the appropriate photometric measurement +%1.3.3.1.1 chip,stack,warp +%1.3.3.1.2 psf, kron, etc +%1.3.3.2 Cone search +%1.3.3.3 complex extraction +%1.3.3.4 SQL quick guide +%1.3.3.5 CAS Jobs + + +%HAF taken out for now, becus not even attempted at being flshed out +%\section{Glossary} +%\label{sec:glossary} + +%\begin{description} + +%\item[chip] refers to either one of the 60 OTAs that makes up the gigapixel camera, or to the stage of processing within IPP which does basic astrometry and photometry on + +%\item[detrend] depends on the use. Detrends in general refer to flats / biases / darks etc necessary to correct raw images. Detrending is the process to remove effects from flats/ biases / darks etc from raw science images. Detrended images are the images that have been corrected with flats/ biases/ darks/ etc. + +%\item[forced photometry ] + +%\item[forced warp] + +%\item[skycell] + +%\item[stack] + +%\item[ubercal] + +%\item[warp] + +%\item[cmf/smf files] + +%\end{description} + +\section{Acronyms} +\label{sec:acronyms} + +\begin{description} + +\item[3pi or 3$\pi$] Three Pi Survey. This survey covers 3 pi steradians of the sky (3/4 of the sky), everything with declination greater than -30 degrees. + + +\item[DR1] Data Release 1. Covers 3$\pi$ data release for ObjectThin, MeanObject, Stack*, ForcedMean* and related metadata tables. Covers the static sky. + +\item[DR2] Data Release 2. 3$\pi$ data release of time domain tables, including Detection, ForcedWarp*, Diff* and related metadata. + +\item[DVO] Desktop Virtual Observatory - written by Eugene Mangier, IPP uses this to store and manipulate catalog data. + +\item[GPC1] Giga Pixel Camera 1. This is the name of the camera that is part of the \PS\ telescope. 1.4 gigapixels, and sees 7 square degrees per exposure. It is made up of 60 orthogonal transfer arrays (OTA), each with 64 cells per OTA. + +\item[IPP] Image Processing Pipeline. Code developed to process and manage all aspects of \PS processing, starting from downloading the images to the summit to generating data in the final database schema form. + +\item[MD] Short for Medium Deep fields. A set of 10 fields, each of which is 7 square degrees, observed at a high cadence primarily to be used for searches for transient objects. These will be released at a later time. + +\item[MOPS] Short for Medium Deep fields. A set of 10 fields, each of which is 7 square degrees, observed at a high cadence primarily to be used for searches for transient objects. These will be released at a later time. + +\item[OTA] orthogonal transfer array, the name of the devices that make up the GPC1 camera + +\item[PSI] Pan-STARRS1 Science interface. The interface used by consortium members to access earlier versions of the data. + +\item[PSPS] Published Science Products Subsystem - the \PS\ databases + +%\item[PSVO] \PS\ Virtual Observatory - one of several ways to access the \PS\ databases, see (link xxx) for details. Uses a TopCat front end. + +\item[PV3] Processing Version 3, refers to the processing / code iteration, this is the processing version of the first public \PS data release (covers DR1-DR2). + +\end{description} + +\section{Flag Tables} +\label{sec:FlagTables} + +There are 8 different classes of Flag tables for the database schema. This section lists the different flags as well as their descriptions. See \ref{sec:schemaflagsbitmasks} for more details on flags and bitmasks, and \ref{sec:query} for some example queries. + +\begin{description} +\item[ObjectInfoFlags] Describes the flags used for: ObjectThin.objectInfoFlag, GaiaFrameCoordinate.gaiaFlag, DiffDetObject.objectInfoFlag, ForcedMeanObject.gFlag, ForcedMeanObject.rFlag, ForcedMeanObject.iFlag, ForcedMeanObject.zFlag, ForcedMeanObject.yFlag. +See Table~\ref{table:objectinfoflags} + + +\item[ObjectQualityFlags] Describes the flags used for: ObjectThin.qualityFlag, DiffDetObject.qualityFlag. +See Table~\ref{table:objectqualityflags} + + +\item[ObjectFilterFlags] Describes the flags used for: MeanObject.gFlags, MeanObject.rFlags, MeanObject.iFlags, MeanObject.zFlags, MeanObject.yFlags. +See Table~\ref{table:objectfilterflags} + +\item[ImageFlags] Describes the flags used for: ImageMeta.qaFlags. +See Table~\ref{table:imageflags} + +\item[DetectionFlags] Describes the flags used for: Detection.infoFlag, StackObjectThin.ginfoFlag, StackObjectThin.rinfoFlag , StackObjectThin.iinfoFlag, StackObjectThin.zinfoFlag, StackObjectThin.yinfoFlag, DiffDetection.DinfoFlag, ForcedWarpMeasurement.FinfoFlag. +See Table~\ref{table:detectionflags} + +\item[DetectionFlags2] Describes the flags used for: Detection.infoFlag2, StackObjectThin.ginfoFlag2, StackObjectThin.rinfoFlag2 , StackObjectThin.iinfoFlag2, StackObjectThin.zinfoFlag2, StackObjectThin.yinfoFlag2, DiffDetection.DinfoFlag2,ForcedWarpMeasurement.FinfoFlag2. +See Table~\ref{table:detectionflags2} + +\item[DetectionFlags3] Describes the flags used for: Detection.infoFlag3, StackObjectThin.ginfoFlag3, StackObjectThin.rinfoFlag3 , StackObjectThin.iinfoFlag3, StackObjectThin.zinfoFlag3, StackObjectThin.yinfoFlag3, DiffDetection.DinfoFlag3,ForcedWarpMeasurement.FinfoFlag3. +See Table~\ref{table:detectionflags3} + +\item[ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags] Describes the flags used for: ForcedGalaxyShape.gGalFlags, ForcedGalaxyShape.rGalFlags, ForcedGalaxyShape.iGalFlags, ForcedGalaxyShape.zGalFlags, ForcedGalaxyShape.yGalFlags. +See Table~\ref{table:forcedgalaxyshapeflags} + +\end{description} + +\begin{table} +\caption{ObjectInfoFlags} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{llll} +\hline +\hline +Name & Hexadecimal & Value & Description \\ +\hline +DEFAULT & 0x00000000 & 0 & Initial value; resets all bits. \\ +FEW&0x00000001&1&Used within relphot; skip star.\\ +POOR&0x00000002&2&Used within relphot; skip star.\\ +ICRF\_QSO&0x00000004&4&object IDed with known ICRF quasar (may have ICRF position measurement)\\ +OTHEF\_QSO&0x00000008&8&identified as likely QSO (Hernitschek et al 2015); without ICRF reference data\\ +TRANSIENT&0x00000010&16&identified as a non-periodic (stationary) transient\\ +VARIABLE&0x00000020&32&identified as a periodic variable\\ +RRLYRA&0x00000040&64&identified as likely RR Lyra (Hernitschek et al 2015)\\ +HAS\_SOLSYS\_DET&0x00000080&128&identified with a known solar-system object (asteroid or other)\\ +ALL\_SOLSYS\_DET&0x00000100&256&identified with a known solar-system object (asteroid or other)\\ +UNDEF\_1&0x00000200&512&Unused bit value.\\ +UNDEF\_2&0x00000400&1024&Unused bit value.\\ +LARGE\_PM&0x00000800&2048&star with large proper motion\\ +RAW\_AVE&0x00001000&4096&simple weighted average position was used (no IRLS fitting)\\ +FIT\_AVE&0x00002000&8192&average position was fitted\\ +FIT\_PM&0x00004000&16384&proper motion model was fitted\\ +FIT\_PAR&0x00008000&32768¶llax model was fitted\\ +USE\_AVE&0x00010000&65536&average position used (not PM or PAR)\\ +USE\_PM&0x00020000&131072&proper motion used (not AVE or PAR)\\ +USE\_PAR&0x00040000&262144¶llax used (not AVE or PM)\\ +NO\_MEAN\_ASTROM&0x00080000&524288&mean astrometry could not be measured\\ +STACK\_FOR\_MEAN&0x00100000&1048576&stack position used for mean astrometry\\ +MEAN\_FOR\_STACK&0x00200000&2097152&mean astrometry used for {\em stack} position\\ +BAD\_PM&0x00400000&4194304&failure to measure proper-motion model\\ +EXT&0x00800000&8388608&extended in our data (eg; PS)\\ +EXT\_ALT&0x01000000&16777216&extended in external data (eg; 2MASS)\\ +GOOD&0x02000000&33554432&good-quality measurement in our data (eg; PS)\\ +GOOD\_ALT&0x04000000&67108864&good-quality measurement in external data (eg; 2MASS)\\ +GOOD\_STACK&0x08000000&134217728&good-quality object in the {\em stack} ($>$ 1 good stack)\\ +BEST\_STACK&0x10000000&268435456&the primary {\em stack} measurement are the best measurements\\ +SUSPECT\_STACK&0x20000000&536870912&suspect object in the {\em stack} ($>$ 1 good or suspect stack; less than 2 good)\\ +BAD\_STACK&0x40000000&1073741824&good-quality object in the {\em stack} ($>$ 1 good stack)\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:objectinfoflags} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{ObjectQualityFlags} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{llll} +\hline +\hline +Name & Hexadecimal & Value & Description \\ +\hline +DEFAULT&0x00000000&0&Initial value; resets all bits. \\ +QF\_OBJ\_EXT&0x00000001&1&Extended in our data (eg; PS). \\ +QF\_OBJ\_EXT\_ALT&0x00000002&2&Extended in external data (eg; 2MASS). \\ +QF\_OBJ\_GOOD&0x00000004&4&Good-quality measurement in our data (eg;PS). \\ +QF\_OBJ\_GOOD\_ALT&0x00000008&8&Good-quality measurement in external data (eg; 2MASS). \\ +QF\_OBJ\_GOOD\_STACK&0x00000010&16&Good-quality object in the {\em stack} ($>$ 1 good stack). \\ +QF\_OBJ\_SUSPECT\_STACK&0x00000020&32&Suspect object in the {\em stack} ($>$ 1 good or suspect stack; less than 2 good). \\ +QF\_OBJ\_BAD\_STACK&0x00000040&64&Good-quality object in the {\em stack} ($>$ 1 good stack). \\ + +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:objectqualityflags} +\end{table}% + + +\begin{table} +\caption{ObjectFilterFlags} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{llll} +\hline +\hline +Name & Hexadecimal & Value & Description \\ +\hline +DEFAULT&0x00000000&0&Initial value; resets all bits.\\ +SECF\_STAR\_FEW&0x00000001&1&Used within relphot: skip star.\\ +SECF\_STAR\_POOR&0x00000002&2&Used within relphot: skip star.\\ +SECF\_USE\_SYNTH&0x00000004&4&Synthetic photometry used in average measurement.\\ +SECF\_USE\_UBERCAL&0x00000008&8&Ubercal photometry used in average measurement.\\ +SECF\_HAS\_PS1&0x00000010&16&PS1 photometry used in average measurement.\\ +SECF\_HAS\_STACK&0x00000020&32&PS1 {\em stack} photometry exists.\\ +SECF\_HAS\_TYCHO&0x00000040&64&Tycho photometry used for synthetic magnitudes.\\ +SECF\_FIX\_SYNTH&0x00000080&128&Synthetic magnitudes repaired with zeropoint map.\\ +PHOTOM\_PASS\_0&0x00000100&256&Average magnitude calculated in 0th pass.\\ +PHOTOM\_PASS\_1&0x00000200&512&Average magnitude calculated in 1th pass.\\ +PHOTOM\_PASS\_2&0x00000400&1024&Average magnitude calculated in 2th pass.\\ +PHOTOM\_PASS\_3&0x00000800&2048&Average magnitude calculated in 3th pass.\\ +PHOTOM\_PASS\_4&0x00001000&4096&Average magnitude calculated in 4th pass.\\ +PSPS\_OBJ\_EXT&0x00002000&8192&Extended in this band (PSPS only).\\ +SECF\_STACK\_PRIMARY&0x00004000&16384&PS1 {\em stack} photometry comes from primary skycell.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:objectfilterflags} +\end{table}% + + +\begin{table} +\caption{ImageFlags} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{llll} +\hline +\hline +Name & Hexadecimal & Value & Description \\ +\hline +NEW&0x00000000&0&No relphot / relastro attempted. \\ +NOCAL&0x00000001&1&Used within relphot to mean 'don't apply fit'. \\ +POOR&0x00000002&2&Relphot says image is bad. \\ +SKIP&0x00000004&4&External information image is bad. \\ +FEW&0x00000008&8&Currently too few measurements for good value. \\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:imageflags} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{llll} +\hline +\hline +Name & Hexadecimal & Value & Description \\ +\hline +NO\_ERROR&0x00000000&0&No error condition raised. \\ +FAIL\_FIT&0x00000001&1&fit failed to converge or was degenerate \\ +TOO\_FEW&0x00000002&2¬ enough points to fit the model \\ +OUT\_OF\_RANGE&0x00000004&4&fit minimum too far outside data range \\ +BAD\_ERROR&0x00000008&8&invalid size error (nan or inf) \\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:forcedgalaxyshapeflags} +\end{table}% + + +\begin{table} +\caption{DetectionFlags} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{llll} +\hline +\hline +Name & Hexadecimal & Value & Description \\ +\hline +DEFAULT&0x00000000&0&Initial value; resets all bits.\\ +PSFMODEL&0x00000001&1&Source fitted with a psf model (linear or non-linear).\\ +EXTMODEL&0x00000002&2&Source fitted with an extended-source model.\\ +FITTED&0x00000004&4&Source fitted with non-linear model (PSF or EXT; good or bad).\\ +FAIL&0x00000008&8&Fit (non-linear) failed (non-converge; off-edge; run to zero).\\ +POOR&0x00000010&16&Fit succeeds; but low-S/N; high-Chisq; or large (for PSF -- drop?).\\ +PAIR&0x00000020&32&Source fitted with a double PSF.\\ +PSFSTAR&0x00000040&64&Source used to define PSF model.\\ +SATSTAR&0x00000080&128&Source model peak is above saturation.\\ +BLEND&0x00000100&256&Source is a blend with other sources.\\ +EXTERNAL&0x00000200&512&Source based on supplied input position.\\ +BADPSF&0x00000400&1024&Failed to get good estimate of object's PSF.\\ +DEFECT&0x00000800&2048&Source is thought to be a defect.\\ +SATURATED&0x00001000&4096&Source is thought to be saturated pixels (bleed trail).\\ +CR\_LIMIT&0x00002000&8192&Source has crNsigma above limit.\\ +EXT\_LIMIT&0x00004000&16384&Source has extNsigma above limit.\\ +MOMENTS\_FAILURE&0x00008000&32768&Could not measure the moments.\\ +SKY\_FAILURE&0x00010000&65536&Could not measure the local sky.\\ +SKYVAR\_FAILURE&0x00020000&131072&Could not measure the local sky variance.\\ +BELOW\_MOMENTS\_SN&0x00040000&262144&Moments not measured due to low S/N.\\ +UNDEF\_1&0x00080000&524288&Unused bit value.\\ +BIG\_RADIUS&0x00100000&1048576&Poor moments for small radius; try large radius.\\ +AP\_MAGS&0x00200000&2097152&Source has an aperture magnitude.\\ +BLEND\_FIT&0x00400000&4194304&Source was fitted as a blend.\\ +EXTENDED\_FIT&0x00800000&8388608&Full extended fit was used.\\ +EXTENDED\_STATS&0x01000000&16777216&Extended aperture stats calculated.\\ +LINEAR\_FIT&0x02000000&33554432&Source fitted with the linear fit.\\ +NONLINEAR\_FIT&0x04000000&67108864&Source fitted with the non-linear fit.\\ +RADIAL\_FLUX&0x08000000&134217728&Radial flux measurements calculated.\\ +SIZE\_SKIPPED&0x10000000&268435456&Size could not be determined.\\ +PEAK\_ON\_SPIKE&0x20000000&536870912&Peak lands on diffraction spike.\\ +PEAK\_ON\_GHOST&0x40000000&1073741824&Peak lands on ghost or glint.\\ +PEAK\_OFF\_CHIP&0x80000000&2147483648&Peak lands off edge of chip.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:detectionflags} +\end{table}% + + +\begin{table} +\caption{DetectionFlags2} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{llll} +\hline +\hline +Name & Hexadecimal & Value & Description \\ +\hline +DEFAULT&0x00000000&0&Initial value; resets all bits.\\ +DIFF\_WITH\_SINGLE&0x00000001&1&Difference source matched to a single positive detection.\\ +DIFF\_WITH\_DOUBLE&0x00000002&2&Difference source matched to positive detections in both images.\\ +MATCHED&0x00000004&4&Difference source matched to positive detections in both images.\\ +ON\_SPIKE&0x00000008&8&More than 25\% of (PSF-weighted) pixels land on diffraction spike.\\ +ON\_STARCORE&0x00000010&16&More than 25\% of (PSF-weighted) pixels land on starcore.\\ +ON\_BURNTOOL&0x00000020&32&More than 25\% of (PSF-weighted) pixels land on burntool.\\ +ON\_CONVPOOR&0x00000040&64&More than 25\% of (PSF-weighted) pixels land on convpoor.\\ +PASS1\_SRC&0x00000080&128&Source detected in first pass analysis\\ +HAS\_BRIGHTER\_NEIGHBOR&0x00000100&256&Peak is not the brightest in its footprint\\ +BRIGHT\_NEIGHBOR\_1&0x00000200&512& Flux\_negative $/$ ($r^2$ flux\_positive) $>$ 1.\\ +BRIGHT\_NEIGHBOR\_10&0x00000400&1024&Flux\_negative $/$ ($r^2$ flux\_positive) $ >$ 10.\\ +DIFF\_SELF\_MATCH&0x00000800&2048&Positive detection match is probably this source.\\ +SATSTAR\_PROFILE&0x00001000&4096&Saturated source is modeled with a radial profile.\\ +ECONTOUR\_FEW\_PTS&0x00002000&8192&Too few points to measure the elliptical contour.\\ +RADBIN\_NAN\_CENTER&0x00004000&16384&Radial bins failed with too many NaN center bin.\\ +PETRO\_NAN\_CENTER&0x00008000&32768&Petrosian (1976) radial bins failed with too many NaN center bin.\\ +PETRO\_NO\_PROFILE&0x00010000&65536&Petrosian (1976) not built becaues radial bins missing.\\ +PETRO\_INSIG\_RATIO&0x00020000&131072&Insignificant measurement of Petrosian (1976) ratio.\\ +PETRO\_RATIO\_ZEROBIN&0x00040000&262144&Petrosian (1976) ratio in the 0th bin (likely bad).\\ +EXT\_FITS\_RUN&0x00080000&524288&Attempted to run extended fits on this source.\\ +EXT\_FITS\_FAIL&0x00100000&1048576&At least one of the model fits failed.\\ +EXT\_FITS\_RETRY&0x00200000&2097152&One of the model fits was retried with new window.\\ +EXT\_FITS\_NONE&0x00400000&4194304&All of the model fits failed. \\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:detectionflags2} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{DetectionFlags3} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{llll} +\hline +\hline +Name & Hexadecimal & Value & Description \\ +\hline +DEFAULT&0x00000000&0&Initial value; resets all bits.\\ +NOCAL&0x00000001&1&Detection ignored for this analysis (photcode; time range) -- internal only.\\ +POOR\_PHOTOM&0x00000002&2&Detection is photometry outlier.\\ +SKIP\_PHOTOM&0x00000004&4&Detection was ignored for photometry measurement.\\ +AREA&0x00000008&8&Detection near image edge.\\ +POOR\_ASTROM&0x00000010&16&Detection is astrometry outlier.\\ +SKIP\_ASTROM&0x00000020&32&Detection was ignored for astrometry measurement.\\ +USED\_OBJ&0x00000040&64&Detection was used during update objects\\ +USED\_CHIP&0x00000080&128&Detection was used during update chips.\\ +BLEND\_MEAS&0x00000100&256&Detection is within radius of multiple objects.\\ +BLEND\_OBJ&0x00000200&512&Multiple detections within radius of object.\\ +WARP\_USED&0x00000400&1024&Measurement used to find mean {\em warp} photometry.\\ +UNDEF\_4&0x00000800&2048&Unused bit value.\\ +BLEND\_MEAS\_X&0x00001000&4096&Detection is within radius of multiple objects across catalogs.\\ +ARTIFACT&0x00002000&8192&Detection is thought to be non-astronomical.\\ +SYNTH\_MAG&0x00004000&16384&Magnitude is synthetic.\\ +PHOTOM\_UBERCAL&0x00008000&32768&Externally-supplied zero point from ubercal analysis.\\ +STACK\_PRIMARY&0x00010000&65536&This {\em stack} measurement is in the primary skycell.\\ +STACK\_PHOT\_SRC&0x00020000&131072&This measurement supplied the {\em stack} photometry.\\ +ICRF\_QSO&0x00040000&262144&This measurement is an ICRF reference position.\\ +IMAGE\_EPOCH&0x00080000&524288&This measurement is registered to the image epoch (not tied to the reference catalog epoch).\\ +PHOTOM\_PSF&0x00100000&1048576&This measurement is used for the mean PSF magnitude.\\ +PHOTOM\_APER&0x00200000&2097152&This measurement is used for the mean aperture magnitude.\\ +PHOTOM\_KRON&0x00400000&4194304&This measurement is used for the mean Kron (1980) magnitude.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:detectionflags3} +\end{table}% + +%removing this section + +%\section{System Metadata Tables} +%\label{sec:systemmetadatatables} +%The system metadata tables are small and fixed. To aid the user, we include them in the appendix. They can also be queried for directly in the database via \texttt{SELECT * FROM (tablename)}. + + +%\begin{itemize} +%\item Filter +%\item FitModel +%%\item Survey +%\item PhotoCal +%\item StackType +%\item DiffType +%\item TessellationType +%\end{itemize} + + +\begin{table} +\caption{Filter} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{ll} +\hline +\hline +FilterID & Filter \\ +\hline +1 & g\\ +2 & r\\ +3 & i\\ +4 & z\\ +5 & y\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:filters} +\end{table}% + +%setting aside for now +%\begin{table} +%\caption{FitModel} +%\begin{center} +%%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +%\begin{tabular}{lllllllllllll} +%\hline +%\hline +%fitModelID&name&description¶m1¶m2¶m3¶m4¶m5¶m6¶m7¶m8¶m9¶m10\\ +%\hline +%0&PS\_MODEL\_GAUSS&Gaussian Profile&local sky&Io (normalization)&X position&Y position&Sigma\_XX&Sigma\_YY&Sigma\_XY&-999&-999&-999\\ +%1&PS\_MODEL\_PGAUSS&Pseudo-Gaussian Profile (Waussian)&local sky&Io (normalization)&X position&Y position&Sigma\_XX&Sigma\_YY&Sigma\_XY&-999&-999&-999\\ +%2&PS\_MODEL\_QGAUSS&Power-law with $r^{4.5}$&local sky&Io (normalization)&X position&Y position&Sigma\_XX&Sigma\_YY&Sigma\_XY&k (core scale)&-999&-999\\ +%3&PS\_MODEL\_PS1\_V1&Power-law with $r^{3.33}$&local sky&Io (normalization)&X position&Y position&Sigma\_XX&Sigma\_YY&Sigma\_XY&k (core scale)&-999&-999\\ +%4&PS\_MODEL\_RGAUSS&Power-law with fitted radial exponent&local sky&Io (normalization)&X position&Y position&Sigma\_XX&Sigma\_YY&Sigma\_XY&power-law slope&-999&-999\\ +%5&PS\_MODEL\_SERSIC&\citet{Sersic1963} Galaxy Model Fit&local sky&Io (normalization)&X position&Y position&Sigma\_XX&Sigma\_YY&Sigma\_XY&Sersic index&-999&-999\\ +%6&PS\_MODEL\_EXP&Exponential Galaxy Model&local sky&Io (normalization)&X position&Y position&Sigma\_XX&Sigma\_YY&Sigma\_XY&-999&-999&-999\\ +%7&PS\_MODEL\_DEV&deVaucouleur (1948) Galaxy Model Fit&local sky&Io (normalization)&X position&Y position&Sigma\_XX&Sigma\_YY&Sigma\_XY&-999&-999&-999\\ +%8&PS\_MODEL\_TRAIL&Trailed Asteroid Fit&local sky&Io (normalization)&X position&Y position&Length&position angle&PSF sigma&-999&-999&-999\\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular}} +%\end{center} +%\label{table:psmodel} +%\end{table}% + + +%% HAF removing this for now, MH suggests it's not useful +%\begin{table} +%\caption{Survey} +%\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +%\begin{tabular}{lll} +%\hline +%\hline +%surveyID&name&description\\ +%\hline +%0&3PI&PS1 3PI Survey\\ +%1&MD01&PS1 MD01 XMM-LSS-DXS 022224-043000\\ +%2&MD02&PS1 MD02 CDFS/GOODS/GEMS 033224-274800\\ +%3&MD03&PS1 MD03 IFA/Lynx 084300+444000\\ +%4&MD04&PS1 MD04 COSMOS 100000+021200\\ +%5&MD05&PS1 MD05 Lockman-DXS 110000+570000\\ +%6&MD06&PS1 MD06 NGC 4258 121857+471814\\ +%7&MD07&PS1 MD07 VISTA-Video1 140000+050000\\ +%8&MD08&PS1 MD08 EliasN1-DXS 160000+570000\\ +%9&MD09&PS1 MD09 Vimos4-DXS-SSA 220000+003000\\ +%10&MD10&PS1 MD10 Deep2 233000+000000\\ +%11&M31&PS1 M31 Andromeda 004242+411600\\ +%12&STS1&PS1 STS1 Outskirts of Bulge 195048+170339\\ +%13&CAL01&PS1 Cal North Pole 000000+900000\\ +%14&CAL02&PS1 Cal SA92 Dense Landolt Std Field 005808+004232\\ +%15&CAL03&PS1 Cal Perseus Cluster / Abell 426 031900+413300\\ +%16&CAL04&PS1 Cal SA95 Dense Landolt Std Field 065207+001710\\ +%17&CAL05&PS1 Cal Taurus dark cloud (diverse extinction) 043000+250000\\ +%18&CAL06&PS1 Cal SA98 Densle Landolt Std Field 065207+001710\\ +%19&CAL07&PS1 Cal M81-M82-HolmIX (Local Group) 095640+692200\\ +%20&CAL08&PS1 Cal Virgo Cluster (Center) 123000+130000\\ +%21&CAL09&PS1 Cal Hercules Cluster (Center) 160508+1745+28\\ +%22&CAL10&PS1 Cal M17-M24 Region 181400+000544\\ +%23&CAL11&PS1 Cal SA110 Dense Landolt Std Field 184207+000544\\ +%24&CAL12&PS1 Cal Kepler Mission Astrometric field 192240+443000\\ +%25&CAL13&PS1 Cal 3C454.1 (Northern field) 225033+712919\\ +%26&STS2&PS1 STS2 Hyades 004000+150000\\ +%27&STS3&PS1 STS3 Praesepe 083000+200000\\ +%28&SSS&PS1 Solar System Sweet Spot Survey\\ +%29&CNP&PS1 Celestial North Pole Survey\\ +%30&SAS&PS1 SAS\\ +%254&UNK&PS1 undefined\\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +%\label{table:surveys} +%\end{table}% + + + +%% HAF removing this for now, MH suggests its not usefule +%\begin{table} +%\caption{Photcal: this is a truncated version of the table. Photcodes 10001-10476 contain entries for each of the 64 OTAs. The information is the same, the only thing that changes is the photoCalID and the filterID, it follows the form of photoCalID = 100(XY), filterID = GPC1.g.XY(XY) where (XY) is the OTA number. See Chambers et. al. 2016 for more information.} +%\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +%\begin{tabular}{lllllllllll} +%\hline +%\hline +%(a)&(b)&(c)&(d)&(e)&(f)&(g)&(h)&(i)&(j)&(k)\\ +%\hline +%10001&1&GPC1.g.XY01&0&24.58&-0.15&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%.... &1& .... &0&24.58&-0.15&0&0&0&0&54000\\ +%10076&1&GPC1.g.XY76&0&24.58&-0.15&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%10101&2&GPC1.r.XY01&0&24.8&-0.1&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%....&2& .... &0&24.8&-0.1&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%10176&2&GPC1.r.XY76&0&24.8&-0.1&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%10201&3&GPC1.i.XY01&0&24.74&-0.04&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%....&3&....&0&24.74&-0.04&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%10276&3&GPC1.i.XY76&0&24.74&-0.04&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%%10301&4&GPC1.z.XY01&0&24.26&-0.03&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%.... &4&....&0&24.26&-0.03&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%10376&4&GPC1.z.XY76&0&24.26&-0.03&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%10401&5&GPC1.y.XY01&0&23.41&-0.03&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%.... &5&....&0&23.41&-0.03&0&0&0&0&54000\\ +%10476&5&GPC1.y.XY76&0&23.41&-0.03&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%11000&1&GPC1.g.SkyChip&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%11100&2&GPC1.r.SkyChip&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%11200&3&GPC1.i.SkyChip&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%11300&4&GPC1.z.SkyChip&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%11400&5&GPC1.y.SkyChip&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%12000&1&GPC1.g.ForcedWarp&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%12100&2&GPC1.r.ForcedWarp&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%12200&3&GPC1.i.ForcedWarp&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%12300&4&GPC1.z.ForcedWarp&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%12400&5&GPC1.y.ForcedWarp&0&25&0&0&0&0&0&54000 \\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} + +%(a) photoCalID \\ +%(b) filterID \\ +%(c) photoCodeDesc \\ +%(d) AB \\ +%(e) zeropoint \\ +%(f) extinction \\ +%%(g) colorterm \\ +%(h) colorExtn \\ +%(i) orphanCalColor \\ +%(j) orphanCalColorErr\\ +%\label{table:photcal} +%\end{table}% + +%%%HAF removing this for now, MH says not useufl + +%\begin{table} +%\caption{StackType} +%\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +%\begin{tabular}{lll} +%\hline +%\hline +%stackTypeID&name&description\\ +%\hline +%0&NIGHTLY\_STACK&Nightly stack\\ +%1&DEEP\_STACK&Deep stack\\ +%2&IQ\_STACK&IQ stack\\ +%3&REF\_S1\_STACK&Reference {\em stack} excluding data from season 1\\ +%4&REF\_S2\_STACK&Reference {\em stack} excluding data from season 2\\ +%5&REF\_S3\_STACK&Reference {\em stack} excluding data from season 3\\ +%6&REF\_S4\_STACK&Reference {\em stack} excluding data from season 4\\ +%7&REF\_S5\_STACK&Reference {\em stack} excluding data from season 5\\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +%\label{table:stacktype} +%\end{table}% + +%%HAF removing this for now, mark says not useful +%\begin{table} +%\caption{DiffType} +%\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +%\begin{tabular}{lll} +%\hline +%\hline +%diffTypeID&name&description\\ +%\hline +%1&WARP\_WARP&warp-warp difference image\\ +%2&WARP\_STACK&warp-stack difference image\\ +%3&STACK\_WARP&stack-warp difference image\\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +%\label{table:difftype} +%\end{table}% + + +%%HAF removing this for now, mark says not helfpul +%\begin{table} +%\caption{TessellationType} +%\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +%\begin{tabular}{lll} +%\hline +%\hline +%tessID&name&description\\ +%\hline +%1&CNP.LAP&Tessellation for the 3$\pi$ survey pole regions (LOCAL)\\ +%2&RINGS.V3&Tessellation for the 3pi survey; ex pole regions\\ +%3&MD01.V3&Tessellation for MD01 field (LOCAL)\\ +%4&MD02.V3&Tessellation for MD02 field (LOCAL)\\ +%5&MD03.V3&Tessellation for MD03 field (LOCAL)\\ +%6&MD04.V3&Tessellation for MD04 field (LOCAL)\\ +%7&MD05.V3&Tessellation for MD05 field (LOCAL)\\ +%8&MD06.V3&Tessellation for MD06 field (LOCAL)\\ +%9&MD07.V3&Tessellation for MD07 field (LOCAL)\\ +%10&MD08.V3&Tessellation for MD08 field (LOCAL)\\ +%11&MD09.V3&Tessellation for MD09 field (LOCAL)\\ +%12&MD10.V3&Tessellation for MD10 field (LOCAL)\\ +%13&M31.V4&Tessellation for M31 (LOCAL)\\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center}% +%\label{table:tessellationtype} +%\end{table}% + +%\end{document} + +\section{Schema} +\label{sec:schema} + +\subsection{System Metadata Tables} +% +%{\color{red} needs to be added} + +\subsection{Object / Mean Object Tables} + +\begin{table} +\caption{ObjectThin: Contains the positional information for objects in a number of coordinate systems. The objects associate single epoch detections and the stacked detections within a one arcsecond radius. The mean position from the single epoch data is used as the basis for coordinates when available, or the position of an object in the {\em stack} when it is not. The right ascension and declination for both the {\em stack} and single epoch mean is provided. The number of detections in each filter from single epoch data is listed, along with which filters the object has a {\em stack} detection \citep[see]{Szalay2007}.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objName & - & VARCHAR(32) & NA &IAU name for this object.\\ +objPSOName & - & VARCHAR(32) & NA &Alternate Pan-STARRS name for this object.\\ +objAltName1 & - & VARCHAR(32) & NA &Alternate name for this object.\\ +objAltName2 & - & VARCHAR(32) & &Altername name for this object.\\ +objAltName3 & - & VARCHAR(32) & &Altername name for this object.\\ +objPopularName & - & VARCHAR(140) & &Well known name for this object.\\ +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsOBid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS object identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +htmID & - & BIGINT & NA &Hierarchical triangular mesh (Szalay 2007) index.\\ +zoneID & - & INT & NA &Local zone index, found by dividing the sky into bands of declination 1/2\\ +& & & & arcminute in height: zoneID=floor((90+Dec)/0.0083333).\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & TINYINT & 255 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +randomID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +batchID & - & BIGINT & NA &Internal database batch identifier.\\ +dvoRegionID & - & INT & -1 &Internal DVO region identifier.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +objInfoFlag & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. Values\\ +& & & & listed in ObjectInfoFlags.\\ +qualityFlag & - & TINYINT & 0 &Subset of objInfoFlag denoting whether this object is real or a likely\\ +& & & &false positive. Values listed in ObjectQualityFlags.\\ +raStack & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension from {\em stack} detections, weighted mean value across \\ +& & & & filters, in equinox J2000. See StackObjectThin for {\em stack} epoch information.\\ +decStack & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination from {\em stack} detections, weighted mean value across\\ +& & & & filters, in equinox J2000. See StackObjectThin for {\em stack} epoch information.\\ +raStackErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Right ascension standard deviation from {\em stack} detections.\\ +decStackErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Declination standard deviation from {\em stack} detections.\\ +raMean & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension from single epoch detections (weighted mean) in \\ +& & & & equinox J2000 at the mean epoch given by epochMean.\\ +decMean & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination from single epoch detections (weighted mean) in equinox\\ +& & & & J2000 at the mean epoch given by epochMean.\\ +raMeanErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Right ascension standard deviation from single epoch detections.\\ +decMeanErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Declination standard deviation from single epoch detections.\\ +epochMean & days & FLOAT & -999 &Modified Julian Date of the mean epoch corresponding to raMean,\\ +& & & & decMean (equinox J2000).\\ +posMeanChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value of mean position.\\ +cx & - & FLOAT & NA &Cartesian x on a unit sphere. \\ +cy & - & FLOAT & NA &Cartesian y on a unit sphere. \\ +cz & - & FLOAT & NA &Cartesian z on a unit sphere. \\ +lambda & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Ecliptic longitude.\\ +beta & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Ecliptic latitude.\\ +l & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Galactic longitude.\\ +b & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Galactic latitude.\\ +nStackObjectRows & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Nr. of independent StackObjectThin rows associated with this object.\\ +nStackDetections & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of {\em stack} detections.\\ +nDetections & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of single epoch detections in all filters.\\ +ng & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of single epoch detections in g filter.\\ +nr & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of single epoch detections in r filter.\\ +ni & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of single epoch detections in i filter.\\ +nz & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of single epoch detections in z filter.\\ +ny & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of single epoch detections in y filter.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ObjectThin} +\end{table}% + + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{MeanObject: Contains the mean photometric information for objects based on the single epoch data, calculated as described in \citet{Magnier2013}. To be included in this table, an object must be bright enough to have been detected at least once in an individual exposure. PSF, Kron (1980), and aperture magnitudes and statistics are listed for all filters.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsOBid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS object identifier.\\ +gQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &Maximum PSF weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked\\ +& & & & from g filter detections.\\ +gMeanPSFMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF magnitude from g filter detections.\\ +gMeanPSFMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in mean PSF magnitude from g filter \\ +& & & & detections.\\ +gMeanPSFMagStd & AB & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of PSF magnitudes from g filter\\ +& & & & detections.\\ +gMeanPSFMagNpt & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of measurements included in mean PSF\\ +& & & & magnitude from g filter detections.\\ +gMeanPSFMagMin & AB & REAL & -999 &Minimum PSF magnitude from g filter detections.\\ +gMeanPSFMagMax & AB & REAL & -999 &Maximum PSF magnitude from g filter detections.\\ +gMeanKronMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Mean Kron (1980) magnitude from g filter detections.\\ +gMeanKronMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in mean Kron (1980) magnitude from g filter\\ +& & & & detections.\\ +gMeanKronMagStd & AB & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of Kron (1980) magnitudes from\\ +& & & & g filter detections.\\ +gMeanKronMagNpt & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of measurements included in mean Kron\\ +& & & & (1980) magnitude from g filter detections.\\ +gMeanApMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Mean aperture magnitude from g filter detections.\\ +gMeanApMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in mean aperture magnitude from g filter \\ +& & & & detections.\\ +gMeanApMagStd & AB & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of aperture magnitudes from g\\ +& & & & filter detections.\\ +gMeanApMagNpt & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of measurements included in mean aperture\\ +& & & & magnitude from g filter detections.\\ +gFlags & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask for mean object from g filter\\ +& & & & detections. Values listed in ObjectFilterFlags.\\ +rQfPerfect \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +yFlags \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:MeanObject} +\end{table}% + +%\end{document} + +\subsection{GaiaFrameCoordinate} + + +\begin{table} +\caption{GaiaFrameCoordinate: PSPS objects calibrated against Gaia astrometry} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsGOid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS object identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +batchID & - & BIGINT & NA &Internal database batch identifier.\\ +gaiaFlag & - & INT & &Information flag bitmask.\\ +ra & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension from single epoch detections (weighted mean) in\\ +& & & & equinox J2000 at the mean epoch given by epochMean and calibrated against Gaia.\\ +dec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination from single epoch detections (weighted mean) in equinox\\ +& & & & J2000 at the mean epoch given by epochMean and calibrated against Gaia.\\ +raErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Right ascension standard deviation from single epoch detections.\\ +decErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Declination standard deviation from single epoch detections.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:GaiaFrameCoordinate} +\end{table}% + +%\end{document} + +%one of the stack table breaks + +\subsection{Stack Tables} + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackMeta: Contains the metadata describing the stacked image produced from the combination of a set of single epoch exposures. The nature of the {\em stack} is given by the StackTypeID. The astrometric and photometric calibration of the stacked image are listed.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +stackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier.\\ +batchID & - & BIGINT & NA &Internal database batch identifier.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +stackTypeID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Stack type identifier. Details in the StackType table.\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & TINYINT & 255 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +photoCalID & - & INT & NA &Photometric calibration identifier. Details in the PhotoCal table.\\ +analysisVer & - & VARCHAR(100) & &IPP software analysis release version.\\ +md5sum & - & VARCHAR(100) & &IPP MD5 Checksum.\\ +expTime & seconds & REAL & -999 &Exposure time of the stack. Necessary for converting listed\\ +& & & & fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +nP2Images & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of input exposures/frames contributing to this stack.\\ +detectionThreshold & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Reference magnitude for detection efficiency calculation.\\ +astroScat & - & REAL & -999 &Measurement of the calibration (not astrometric error) defined to\\ +& & & & be the sum in quadrature of the standard deviations in the X and\\ +& & & & Y directions.\\ +photoScat & - & REAL & -999 &Photometric scatter relative to reference catalog.\\ +nAstroRef & - & INT & -999 &Number of astrometric reference sources.\\ +nPhotoRef & - & INT & -999 &Number of photometric reference sources.\\ +recalAstroScatX & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Measurement of the re-calibration (not astrometric error)\\ +& & & & in the X direction.\\ +recalAstroScatY & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Measurement of the re-calibration (not astrometric error)\\ +& & & & in the Y direction.\\ +recalNAstroStars & - & INT & -999 &Number of astrometric reference sources used in\\ +& & & & recalibration.\\ +recalphotoScat & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Photometric scatter relative to reference catalog.\\ +recalNPhotoStars & - & INT & -999 &Number of astrometric reference sources used in\\ +& & & & recalibration.\\ +psfModelID & - & INT & -999 &PSF model identifier.\\ +psfFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF full width at half maximum at image center.\\ +psfWidMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis FWHM at image center.\\ +psfWidMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF minor axis FWHM at image center.\\ +psfTheta & degrees & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis orientation at image center.\\ +photoZero & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Locally derived photometric zero point for this stack.\\ +ctype1 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in right ascension.\\ +ctype2 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in declination.\\ +crval1 & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crval2 & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crpix1 & sky pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for right ascension.\\ +crpix2 & sky pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for declination.\\ +cdelt1 & degrees/pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in right ascension.\\ +cdelt2 & degrees/pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in declination.\\ +pc001001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel x and \\ +& & & & right ascension.\\ +pc001002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel y and \\ +& & & & right ascension.\\ +pc002001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel x and \\ +& & & & declination.\\ +pc002002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel y and \\ +& & & & declination.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackMeta} +\end{table}% + +%end{document} %happy + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackObjectThin: Contains the positional and photometric information for point-source photometry of {\em stack} detections. The information for all filters are joined into a single row, with metadata indicating if this {\em stack} object represents the primary detection. Due to overlaps in the {\em stack} tessellations, an object may appear in multiple {\em stack} images. The primary detection is the unique detection from the {\em stack} image that provides the best coverage with minimal projection stretching. All other detections of the object in that filter are secondary, regardless of their properties. The detection flagged as best is the primary detection if that detection has a psfQf value greater than 0.98; if that is not met, then any of the primary or secondary detections with the highest psfQf value is flagged as best.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & TINYINT & 255 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +dvoRegionID & - & INT & -1 &Internal DVO region identifier.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gra & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gdec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +graErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Right ascension error from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gdecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Declination error from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gEpoch & days & FLOAT & -999 &Modified Julian Date of the mean epoch of images contributing to the\\ +& & & & g-band {\em stack} (equinox J2000).\\ +gPSFMag & AB & REAL & -999 &PSF magnitude from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gPSFMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF magnitude from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gApMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Aperture magnitude from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gApMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in aperture magnitude from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gKronMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Kron (1980) magnitude from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gKronMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in Kron (1980) magnitude from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +ginfoFlag & - & BIGINT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the g filter {\em stack}\\ +& & & & photometry. Values listed in DetectionFlags.\\ +ginfoFlag2 & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the g filter {\em stack}\\ +& & & & photometry. Values listed in DetectionFlags2.\\ +ginfoFlag3 & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the g filter {\em stack}\\ +& & & & photometry. Values listed in DetectionFlags3.\\ +gnFrames & - & INT & -999 &Number of input frames/exposures contributing to the g filter {\em stack}\\ +& & & & detection.\\ +rippDetectID \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +ynFrames \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackObjectThin} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackObjectAttributes: Contains the PSF, \citet{Kron1980}, and aperture fluxes for all filters in a single row, along with point-source object shape parameters. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. +} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gxPos & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF x center location from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gyPos & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF y center location from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gxPosErr & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF x center location from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gyPosErr & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF y center location from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpsfMajorFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis FWHM from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpsfMinorFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF minor axis FWHM from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpsfTheta & degrees & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis orientation from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpsfCore & - & REAL & -999 &PSF core parameter k from g filter {\em stack} detection, where \\ +& & & & $F = F0 / (1 + k r^2 + r^{3.33})$.\\ +gpsfLikelihood & - & REAL & -999 &Likelihood that this g filter {\em stack} detection is best fit\\ +& & & & by a PSF.\\ +gpsfQf & - & REAL & -999 &PSF coverage factor for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpsfQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &PSF-weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpsfChiSq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value of the PSF model fit for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gmomentXX & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{xx}$ for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gmomentXY & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{xy}$ for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gmomentYY & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{yy}$ for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gmomentR1 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &First radial moment for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gmomentRH & $arcsec^{0.5}$ & REAL & -999 &Half radial moment ($r^{0.5}$ weighting) for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gPSFFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &PSF flux from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gPSFFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF flux from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gApFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Aperture flux from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gApFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in aperture flux from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gApFillFac & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gApRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Aperture radius for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gKronFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Kron (1980) flux from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gKronFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in Kron (1980) flux from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gKronRad & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Kron (1980) radius from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gexpTime & seconds & REAL & -999 &Exposure time of the g filter stack. Necessary for converting \\ +& & & & listed fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +gExtNSigma & - & REAL & -999 &An extendedness measure for the g filter {\em stack} detection based on\\ +& & & & the deviation between PSF and Kron (1980) magnitudes, normalized \\ +& & & & by the PSF magnitude uncertainty.\\ +gsky & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Residual background sky level at the g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gskyErr & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Error in residual background sky level at the g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gzp & magnitudes & REAL & 0 &Photometric zeropoint for the g filter stack. Necessary for converting\\ +& & & & listed fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +gPlateScale & arcsec/pixel & REAL & 0 &Local plate scale for the g filter stack.\\ +rippDetectID \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +yPlateScale \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackObjectAttributes} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackApFlx: Contains the unconvolved fluxes within the SDSS R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), and R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002}. Convolved fluxes within these same apertures are also provided for images convolved to 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) and 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec). All filters are matched into a single row. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of g filter flux within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of g filter flux within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of g filter flux within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels\\ +& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of \\ +& & & & 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to \\ +& & & & a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a \\ +& & & & target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels\\ +& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of \\ +& & & & 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to \\ +& & & & a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of \\ +& & & & 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels\\ +& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of \\ +& & & & 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of \\ +& & & & 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky \\ +& & & & pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels\\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky \\ +& & & & pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky \\ +& & & & pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels\\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels\\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of \\ +& & & & 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target 8 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of \\ +& & & & 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +rstackDetectID \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for r filter detection.\\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%istackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for i filter detection.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%iflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for z filter detection.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ystackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for y filter detection.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%yflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +yc8flxR7Fill\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackApFlx} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackModelFitExtra: Contains the galaxy shape and concentration parameters measured from the {\em stack} detections. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections \citep[see]{Blakeslee2006,Cheng2011,Schade1995,Simard2011,Simard2002}} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection. \\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gS2 & - & REAL & -999 &Smoothness parameter s2 from g filter {\em stack} detection\\ +& & & & \citep{Cheng2011,Simard2002}.\\ +glogRT & - & REAL & -999 &Total residual from elliptically symmetric model from g filter {\em stack}\\ +& & & & detection \citep{Cheng2011,Simard2002,Schade1995}.\\ +glogRA & - & REAL & -999 &Asymmetric residual from elliptically symmetric model from g filter \\ +& & & & {\em stack} detection \citep{Cheng2011,Simard2002,Schade1995}.\\ +gbumpy & - & REAL & -999 &Bumpiness parameter from g filter {\em stack} detection\\ +& & & & \citep{Blakeslee2006}.\\ +ghalfLightRad & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Half-light radius from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +rippDetectID\\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for r filter detection.\\ +%rS2 & - & REAL & -999 &Smoothness parameter s2 from r filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002).\\ +%rlogRT & - & REAL & -999 &Total residual from elliptically symmetric model from r filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002; Schade 1995).\\ +%rlogRA & - & REAL & -999 &Asymmetric residual from elliptically symmetric model from r filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002; Schade 1995).\\ +%rbumpy & - & REAL & -999 &Bumpiness parameter from r filter {\em stack} detection (Blakeslee 2006).\\ +%rhalfLightRad & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Half-light radius from r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%istackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for i filter detection.\\ +%iS2 & - & REAL & -999 &Smoothness parameter s2 from i filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002).\\ +%ilogRT & - & REAL & -999 &Total residual from elliptically symmetric model from i filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002; Schade 1995).\\ +%ilogRA & - & REAL & -999 &Asymmetric residual from elliptically symmetric model from i filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002; Schade 1995).\\ +%ibumpy & - & REAL & -999 &Bumpiness parameter from i filter {\em stack} detection (Blakeslee 2006).\\ +%ihalfLightRad & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Half-light radius from i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for z filter detection.\\ +%zS2 & - & REAL & -999 &Smoothness parameter s2 from z filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002).\\ +%zlogRT & - & REAL & -999 &Total residual from elliptically symmetric model from z filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002; Schade 1995).\\ +%zlogRA & - & REAL & -999 &Asymmetric residual from elliptically symmetric model from z filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002; Schade 1995).\\ +%zbumpy & - & REAL & -999 &Bumpiness parameter from z filter {\em stack} detection (Blakeslee 2006).\\ +%zhalfLightRad & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Half-light radius from z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%ystackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for y filter detection.\\ +%yS2 & - & REAL & -999 &Smoothness parameter s2 from y filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002).\\ +%ylogRT & - & REAL & -999 &Total residual from elliptically symmetric model from y filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002; Schade 1995).\\ +%ylogRA & - & REAL & -999 &Asymmetric residual from elliptically symmetric model from y filter {\em stack} detection (Cheng 2011; Simard 2002; Schade 1995).\\ +%ybumpy & - & REAL & -999 &Bumpiness parameter from y filter {\em stack} detection (Blakeslee 2006).\\ +%yhalfLightRad & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Half-light radius from y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +yhalfLightRad\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackModelFitExtra} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackModelFitExp: Contains the exponential fit parameters to extended sources. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. } +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gExpRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit magnitude for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit magnitude for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpAb & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit axis ratio for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit axis ratio for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of exponential fit for g \\ +& & & & filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of exponential fit for g\\ +& & & & filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of exponential fit center for g filter \\ +& & & & {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of exponential fit center for g filter \\ +& & & & {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of exponential fit center for g \\ +& & & & filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of exponential fit center for g \\ +& & & & filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gExpChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit reduced chi squared for g filter {\em stack} +detection.\\ +rippDetectID \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for r filter detection.\\ +%rExpRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit magnitude for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit magnitude for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpAb & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit axis ratio for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit axis ratio for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of exponential fit for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of exponential fit for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of exponential fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of exponential fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of exponential fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of exponential fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rExpChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit reduced chi squared for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%istackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for i filter detection.\\ +%iExpRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit magnitude for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit magnitude for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpAb & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit axis ratio for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit axis ratio for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of exponential fit for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of exponential fit for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of exponential fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of exponential fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of exponential fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of exponential fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iExpChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit reduced chi squared for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for z filter detection.\\ +%zExpRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit magnitude for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit magnitude for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpAb & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit axis ratio for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit axis ratio for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of exponential fit for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of exponential fit for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of exponential fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of exponential fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of exponential fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of exponential fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zExpChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit reduced chi squared for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%ystackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for y filter detection.\\ +%yExpRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit magnitude for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit magnitude for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpAb & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit axis ratio for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in exponential fit axis ratio for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of exponential fit for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of exponential fit for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of exponential fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of exponential fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of exponential fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of exponential fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yExpChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Exponential fit reduced chi squared for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +yExpChisq \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackModelFitExp} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackModelFitDeV: Contains the \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit parameters to extended sources. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gDeVRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for g filter \\ +& & & & {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for g filter\\ +& & & & {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for g filter {\em stack} \\ +& & & & detection.\\ +gDeVDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for g filter \\ +& & & & {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for g filter {\em stack} \\ +& & & & detection.\\ +gDeVDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gDeVChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit reduced chi squared for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +rippDetectID \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for r filter detection.\\ +%rDeVRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rDeVChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit reduced chi squared for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%istackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for i filter detection.\\ +%iDeVRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iDeVChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit reduced chi squared for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for z filter detection.\\ +%zDeVRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zDeVChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit reduced chi squared for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%ystackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for y filter detection.\\ +%yDeVRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit magnitude for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit axis ratio for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yDeVChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{deVaucouleurs1948} fit reduced chi squared for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +yDeVChisq \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackModelFitDeV} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackModelFitSer: Contains the \citet{Sersic1963} fit parameters to extended sources. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections \citep{Sersic1963}.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gSerRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerNu & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit index for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerNuErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit index for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gSerChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit reduced chi squared for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +rippDetectID \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for r filter detection.\\ +%rSerRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerNu & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit index for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerNuErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit index for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rSerChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit reduced chi squared for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%istackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for i filter detection.\\ +%iSerRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerNu & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit index for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerNuErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit index for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iSerChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit reduced chi squared for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for z filter detection.\\ +%zSerRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerNu & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit index for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerNuErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit index for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zSerChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit reduced chi squared for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%ystackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for y filter detection.\\ +%ySerRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerMag & AB & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit magnitude for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerAb & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerAbErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit axis ratio for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerNu & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit index for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerNuErr & - & REAL & -999 &Error in \citet{Sersic1963} fit index for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle, phi, of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerPhiErr & degrees & REAL & -999 &Error in major axis position angle of \citet{Sersic1963} fit for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerRa & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerDec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerRaErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in right ascension of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerDecErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in declination of \citet{Sersic1963} fit center for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ySerChisq & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Sersic1963} fit reduced chi squared for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +ySerChisq \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackModelFitSer} +\end{table}% + +\clearpage +%\end{document} %happy + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackApFlxExGalUnc: Contains the unconvolved fluxes within the SDSS R3 (r = 1.03 arcsec), R4 (r = 1.76 arcsec), R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec), R8 (r = 11.42 arcsec), R9 (r = 18.20 arcsec), R10 (r = 28.20 arcsec), and R11 (r = 44.21 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002} for extended sources. These measurements are only provided for objects in the extragalactic sky, i.e., they are not provided for objects in the Galactic plane because they are not useful in crowded areas. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections. } +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gflxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gflxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gflxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gflxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gflxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +gflxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +gflxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +gflxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +gflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gflxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +gflxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +gflxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +gflxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +gflxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +gflxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +gflxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +gflxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +gflxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +gflxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +gflxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +gflxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +gflxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +gflxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +gflxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +gflxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +rippDetectID\\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for r filter detection.\\ +%rflxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%rflxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%istackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for i filter detection.\\ +%iflxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%iflxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for z filter detection.\\ +%zflxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zflxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%ystackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for y filter detection.\\ +%yflxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yflxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +yflxR11Fill\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackApFlxExGalUnc} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackApFlxExGalCon6: Contains the fluxes within the SDSS R3 (r = 1.03 arcsec), R4 (r = 1.76 arcsec), R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec), R8 (r = 11.42 arcsec), R9 (r = 18.20 arcsec), R10 (r = 28.20 arcsec), and R11 (r = 44.21 arcsec) apertures (\citep{Stoughton2002} for extended sources after the images have been convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec). These measurements are only provided for objects in the extragalactic sky, i.e., they are not provided for objects in the Galactic plane because they are not useful in crowded areas. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gc6flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) \\ +& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 \\ +& & & & sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc6flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +... & & & & gc6flxR3 ... gc6flxR3Fill columns repeated for R4 (r = 1.76 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R8 (r = 11.42 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R9 (r = 18.20 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R10 (r = 28.20 arcsec).\\ +gc6flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) \\ +& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 \\ +& & & & sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +gc6flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +rippDetectID\\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for r filter detection.\\ +%rc6flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%rc6flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%istackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for i filter detection.\\ +%ic6flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%ic6flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for z filter detection.\\ +%zc6flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zc6flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%ystackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for y filter detection.\\ +%yc6flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yc6flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 6 sky pixels (1.5 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +yc6flxR11Fill \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackApFlxExGalCon6} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackApFlxExGalCon8: Contains the fluxes within the SDSS R3 (r = 1.03 arcsec), R4 (r = 1.76 arcsec), R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec), R8 (r = 11.42 arcsec), R9 (r = 18.20 arcsec), R10 (r = 28.20 arcsec), and R11 (r = 44.21 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002} for extended sources after the images have been convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec). These measurements are only provided for objects in the extragalactic sky, i.e., they are not provided for objects in the Galactic plane because they are not useful in crowded areas. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gc8flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 \\ +& & & & sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +%& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +%& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 \\ +%& & & & sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%gc8flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +... & & & & gc8flxR3 ... gc8flxR3Fill columns repeated for R4 (r = 1.76 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R8 (r = 11.42 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R9 (r = 18.20 arcsec).\\ +... & & & & repeated for R10 (r = 28.20 arcsec).\\ +gc8flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) \\ +& & & & within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 \\ +& & & & sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +gc8flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for g filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels \\ +& & & & (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +rippDetectID \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for r filter detection.\\ +%rc8flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%rc8flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for r filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%istackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for i filter detection.\\ +%ic8flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%ic8flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for i filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for z filter detection.\\ +%zc8flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%zc8flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for z filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%ystackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for y filter detection.\\ +%yc8flxR3 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR3Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR3Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR3Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.03 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR4 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR4Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR4Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR4Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 1.76 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR8 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR8Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR8Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR8Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 11.42 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR9 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR9Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR9Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR9Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 18.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR10 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR10Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR10Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR10Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 28.20 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR11 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR11Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR11Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +%yc8flxR11Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for y filter detection convolved to a target of 8 sky pixels (2.0 arcsec) within an aperture of radius r = 44.21 arcsec.\\ +yc8flxR11Fill \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackApFlxExGalCon8} +\end{table}% + +\clearpage + +%\end{document} %happy + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackPetrosian: Contains the \citet{Petrosian1976} magnitudes and radii for extended sources. See {\em StackObjectThin} table for discussion of primary, secondary, and best detections.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsSTid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS {\em stack} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomStackObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +primaryDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the primary {\em stack} detection.\\ +bestDetection & - & TINYINT & 255 &Identifies if this row is the best detection.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for g filter detection.\\ +gpetRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpetRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpetMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) magnitude from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpetMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) magnitude from g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +gpetR50 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +gpetR50Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +gpetR90 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +gpetR90Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for g filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +gpetCf & - & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit coverage factor for g filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +rippDetectID \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for r filter detection.\\ +%rpetRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rpetRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rpetMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) magnitude from r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rpetMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) magnitude from r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%rpetR50 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +%rpetR50Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +%rpetR90 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +%rpetR90Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for r filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +%rpetCf & - & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit coverage factor for r filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%istackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for i filter detection.\\ +%ipetRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ipetRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ipetMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) magnitude from i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ipetMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) magnitude from i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ipetR50 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +%ipetR50Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +%ipetR90 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +%ipetR90Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for i filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +%ipetCf & - & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit coverage factor for i filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zstackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for z filter detection.\\ +%zpetRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zpetRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zpetMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) magnitude from z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zpetMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) magnitude from z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%zpetR50 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +%zpetR50Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +%zpetR90 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +%zpetR90Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for z filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +%zpetCf & - & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit coverage factor for z filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%ystackDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for y filter detection.\\ +%ypetRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ypetRadiusErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ypetMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) magnitude from y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ypetMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) magnitude from y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +%ypetR50 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +%ypetR50Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection. at 50\% light\\ +%ypetR90 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +%ypetR90Err & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in Petrosian (1976) fit radius for y filter {\em stack} detection. at 90\% light\\ +%ypetCf & - & REAL & -999 &Petrosian (1976) fit coverage factor for y filter {\em stack} detection.\\ +ypetCf \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackPetrosian} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackToImage: Contains the mapping of which input images were used to construct a particular stack.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +stackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier.\\ +imageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique image identifier. Constructed as (100 * frameID + ccdID).\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackToImage} +\end{table}% + +%\end{document} happy + +\begin{table} +\caption{StackToFrame: Contains the mapping of input frames used to construct a particular {\em stack} along with processing stats.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +stackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier.\\ +frameID & - & INT & NA &Unique frame/exposure identifier.\\ +scaleFactor & - & REAL & 0 &normalization factor applied to input image before stacking.\\ +zp & magnitudes & REAL & 0 &Photometric zeropoint. Necessary for converting listed fluxes and \\ +& & & & magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +expTime & seconds & REAL & -999 &Exposure time of the frame/exposure. Necessary for converting \\ +& & & & listed fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +airMass & - & REAL & 0 &Airmass at midpoint of the exposure. Necessary for converting \\ +& & & & listed fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackToFrame} +\end{table}% +%{\color{red} StackDetEffMeta won't compile, I end here. GH: now it is happy} + +%\end{document} + +%this table is broken FIXXXXX AFFTER LUNCH +\begin{table} +\caption{StackDetEffMeta: Contains the detection efficiency information for a given stacked image. Provides the number of recovered sources out of 500 injected sources for each magnitude bin and statistics about the magnitudes of the recovered sources for a range of magnitude offsets.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +stackImageID & - & BIGINT& NA &Unique stack identifier.\\ +magref & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency reference magnitude.\\ +nInjected & - & INT & NA &Number of fake sources injected in each magnitude bin.\\ +offset01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 1.\\ +counts01 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 1.\\ +diffMean01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 1.\\ +diffStdev01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 1.\\ +errMean01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 1.\\ +offset02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 2.\\ +counts02 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 2.\\ +diffMean02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 2.\\ +diffStdev02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 2.\\ +errMean02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 2.\\ +offset03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 3.\\ +counts03 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 3.\\ +diffMean03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 3.\\ +diffStdev03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 3.\\ +errMean03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 3.\\ +offset04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 4.\\ +counts04 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 4.\\ +diffMean04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 4.\\ +diffStdev04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 4.\\ +errMean04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 4.\\ +offset05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 5.\\ +counts05 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 5.\\ +diffMean05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 5.\\ +diffStdev05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 5.\\ +errMean05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 5.\\ +offset06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 6.\\ +counts06 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 6.\\ +diffMean06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 6.\\ +diffStdev06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 6.\\ +errMean06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 6.\\ +offset07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 7.\\ +counts07 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 7.\\ +diffMean07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 7.\\ +diffStdev07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 7.\\ +errMean07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 7.\\ +offset08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 8.\\ +counts08 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 8.\\ +diffMean08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 8.\\ +diffStdev08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 8.\\ +errMean08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 8.\\ +offset09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 9.\\ +counts09 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 9.\\ +diffMean09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 9.\\ +diffStdev09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 9.\\ +errMean09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 9.\\ +offset10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 10.\\ +counts10 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 10.\\ +diffMean10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 10.\\ +diffStdev10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 10.\\ +errMean10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 10.\\ +offset11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 11.\\ +counts11 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 11.\\ +diffMean11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 11.\\ +diffStdev11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 11.\\ +errMean11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 11.\\ +offset12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 12.\\ +counts12 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 12.\\ +diffMean12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 12.\\ +diffStdev12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 12.\\ +errMean12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 12.\\ +offset13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 13.\\ +counts13 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 13.\\ +diffMean13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 13.\\ +diffStdev13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 13.\\ +errMean13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 13.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:StackDetEffMeta} +\end{table}% + +\clearpage + +%\end{document} %unhappy (now it is happy, GH) +\subsection{Single Exposure Detection Tables} + +%\end{document} + +\begin{table} +\caption{FrameMeta: Contains metadata related to an individual exposure. A "Frame" refers to the collection of all images obtained by the 60 OTA devices in the camera in a single exposure. The camera configuration, telescope pointing, observation time, and astrometric solution from the detector focal plane (L,M) to the sky (RA,Dec) is provided.} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +frameID & - & INT & NA &Unique frame/exposure identifier.\\ +frameName & - & VARCHAR(32) & NA &Frame/exposure name provided by the camera software.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +ippChipID & - & INT & NA &IPP chipRun identifier.\\ +ippCamID & - & INT & NA &IPP camRun identifier.\\ +ippWarpID & - & INT & NA &IPP warpRun identifier.\\ +cameraID & - & SMALLINT & NA &Camera identifier. Details in the CameraConfig table.\\ +cameraConfigID & - & SMALLINT & NA &Camera configuration identifier. Details in the CameraConfig table.\\ +telescopeID & - & SMALLINT & NA &Telescope identifier.\\ +analysisVer & - & VARCHAR(100) & &IPP software analysis release version.\\ +md5sum & - & VARCHAR(100) & &IPP MD5 Checksum.\\ +nOTA & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of valid OTA images in this frame/exposure.\\ +photoScat & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Photometric scatter relative to reference catalog across the full FOV.\\ +nPhotoRef & - & INT & -999 &Number of photometric reference sources.\\ +expStart & days & FLOAT & -999 &Modified Julian Date at the start of the exposure.\\ +expTime & seconds & REAL & -999 &Exposure time of the frame/exposure. Necessary for converting listed\\ +& & & & fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +airmass & - & REAL & 0 &Airmass at midpoint of the exposure. Necessary for converting listed \\ +& & & & fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +raBore & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension of telescope boresight.\\ +decBore & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination of telescope boresight.\\ +ctype1 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in RA.\\ +ctype2 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in Dec.\\ +crval1 & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crval2 & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crpix1 & pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for RA.\\ +crpix2 & pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for Dec.\\ +cdelt1 & degrees/pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in RA.\\ +cdelt2 & degrees/pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in Dec.\\ +pc001001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between focal plane pixel L and RA.\\ +pc001002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between focal plane pixel M and RA.\\ +pc002001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between focal plane pixel L and Dec.\\ +pc002002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between focal plane pixel M and Dec.\\ +polyOrder & - & TINYINT & 255 &Polynomial order of astrometric fit between detector focal plane and sky.\\ +pca1x3y0 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^3$ $y^0$) for RA.\\ +pca1x2y1 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^2$ $y^1$) for RA.\\ +pca1x1y2 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^1$ $y^2$) for RA.\\ +pca1x0y3 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^0$ $y^3$) for RA.\\ +pca1x2y0 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^2$ $y^0$) for RA.\\ +pca1x1y1 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^1$ $y^1$) for RA.\\ +pca1x0y2 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^0$ $y^2$) for RA.\\ +pca2x3y0 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^3$ $y^0$) for Dec.\\ +pca2x2y1 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^2$ $y^1$) for Dec.\\ +pca2x1y2 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^1$ $y^2$) for Dec.\\ +pca2x0y3 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^0$ $y^3$) for Dec.\\ +pca2x2y0 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^2$ $y^0$) for Dec.\\ +pca2x1y1 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^1$ $y^1$) for Dec.\\ +pca2x0y2 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^0$ $y^2$) for Dec.\\ +batchID & - & BIGINT & NA &Internal database batch identifier.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:FrameMeta} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{ImageMeta: Contains metadata related to an individual OTA image that comprises a portion of the full exposure. The characterization of the image quality, the detrends applied, and the astrometric solution from the raw pixels (X,Y) to the detector focal plane (L,M) is provided.} +\begin{center} %cheaing here, if I do resizebox it compiles +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +imageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique image identifier. Constructed as (100 * frameID + ccdID).\\ +frameID & - & INT & NA &Unique frame/exposure identifier.\\ +ccdID & - & SMALLINT & NA &OTA identifier based on location in the focal plane, specific to an individual device.\\ +photoCalID & - & INT & NA &Photometric calibration identifier. Details in the PhotoCal table.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +bias & adu & REAL & -999 &OTA bias level.\\ +biasScat & adu & REAL & -999 &Scatter in bias level.\\ +sky & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Mean sky brightness.\\ +skyScat & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Scatter in mean sky brightness.\\ +nDetect & - & INT & -999 &Number of detections in this image.\\ +detectionThreshold & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Reference magnitude for detection efficiency calculation.\\ +astroScat & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Measurement of the calibration (not astrometric error) defined to be the sum in quadrature of the \\ +& & & & standard deviations in the X and Y directions.\\ +photoScat & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Photometric scatter relative to reference catalog.\\ +nAstroRef & - & INT & -999 &Number of astrometric reference sources.\\ +nPhotoRef & - & INT & -999 &Number of photometric reference sources.\\ +recalAstroScatX & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Measurement of the re-calibration (not astrometric error) in the X direction.\\ +recalAstroScatY & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Measurement of the re-calibration (not astrometric error) in the Y direction.\\ +recalNAstroStars & - & INT & -999 &Number of astrometric reference sources used in recalibration.\\ +recalphotoScat & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Photometric scatter relative to reference catalog.\\ +recalNPhotoStars & - & INT & -999 &Number of astrometric reference sources used in recalibration.\\ +nAxis1 & pixels & SMALLINT & -999 &Image dimension in x.\\ +nAxis2 & pixels & SMALLINT & -999 &Image dimension in y.\\ +psfModelID & - & INT & -999 &PSF model identifier.\\ +psfFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF full width at half maximum at image center.\\ +psfWidMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis FWHM at image center.\\ +psfWidMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF minor axis FWHM at image center.\\ +psfTheta & degrees & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis orientation at image center.\\ +momentMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis second moment.\\ +momentMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF minor axis second moment.\\ +momentM2C & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Moment $M2C = M_{xx} - M_{yy}$.\\ +momentM2S & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Moment $M2S = 2 * M_{xy}$.\\ +momentM3 & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &trefoil second moment = $sqrt( (M_{xxx} - 3 * M_{xyy})^2 + (3 * M_{xxy} - M_{yyy})^2 )$.\\ +momentM4 & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &quadrupole second moment = $sqrt( (M_{xxxx} - 6 * M_{xxyy} + M_{yyyy})^2 + (4 * M_{xxxy} - 4 * M_{xyyy})^2 )$.\\ +apResid & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Residual of aperture corrections.\\ +dapResid & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Scatter of aperture corrections.\\ +detectorID & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Identifier for each individual OTA detector device.\\ +qaFlags & - & BIGINT & -999 &Q/A flags for this image. Values listed in ImageFlags.\\ +detrend1 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Identifier for detrend image 1, the static mask.\\ +detrend2 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Identifier for detrend image 2, the dark model.\\ +detrend3 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Identifier for detrend image 3, the flat.\\ +detrend4 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Identifier for detrend image 4, the fringe.\\ +detrend5 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Identifier for detrend image 5, the noisemap.\\ +detrend6 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Identifier for detrend image 6, the non-linearity correction.\\ +detrend7 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Identifier for detrend image 7, the video dark model.\\ +detrend8 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Identifier for detrend image 8.\\ +photoZero & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Locally derived photometric zero point for this image.\\ +ctype1 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in focal plane L.\\ +ctype2 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in focal plane M.\\ +crval1 & focal plane pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Focal plane L corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crval2 & focal plane pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Focal plane M corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crpix1 & raw pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for focal plane L.\\ +crpix2 & raw pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for focal plane M.;\\ +cdelt1 & focal plane pixels/raw pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in focal plane x.\\ +cdelt2 & focal plane pixels/raw pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in focal plane y.\\ +pc001001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel x and focal plane pixel L.\\ +pc001002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel y and focal plane pixel L.\\ +pc002001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel x and focal plane pixel M.\\ +pc002002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel y and focal plane pixel M.\\ +polyOrder & - & TINYINT & 255 &Polynomial order of astrometric fit between the image pixels and the detector focal plane.\\ +pca1x3y0 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^3$ $y^0$) for focal plane L.\\ +pca1x2y1 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^2$ $y^1$) for focal plane L.\\ +pca1x1y2 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^1$ $y^2$) for focal plane L.\\ +pca1x0y3 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^0$ $y^3$) for focal plane L.\\ +pca1x2y0 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^2$ $y^0$) for focal plane L.\\ +pca1x1y1 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^1$ $y^1$) for focal plane L.\\ +pca1x0y2 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^0$ $y^2$) for focal plane L.\\ +pca2x3y0 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^3$ $y^0$) for focal plane M.\\ +pca2x2y1 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^2$ $y^1$) for focal plane M.\\ +pca2x1y2 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^1$ $y^2$) for focal plane M.\\ +pca2x0y3 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^0$ $y^3$) for focal plane M.\\ +pca2x2y0 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^2$ $y^0$) for focal plane M.\\ +pca2x1y1 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^1$ $y^1$) for focal plane M.\\ +pca2x0y2 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Polynomial coefficient for the astrometric fit component ($x^0$ $y^2$) for focal plane M.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:ImageMeta} +\end{table}% + + + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{Detection: Contains single epoch photometry of individual detections from a single exposure. The identifiers connecting the detection back to the original image and to the object association are provided. PSF, aperture, and \citet{Kron1980} photometry are included, along with sky and detector coordinate positions.} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsP2id & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS detection identifier.\\ +detectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique detection identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +ippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +imageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique image identifier. Constructed as (100 * frameID + ccdID).\\ +randomDetID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one. \\ +dvoRegionID & - & INT & -1 &Internal DVO region identifier.\\ +obsTime & days & FLOAT & -999 &Modified Julian Date at the midpoint of the observation.\\ +xPos & raw pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF x center location.\\ +yPos & raw pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF y center location.\\ +xPosErr & raw pixels & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF x center location.\\ +yPosErr & raw pixels & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF y center location.\\ +pltScale & arcsec/pixel & REAL & -999 &Local plate scale at this location.\\ +posAngle & degrees & REAL & -999 &Position angle (sky-to-chip) at this location.\\ +ra & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension.\\ +dec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination.\\ +raErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Right ascension error.\\ +decErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Declination error.\\ +extNSigma & - & REAL & 0 &An extendedness measure based on the deviation between PSF and Kron\\ +& & & & magnitudes, normalized by the PSF magnitude uncertainty.\\ +zp & magnitudes & REAL & 0 &Photometric zeropoint. Necessary for converting listed fluxes and \\ +& & & & magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +telluricExt & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Estimated Telluric extinction due to non-photometric observing conditions.\\ +& & & & Necessary for converting listed fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +expTime & seconds & REAL & -999 &Exposure time of the frame/exposure. Necessary for converting listed \\ +& & & & fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +airMass & - & REAL & 0 &Airmass at midpoint of the exposure. Necessary for converting listed \\ +& & & & fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +psfFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from PSF fit.\\ +psfFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error on flux from PSF fit.\\ +psfMajorFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis FWHM.\\ +psfMinorFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF minor axis FWHM.\\ +psfTheta & degrees & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis orientation.\\ +psfCore & - & REAL & -999 &PSF core parameter k, where $F = F0 / (1 + k r^2 + r^{3.33})$.\\ +psfQf & - & REAL & -999 &PSF coverage factor.\\ +psfQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &PSF weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked.\\ +psfChiSq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value of the PSF model fit.\\ +psfLikelihood & - & REAL & -999 &Likelihood that this detection is best fit by a PSF.\\ +momentXX & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{xx}$.\\ +momentXY & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{xy}$.\\ +momentYY & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{yy}$.\\ +momentR1 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &First radial moment.\\ +momentRH & $arcsec^{0.5}$ & REAL & -999 &Half radial moment ($r^{0.5}$ weighting).\\ +momentM3C & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Cosine of trefoil second moment term: $r^2 cos(3 theta) = M_{xxx} - 3 * M_{xyy}$.\\ +momentM3S & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Sine of trefoil second moment: $r^2 sin (3 theta) = 3 * M_{xxy} - M_{yyy}$.\\ +momentM4C & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Cosine of quadrupole second moment: $r^2 cos (4 theta) = M_{xxxx} - 6 * M_{xxyy} + M_{yyyy}.$\\ +momentM4S & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Sine of quadrupole second moment: $r^2 sin (4 theta) = 4 * M_{xxxy} - 4 * M_{xyyy}$.\\ +apFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux in seeing-dependent aperture.\\ +apFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error on flux in seeing-dependent aperture.\\ +apFillF & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor.\\ +apRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Aperture radius.\\ +kronFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Kron (1980) flux.\\ +kronFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error on Kron (1980) flux.\\ +kronRad & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Kron (1980) radius.\\ +sky & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Background sky level.\\ +skyErr & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Error in background sky level.\\ +infoFlag & - & BIGINT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. \\ +& & & & Values listed in DetectionFlags.\\ +infoFlag2 & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. \\ +& & & & Values listed in DetectionFlags2.\\ +infoFlag3 & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. \\ +& & & & Values listed in DetectionFlags3.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:Detection} +\end{table}% + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{ImageDetEffMeta: Contains the detection efficiency information for a given individual OTA image. Provides the number of recovered sources out of 500 injected fake source and statistics about the magnitudes of the recovered sources for a range of magnitude offsets.} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +imageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique image identifier. Constructed as (100 * frameID + ccdID).\\ +frameID & - & INT & NA &Unique frame/exposure identifier.\\ +magref & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency reference magnitude.\\ +nInjected & - & INT & NA &Number of fake sources injected in each magnitude bin.\\ +offset01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 1.\\ +counts01 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 1.\\ +diffMean01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 1.\\ +diffStdev01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 1.\\ +errMean01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 1.\\ +offset02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 2.\\ +counts02 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 2.\\ +diffMean02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 2.\\ +diffStdev02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 2.\\ +errMean02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 2.\\ +offset03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 3.\\ +counts03 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 3.\\ +diffMean03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 3.\\ +diffStdev03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 3.\\ +errMean03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 3.\\ +offset04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 4.\\ +counts04 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 4.\\ +diffMean04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 4.\\ +diffStdev04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 4.\\ +errMean04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 4.\\ +offset05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 5.\\ +counts05 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 5.\\ +diffMean05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 5.\\ +diffStdev05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 5.\\ +errMean05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 5.\\ +offset06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 6.\\ +counts06 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 6.\\ +diffMean06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 6.\\ +diffStdev06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 6.\\ +errMean06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 6.\\ +offset07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 7.\\ +counts07 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 7.\\ +diffMean07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 7.\\ +diffStdev07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 7.\\ +errMean07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 7.\\ +offset08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 8.\\ +counts08 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 8.\\ +diffMean08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 8.\\ +diffStdev08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 8.\\ +errMean08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 8.\\ +offset09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 9.\\ +counts09 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 9.\\ +diffMean09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 9.\\ +diffStdev09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 9.\\ +errMean09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 9.\\ +offset10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 10.\\ +counts10 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 10.\\ +diffMean10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 10.\\ +diffStdev10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 10.\\ +errMean10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 10.\\ +offset11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 11.\\ +counts11 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 11.\\ +diffMean11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 11.\\ +diffStdev11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 11.\\ +errMean11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 11.\\ +offset12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 12.\\ +counts12 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 12.\\ +diffMean12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 12.\\ +diffStdev12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 12.\\ +errMean12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 12.\\ +offset13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 13.\\ +counts13 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 13.\\ +diffMean13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 13.\\ +diffStdev13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 13.\\ +errMean13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 13.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:ImageDetEffMeta} +\end{table}% + +\subsection{Forced Mean Object Tables} + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedMeanObject: Contains the mean of single-epoch photometric information for sources detected in the stacked data, calculated as described in \citet{Magnier2013}. The mean is calculated for detections associated into objects within a one arcsecond correlation radius. PSF, \citet{Kron1980}, and SDSS aperture R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), and R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002} magnitudes and statistics are listed for all filters. See also \citet{Kaiser1995}.} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsFOid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS forced object identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomForcedObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +nDetections & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of single epoch detections in all filters.\\ +batchID & - & BIGINT & NA &Internal database batch identifier.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +gnTotal & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in g filter.\\ +gnIncPSFFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in PSF flux mean in g filter.\\ +gnIncKronFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in Kron (1980) flux mean in g filter.\\ +gnIncApFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in aperture flux mean in g filter.\\ +gnIncR5 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec) aperture flux mean in g filter.\\ +gnIncR6 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec) aperture flux mean in g filter.\\ +gnIncR7 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) aperture flux mean in g filter.\\ +gFPSFFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFPSFFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean PSF flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFPSFFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of PSF fluxes from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFPSFMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFPSFMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFKronFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFKronFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFKronFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of Kron (198) fluxes from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFKronMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFKronMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFApFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean aperture flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFApFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean aperture flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFApFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of aperture fluxes from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFApMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFApMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gFmeanflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanMagR5 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanMagR5Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch \\ +& & & & g filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanMagR6 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanMagR6Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch \\ +& & & & g filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch g filter\\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch g filter \\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanMagR7 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch g filter\\ +& & & & detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gFmeanMagR7Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch\\ +& & & & g filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +gFlags & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry from forced \\ +& & & & single epoch g filter detections. Values listed in ObjectInfoFlags.\\ +gE1 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter $e1 = (M_{xx} - M_{yy}) / (M_{xx} + M_{yy})$ \\ +& & & & from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +gE2 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter $e2 = (2 M_{xy}) / (M_{xx} + M_{yy}) $ \\ +& & & & from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +rnTotal\\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rnTotal & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in r filter.\\ +%rnIncPSFFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in PSF flux mean in r filter.\\ +%rnIncKronFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in Kron (1980) flux mean in r filter.\\ +%rnIncApFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in aperture flux mean in r filter.\\ +%rnIncR5 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec) aperture flux mean in r filter.\\ +%rnIncR6 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec) aperture flux mean in r filter.\\ +%rnIncR7 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) aperture flux mean in r filter.\\ +%rFPSFFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFPSFFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean PSF flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFPSFFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of PSF fluxes from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFPSFMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFPSFMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFKronFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFKronFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFKronFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of Kron (198) fluxes from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFKronMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFKronMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFApFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean aperture flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFApFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean aperture flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFApFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of aperture fluxes from forced single epoch g filter detections.\\ +%rFApMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFApMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rFmeanflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch r filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanMagR5 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanMagR5Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch r filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanMagR6 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanMagR6Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch r filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanMagR7 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rFmeanMagR7Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch r filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%rFlags & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry from forced single epoch r filter detections. Values listed in ObjectInfoFlags.\\ +%rE1 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter e1 = (Mxx - Myy) / (Mxx + Myy) from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%rE2 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter e2 = (2 Mxy) / (Mxx + Myy) from forced single epoch r filter detections.\\ +%inTotal & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in i filter.\\ +%inIncPSFFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in PSF flux mean in i filter.\\ +%inIncKronFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in Kron (1980) flux mean in i filter.\\ +%inIncApFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in aperture flux mean in i filter.\\ +%inIncR5 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec) aperture flux mean in i filter.\\ +%inIncR6 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec) aperture flux mean in i filter.\\ +%inIncR7 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) aperture flux mean in i filter.\\ +%iFPSFFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFPSFFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean PSF flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFPSFFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of PSF fluxes from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFPSFMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFPSFMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFKronFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFKronFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFKronFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of Kron (198) fluxes from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFKronMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFKronMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFApFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean aperture flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFApFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean aperture flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFApFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of aperture fluxes from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFApMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFApMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iFmeanflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch i filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanMagR5 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanMagR5Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch i filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanMagR6 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanMagR6Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch i filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanMagR7 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iFmeanMagR7Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch i filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%iFlags & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry from forced single epoch i filter detections. Values listed in ObjectInfoFlags.\\ +%iE1 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter e1 = (Mxx - Myy) / (Mxx + Myy) from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%iE2 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter e2 = (2 Mxy) / (Mxx + Myy) from forced single epoch i filter detections.\\ +%znTotal & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in z filter.\\ +%znIncPSFFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in PSF flux mean in z filter.\\ +%znIncKronFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in Kron (1980) flux mean in z filter.\\ +%znIncApFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in aperture flux mean in z filter.\\ +%znIncR5 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec) aperture flux mean in z filter.\\ +%znIncR6 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec) aperture flux mean in z filter.\\ +%znIncR7 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) aperture flux mean in z filter.\\ +%zFPSFFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFPSFFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean PSF flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFPSFFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of PSF fluxes from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFPSFMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFPSFMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFKronFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFKronFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFKronFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of Kron (198) fluxes from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFKronMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFKronMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFApFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean aperture flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFApFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean aperture flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFApFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of aperture fluxes from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFApMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFApMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zFmeanflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch z filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanMagR5 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanMagR5Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch z filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanMagR6 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanMagR6Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch z filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanMagR7 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zFmeanMagR7Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch z filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%zFlags & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry from forced single epoch z filter detections. Values listed in ObjectInfoFlags.\\ +%zE1 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter e1 = (Mxx - Myy) / (Mxx + Myy) from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%zE2 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter e2 = (2 Mxy) / (Mxx + Myy) from forced single epoch z filter detections.\\ +%ynTotal & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in y filter.\\ +%ynIncPSFFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in PSF flux mean in y filter.\\ +%ynIncKronFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in Kron (1980) flux mean in y filter.\\ +%ynIncApFlux & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in aperture flux mean in y filter.\\ +%ynIncR5 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec) aperture flux mean in y filter.\\ +%ynIncR6 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec) aperture flux mean in y filter.\\ +%ynIncR7 & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of forced single epoch detections in R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) aperture flux mean in y filter.\\ +%yFPSFFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFPSFFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean PSF flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFPSFFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of PSF fluxes from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFPSFMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFPSFMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean PSF flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFKronFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFKronFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFKronFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of Kron (198) fluxes from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFKronMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFKronMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean Kron (1980) flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFApFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean aperture flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFApFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean aperture flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFApFluxStd & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of aperture fluxes from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFApMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFApMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean aperture flux from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yFmeanflxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch y filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanMagR5 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanMagR5Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch y filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanMagR6 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanMagR6Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of forced single epoch y filter detection fluxes within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanflxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanMagR7 & AB & REAL & -999 &Magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yFmeanMagR7Err & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in magnitude from mean flux from forced single epoch y filter detections within an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +%yFlags & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry from forced single epoch y filter detections. Values listed in ObjectInfoFlags.\\ +%yE1 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter e1 = (Mxx - Myy) / (Mxx + Myy) from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +%yE2 & - & REAL & -999 &\citet{Kaiser1995} polarization parameter e2 = (2 Mxy) / (Mxx + Myy) from forced single epoch y filter detections.\\ +yE2 \\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:ForcedMeanObject} +\end{table}% + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedMeanLensing: Contains the mean \citet[K95]{Kaiser1995} lensing parameters measured from the forced photometry of objects detected in stacked images on the individual single epoch data.} +\begin{center} +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsFOid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS forced object identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +randomForcedObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +nDetections & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of single epoch detections in all filters.\\ +batchID & - & BIGINT & NA &Internal database batch identifier.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +gLensObjSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensObjSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensObjSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensObjSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensObjSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensObjShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensObjShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensObjShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensObjShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensObjShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from PSF model for forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced g filter detections.\\ +gLensPSFShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from PSF model forced g filter detections.\\ +rlensObjSmearX11 \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rlensObjSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensObjSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensObjSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensObjSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensObjSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensObjShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensObjShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensObjShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensObjShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensObjShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from PSF model for forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced r filter detections.\\ +%rlensPSFShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from PSF model forced r filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensObjShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from PSF model for forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced i filter detections.\\ +%ilensPSFShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from PSF model forced i filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensObjShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from PSF model for forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced z filter detections.\\ +%zlensPSFShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from PSF model forced z filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensObjShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from PSF model for forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced y filter detections.\\ +%ylensPSFShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from PSF model forced y filter detections.\\ +ylensPSFShearE2 \\ +\hline +\end{tabular}} +\end{center} +\label{table:ForcedMeanLensing} +\end{table}% + +\subsection{Forced {\em warp} Exposure Tables} + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedWarpMeta: Contains the metadata related to a sky-aligned distortion corrected {\em warp} image, upon which forced photometry is performed. The astrometric and photometric calibration of the {\em warp} image are listed.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +forcedWarpID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +batchID & - & BIGINT & NA &Internal database batch identifier.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +frameID & - & INT & NA &Frame/exposure identifier of the Frame associated with this warp.\\ +ippSkycalID & - & INT & NA &IPP skycal identifier for the run that generated the positions for forced\\ +& & & & photometry.\\ +stackMetaID & - & INT & NA &Identifier for the {\em stack} which yielded the positions for forced photometry.\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & TINYINT & 255 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +photoCalID & - & INT & NA &Photometric calibration identifier. Details in the PhotoCal table.\\ +analysisVer & - & VARCHAR(100) & &IPP software analysis release version.\\ +md5sum & - & VARCHAR(100) & &IPP MD5 Checksum.\\ +expTime & seconds & REAL & -999 &Exposure time of the source frame/exposure for this {\em warp} image. Necessary \\ +& & & & for converting listed fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +recalAstroScatX & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Measurement of the re-calibration (not astrometric error) in the X direction.\\ +recalAstroScatY & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Measurement of the re-calibration (not astrometric error) in the Y direction.\\ +recalNAstroStars & - & INT & -999 &Number of astrometric reference sources used in recalibration.\\ +recalphotoScat & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Photometric scatter relative to reference catalog.\\ +recalNPhotoStars & - & INT & -999 &Number of astrometric reference sources used in recalibration.\\ +psfModelID & - & INT & -999 &PSF model identifier.\\ +psfFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF full width at half maximum at image center.\\ +psfWidMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis FWHM at image center.\\ +psfWidMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF minor axis FWHM at image center.\\ +psfTheta & degrees & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis orientation at image center.\\ +photoZero & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Locally derived photometric zero point for this {\em warp} image.\\ +ctype1 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in RA.\\ +ctype2 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in Dec.\\ +crval1 & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crval2 & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crpix1 & sky pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for RA.\\ +crpix2 & sky pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for Dec.\\ +cdelt1 & degrees/pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in RA.\\ +cdelt2 & degrees/pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in Dec.\\ +pc001001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel x and RA.\\ +pc001002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel y and RA.\\ +pc002001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel x and Dec.\\ +pc002002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel y and Dec.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ForcedWarpMeta} +\end{table}% + + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedWarpMeasurement: Contains single epoch forced photometry of individual measurements of objects detected in the stacked images. The identifiers connecting the measurement back to the original image and to the object association are provided. PSF, aperture, and \citet{Kron1980} photometry are included, along with sky and detector coordinate positions.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsFWid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +detectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique detection identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +ippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +forcedSummaryID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique forced {\em warp} summary identifier.\\ +forcedWarpID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +randomWarpID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & TINYINT & 255 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +dvoRegionID & - & INT & -1 &Internal DVO region identifier.\\ +obsTime & days & FLOAT & -999 &Modified Julian Date at the midpoint of the observation.\\ +zp & magnitudes & REAL & 0 &Photometric zeropoint. Necessary for converting listed fluxes and magnitudes \\ +& & & & back to measured ADU counts.\\ +telluricExt & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Estimated Telluric extinction due to non-photometric observing conditions. \\ +& & & & Necessary for converting listed fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +expTime & seconds & REAL & -999 &Exposure time of the frame/exposure. Necessary for converting listed fluxes \\ +& & & & and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +airMass & - & REAL & 0 &Airmass at midpoint of the exposure. Necessary for converting listed fluxes \\ +& & & & and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +FpsfFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &PSF flux.\\ +FpsfFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF flux.\\ +xPosChip & raw pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF x position in original chip pixels.\\ +yPosChip & raw pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF y position in original chip pixels.\\ +FccdID & - & SMALLINT & -999 &OTA identifier of original chip (see ImageMeta).\\ +FpsfMajorFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis FWHM.\\ +FpsfMinorFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF minor axis FWHM.\\ +FpsfTheta & degrees & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis orientation.\\ +FpsfCore & - & REAL & -999 &PSF core parameter k, where $F = F0 / (1 + k r^2 + r^{3.33})$.\\ +FpsfQf & - & REAL & -999 &PSF coverage factor.\\ +FpsfQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &PSF weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked.\\ +FpsfChiSq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value of the PSF model fit.\\ +FmomentXX & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{xx}$.\\ +FmomentXY & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{xy}$.\\ +FmomentYY & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{yy}$.\\ +FmomentR1 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &First radial moment.\\ +FmomentRH & $arcsec^{0.5}$ & REAL & -999 &Half radial moment ($r^{0.5}$ weighting).\\ +FmomentM3C & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Cosine of trefoil second moment term: $r^2 cos(3 theta) = M_{xxx} - 3 * M_{xyy}$.\\ +FmomentM3S & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Sine of trefoil second moment: $r^2 sin (3 theta) = 3 * M_{xxy} - M_{yyy}$.\\ +FmomentM4C & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Cosine of quadrupole second moment: $r^2 cos (4 theta) = M_{xxxx} - 6 * M_{xxyy} + M_{yyyy}$.\\ +FmomentM4S & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Sine of quadrupole second moment: $r^2 sin (4 theta) = 4 * M_{xxxy} - 4 * M_{xyyy}$.\\ +FapFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Aperture flux.\\ +FapFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in aperture flux.\\ +FapFillF & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor.\\ +FapRadius & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Aperture radius for forced {\em warp} detection.\\ +FkronFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Kron (1980) flux.\\ +FkronFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in Kron (1980) flux.\\ +FkronRad & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Kron (1980) radius.\\ +Fsky & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Background sky level.\\ +FskyErr & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Error in background sky level.\\ +FinfoFlag & - & BIGINT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. \\ +& & & & Values listed in DetectionFlags.\\ +FinfoFlag2 & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. \\ +& & & & Values listed in DetectionFlags2.\\ +FinfoFlag3 & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. \\ +& & & & Values listed in DetectionFlags3.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ForcedWarpMeasurement} +\end{table}% + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedWarpMasked: Contains an entry for objects detected in the stacked images which were in the footprint of a single epoch exposure, but for which there are no unmasked pixels at that epoch.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsFWid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +ippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +forcedSummaryID & - & BIGINT & NA &Forced {\em warp} summary meta identifier\\ +forcedWarpID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +randomWarpID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & REAL & -999 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +dvoRegionID & - & REAL & -999 &Internal DVO region identifier.\\ +obsTime & days & FLOAT & -999 &Modified Julian Date at the midpoint of the observation.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ForcedWarpMasked} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedWarpExtended: Contains the single epoch forced photometry fluxes within the SDSS R5 (r = 3.00 arcsec), R6 (r = 4.63 arcsec), and R7 (r = 7.43 arcsec) apertures \citep{Stoughton2002} for objects detected in the stacked images.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsFWid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +detectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique detection identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +ippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +forcedWarpID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +randomWarpID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & TINYINT & 255 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +dvoRegionID & - & INT & -1 &Internal DVO region identifier.\\ +obsTime & days & FLOAT & -999 &Modified Julian Date at the midpoint of the observation.\\ +flxR5 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from forced photometry measurement within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +flxR5Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from forced photometry measurement within an aperture of\\ +& & & & radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +flxR5Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from forced photometry measurement within \\ +& & & & an aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +flxR5Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced photometry measurement within an \\ +& & & & aperture of radius r = 3.00 arcsec.\\ +flxR6 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from forced photometry measurement within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +flxR6Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from forced photometry measurement within an aperture of\\ +& & & & radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +flxR6Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from forced photometry measurement within \\ +& & & & an aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +flxR6Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced photometry measurement within an \\ +& & & & aperture of radius r = 4.63 arcsec.\\ +flxR7 & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from forced photometry measurement within an aperture of radius \\ +& & & & r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +flxR7Err & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in flux from forced photometry measurement within an aperture of\\ +& & & & radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +flxR7Std & Jy & REAL & -999 &Standard deviation of flux from forced photometry measurement within \\ +& & & & an aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +flxR7Fill & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor for forced photometry measurement within an \\ +& & & & aperture of radius r = 7.43 arcsec.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ForcedWarpExtended} +\end{table}% + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedWarpLensing: Contains the \citet[K95]{Kaiser1995} lensing parameters measured from the forced photometry of objects detected in stacked images on the individual single epoch data.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsFWid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +detectID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique detection identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +ippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +forcedWarpID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +randomWarpID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & TINYINT & 255 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +dvoRegionID & - & INT & -1 &Internal DVO region identifier.\\ +obsTime & days & FLOAT & -999 &Modified Julian Date at the midpoint of the observation.\\ +lensObjSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensObjSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensObjSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensObjSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensObjSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensObjShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensObjShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensObjShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensObjShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensObjShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFSmearX11 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFSmearX12 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFSmearX22 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A11) smear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFSmearE1 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFSmearE2 & $arcsec^{-2}$ & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (A12) smear polarizability e2 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFShearX11 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X11 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFShearX12 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X12 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFShearX22 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B11) shear polarizability X22 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFShearE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e1 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +lensPSFShearE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 eq. (B12) shear polarizability e2 term from PSF model for forced photometry.\\ +psfE1 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 polarization parameter $e1 = (M_{xx} - M_{yy}) / (M_{xx} + M_{yy})$ from forced photometry.\\ +psfE2 & - & REAL & -999 &K95 polarization parameter $e2 = (2 M_{xy}) / (M_{xx} + M_{yy})$ from forced photometry.\\ + +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ForcedWarpLensing} +\end{table}% + + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedWarpToImage: Contains the mapping of which input image comprises a particular {\em warp} image used for forced photometry.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +forcedWarpID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique forced {\em warp} identifier.\\ +imageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique image identifier. Constructed as (100 * frameID + ccdID).\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ForcedWarpToImage} +\end{table}% + +\subsection{Forced Galaxy Tables} + +\begin{table} +\caption{ForcedGalaxyShape: Contains the extended source galaxy shape parameters. All filters are matched into a single row. The positions, magnitudes, fluxes, and Sersic indices are inherited from their parent measurement in the StackModelFit tables, and are reproduced here for convenience. The major and minor axes and orientation are recalculated on a warp-by-warp basis from the best fit given these inherited properties (\citep{Sersic1963}).} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +objID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsFGid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS forced galaxy identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +randomForcedGalID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +galModelType & - & TINYINT & -999 &Galaxy model identifier.\\ +nFilter & - & TINYINT & -999 &Number of filters with valid model measurements.\\ +gippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +gstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for the g filter {\em stack} that was the original detection source.\\ +gGalMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy major axis for g filter measurement.\\ +gGalMajorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy major axis for g filter measurement.\\ +gGalMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy minor axis for g filter measurement.\\ +gGalMinorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy minor axis for g filter measurement.\\ +gGalMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Galaxy fit magnitude for g filter measurement.\\ +gGalMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy fit magnitude for g filter measurement.\\ +gGalPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle of the model fit for the g filter measurement.\\ +gGalIndex & - & REAL & -999 &Sersic index of the model fit for the g filter measurement.\\ +gGalFlags & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Analysis flags for the galaxy model chi-square fit (g filter measurement, values \\ +& & & & defined in ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags).\\ +gGalChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value for g filter measurement.\\ +rippDetectID \\ +... & & & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%rstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for the r filter {\em stack} that was the original detection source.\\ +%rGalMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy major axis for r filter measurement.\\ +%rGalMajorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy major axis for r filter measurement.\\ +%rGalMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy minor axis for r filter measurement.\\ +%rGalMinorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy minor axis for r filter measurement.\\ +%rGalMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Galaxy fit magnitude for r filter measurement.\\ +%rGalMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy fit magnitude for r filter measurement.\\ +%rGalPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle of the model fit for the r filter measurement.\\ +%rGalIndex & - & REAL & -999 &Sersic index of the model fit for the r filter measurement.\\ +%rGalFlags & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Analysis flags for the galaxy model chi-square fit (r filter measurement, values defined in ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags).\\ +%rGalChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value for r filter measurement.\\ +%iippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%istackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for the i filter {\em stack} that was the original detection source.\\ +%iGalMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy major axis for i filter measurement.\\ +%iGalMajorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy major axis for i filter measurement.\\ +%iGalMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy minor axis for i filter measurement.\\ +%iGalMinorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy minor axis for i filter measurement.\\ +%iGalMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Galaxy fit magnitude for i filter measurement.\\ +%iGalMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy fit magnitude for i filter measurement.\\ +%iGalPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle of the model fit for the i filter measurement.\\ +%iGalIndex & - & REAL & -999 &Sersic index of the model fit for the i filter measurement.\\ +%iGalFlags & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Analysis flags for the galaxy model chi-square fit (i filter measurement, values defined in ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags).\\ +%iGalChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value for i filter measurement.\\ +%zippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%zstackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for the z filter {\em stack} that was the original detection source.\\ +%zGalMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy major axis for z filter measurement.\\ +%zGalMajorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy major axis for z filter measurement.\\ +%zGalMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy minor axis for z filter measurement.\\ +%zGalMinorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy minor axis for z filter measurement.\\ +%zGalMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Galaxy fit magnitude for z filter measurement.\\ +%zGalMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy fit magnitude for z filter measurement.\\ +%zGalPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle of the model fit for the z filter measurement.\\ +%zGalIndex & - & REAL & -999 &Sersic index of the model fit for the z filter measurement.\\ +%zGalFlags & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Analysis flags for the galaxy model chi-square fit (z filter measurement, values defined in ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags).\\ +%zGalChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value for z filter measurement.\\ +%yippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +%ystackImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique {\em stack} identifier for the z filter {\em stack} that was the original detection source.\\ +%yGalMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy major axis for y filter measurement.\\ +%yGalMajorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy major axis for y filter measurement.\\ +%yGalMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Galaxy minor axis for y filter measurement.\\ +%yGalMinorErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy minor axis for y filter measurement.\\ +%yGalMag & AB & REAL & -999 &Galaxy fit magnitude for y filter measurement.\\ +%yGalMagErr & AB & REAL & -999 &Error in galaxy fit magnitude for y filter measurement.\\ +%yGalPhi & degrees & REAL & -999 &Major axis position angle of the model fit for the y filter measurement.\\ +%yGalIndex & - & REAL & -999 &Sersic index of the model fit for the y filter measurement.\\ +%yGalFlags & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Analysis flags for the galaxy model chi-square fit (y filter measurement, values defined in ForcedGalaxyShapeFlags).\\ +%yGalChisq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value for y filter measurement.\\ +yGalChisq\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ForcedGalaxyShape} +\end{table}% + +\subsection{Diff Object Tables} + +\begin{table} +\caption{DiffDetObject: Contains the positional information for difference detection objects in a number of coordinate systems. The objects associate difference detections within a one arcsecond radius. The number of detections in each filter from is listed, along with maximum coverage fractions \citep[see][]{Szalay2007}.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +diffObjName & - & VARCHAR(32) & NA &IAU name for this object.\\ +diffObjPSOName & - & VARCHAR(32) & NA &Alternate Pan-STARRS name for this object.\\ +diffObjAltName1 & - & VARCHAR(32) & &Altername name for this object.\\ +diffObjAltName2 & - & VARCHAR(32) & &Altername name for this object.\\ +diffObjAltName3 & - & VARCHAR(32) & &Altername name for this object.\\ +diffObjPopularName & - & VARCHAR(140) & &Well known name for this object.\\ +diffObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique difference object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsDOid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS difference object identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +htmID & - & BIGINT & NA &Hierarchical triangular mesh (Szalay 2007) index.\\ +zoneID & - & INT & NA &Local zone index, found by dividing the sky into bands of declination \\ +& & & & 1/2 arcminute in height: zoneID = floor((90 + declination)/0.0083333).\\ +randomDiffObjID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +batchID & - & BIGINT & NA &Internal database batch identifier.\\ +dvoRegionID & - & INT & -1 &Internal DVO region identifier.\\ +objInfoFlag & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. Values\\ +& & & & listed in ObjectInfoFlags.\\ +qualityFlag & - & TINYINT & 0 &Subset of objInfoFlag denoting whether this object is real or a\\ +& & & & likely false positive. Values listed in ObjectQualityFlags.\\ +ra & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension mean.\\ +dec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination mean.\\ +cx & - & FLOAT & NA &Cartesian x on a unit sphere. \\ +cy & - & FLOAT & NA &Cartesian y on a unit sphere. \\ +cz & - & FLOAT & NA &Cartesian z on a unit sphere. \\ +lambda & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Ecliptic longitude.\\ +beta & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Ecliptic latitude.\\ +l & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Galactic longitude.\\ +b & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Galactic latitude.\\ +gQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &Maximum PSF weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked from g\\ +& & & & filter detections.\\ +rQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &Maximum PSF weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked from r\\ +& & & & filter detections.\\ +iQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &Maximum PSF weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked from i\\ +& & & & filter detections.\\ +zQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &Maximum PSF weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked from z\\ +& & & & filter detections.\\ +yQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &Maximum PSF weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked from y\\ +& & & & filter detections.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +nDetections & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of difference detections in all filters.\\ +ng & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of difference detections in g filter.\\ +nr & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of difference detections in r filter.\\ +ni & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of difference detections in i filter.\\ +nz & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of difference detections in z filter.\\ +ny & - & SMALLINT & -999 &Number of difference detections in y filter.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:DiffDetObject} +\end{table}% + +\subsection{Diff Detection Tables} + +\begin{table} +\caption{DiffMeta: Contains metadata related to a difference image constructed by subtracting a stacked image from a single epoch image, or in the case of the MD Survey from a nightly {\em stack} (stack made from all exposures in a single filter in a single night). The astrometric calibration of the reference {\em stack} is listed.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +diffImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique difference identifier.\\ +batchID & - & BIGINT & NA &Internal database batch identifier.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +diffTypeID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Difference type identifier. Details in the DiffType table.\\ +frameID & - & INT & NA &Frame/exposure identifier for the positive image in warp-stack \\ +& & & & difference images; \\ %not populated for stack-stack differences.\\ +posImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Image identifier for the positive image. \\ %For warp-stack difference images, this corresponds to the ForcedWarpToImage.forcedWarpID entry. For stack-stack difference images, this corresponds to StackMeta.stackImageID.\\ +negImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Image identifier for the negative image. \\%For warp-stack difference images, this corresponds to the StackMeta.stackImageID entry.\\ +ippDiffID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP diffRun identifier.\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & TINYINT & 255 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +photoCalID & - & INT & NA &Photometric calibration identifier. Details in the PhotoCal table.\\ +analysisVer & - & VARCHAR(100) & &IPP software analysis release version.\\ +md5sum & - & VARCHAR(100) & &IPP MD5 Checksum.\\ +detectionThreshold & magnitudes & REAL & -999 &Reference magnitude for detection efficiency calculation.\\ +expTime & seconds & REAL & -999 &Exposure time of positive image. Necessary for converting listed \\ +& & & & fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +psfModelID & - & INT & -999 &PSF model identifier.\\ +psfFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Mean PSF full width at half maximum at image center.\\ +psfWidMajor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis FWHM at image center.\\ +psfWidMinor & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF minor axis FWHM at image center.\\ +psfTheta & degrees & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis orientation at image center.\\ +kernel & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Subtraction kernel.\\ +mode & - & TINYINT & 0 &Subtraction mode for which input to convolve.\\ +numStamps & - & INT & -999 &Number of stamps.\\ +stampDevMean & - & REAL & -999 &Mean stamp deviation.\\ +stampDevRMS & - & REAL & -999 &RMS stamp deviation.\\ +normalization & - & REAL & -999 &Normalization.\\ +convolveMax & - & REAL & -999 &Maxiumum convolution fraction.\\ +deconvolveMax & - & REAL & -999 &Maximum deconvolution fraction.\\ +ctype1 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in right ascension.\\ +ctype2 & - & VARCHAR(100) & &Name of astrometric projection in declination.\\ +crval1 & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crval2 & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination corresponding to reference pixel.\\ +crpix1 & sky pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for right ascension.\\ +crpix2 & sky pixels & FLOAT & -999 &Reference pixel for declination.\\ +cdelt1 & degrees/pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in right ascension.\\ +cdelt2 & degrees/pixel & FLOAT & -999 &Pixel scale in declination.\\ +pc001001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel x and \\ +& & & & right ascension.\\ +pc001002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel y and \\ +& & & & right ascension.\\ +pc002001 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel x and \\ +& & & & declination.\\ +pc002002 & - & FLOAT & -999 &Linear transformation matrix element between image pixel y and \\ +& & & & declination.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:DiffMeta} +\end{table}% + + +\begin{table} +\caption{DiffDetection: Contains the photometry of individual detections from a difference image. The identifiers connecting the detection back to the difference image and to the object association are provided. PSF, aperture, and \citet{Kron1980} photometry are included, along with sky and detector coordinate positions.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +diffObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique difference object identifier.\\ +uniquePspsDFid & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique internal PSPS difference detection identifier.\\ +diffDetID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique difference detection identifier.\\ +diffImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Difference detection meta identifier.\\ +ippObjID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal object identifier.\\ +ippDetectID & - & BIGINT & NA &IPP internal detection identifier.\\ +fromPosImage & - & TINYINT & NA &Detection is from positive image (if 1) or negative image (if 0).\\ +filterID & - & TINYINT & NA &Filter identifier. Details in the Filter table.\\ +surveyID & - & TINYINT & NA &Survey identifier. Details in the Survey table.\\ +randomDiffID & - & FLOAT & NA &Random value drawn from the interval between zero and one.\\ +tessID & - & TINYINT & 0 &Tessellation identifier. Details in the TessellationType table.\\ +projectionID & - & SMALLINT & -1 &Projection cell identifier.\\ +skyCellID & - & TINYINT & 255 &Skycell region identifier.\\ +dvoRegionID & - & INT & -1 &Internal DVO region identifier.\\ +obsTime & days & FLOAT & -999 &Modified Julian Date at the midpoint of the observation.\\ +xPos & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF x center location.\\ +yPos & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF y center location.\\ +xPosErr & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF x center location.\\ +yPosErr & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF y center location.\\ +pltScale & arcsec/pixel & REAL & -999 &Local plate scale at this location.\\ +posAngle & degrees & REAL & -999 &Position angle (sky-to-chip) at this location.\\ +ra & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Right ascension.\\ +dec & degrees & FLOAT & -999 &Declination.\\ +raErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Right ascension error.\\ +decErr & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Declination error.\\ +zp & magnitudes & REAL & 0 &Photometric zeropoint for converting fluxes and magnitudes to measured ADU.\\ +telluricExt & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Estimated Telluric extinction due to non-photometric observing conditions.\\ % Necessary for converting listed fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +expTime & seconds & REAL & -999 &Exposure time of the positive single-epoch image. \\ +% Necessary for converting listed fluxes and magnitudes back to measured ADU counts.\\ +airMass & - & REAL & 0 &Airmass at midpoint of exposure to convert fluxes and magnitudes to measured ADU.\\ +DpsfFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Flux from PSF fit.\\ +DpsfFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in PSF flux.\\ +xPosChip & raw pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF x position in original chip pixels.\\ +yPosChip & raw pixels & REAL & -999 &PSF y position in original chip pixels.\\ +ccdID & - & SMALLINT & -999 &OTA identifier of original chip (see ImageMeta).\\ +DpsfMajorFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis FWHM.\\ +DpsfMinorFWHM & arcsec & REAL & -999 &PSF minor axis FWHM.\\ +DpsfTheta & degrees & REAL & -999 &PSF major axis orientation.\\ +DpsfCore & - & REAL & -999 &PSF core parameter k, where $F = F0 / (1 + k r^2 + r^{3.33}).$\\ +DpsfQf & - & REAL & -999 &PSF coverage factor.\\ +DpsfQfPerfect & - & REAL & -999 &PSF-weighted fraction of pixels totally unmasked.\\ +DpsfChiSq & - & REAL & -999 &Reduced chi squared value of the PSF model fit.\\ +DpsfLikelihood & - & REAL & -999 &Likelihood that this detection is best fit by a PSF.\\ +DmomentXX & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{xx}$.\\ +DmomentXY & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{xy}$.\\ +DmomentYY & $arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Second moment $M_{yy}$.\\ +DmomentR1 & arcsec & REAL & -999 &First radial moment.\\ +DmomentRH & $arcsec^{0.5}$ & REAL & -999 &Half radial moment ($r^{0.5}$ weighting).\\ +DapFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Aperture flux.\\ +DapFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in aperture flux.\\ +DapFillF & - & REAL & -999 &Aperture fill factor.\\ +DkronFlux & Jy & REAL & -999 &Kron (1980) flux.\\ +DkronFluxErr & Jy & REAL & -999 &Error in Kron (1980) flux.\\ +DkronRad & arcsec & REAL & -999 &Kron (1980) radius.\\ +diffNPos & sky pixels & INT & -999 &Number of difference pixels within the aperture that are positive.\\ +diffFPosRatio & - & REAL & -999 &Ratio of the sum of positive flux pixel values to the sum of the absolute value\\ +& & & & of all unmasked pixels within the aperture.\\ +diffNPosRatio & - & REAL & -999 &Ratio of the number of positive flux pixels to the number of unmasked pixels\\ +& & & & within the aperture.\\ +diffNPosMask & - & REAL & -999 &Ratio of the number of positive flux pixels to the number of positive or masked\\ +& & & & pixels within the aperture.\\ +diffNPosAll & - & REAL & -999 &Ratio of the number of positive flux pixels to the total number of all pixels within\\ +& & & & the aperture.\\ +diffPosDist & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &Distance to matching source in positive image.\\ +diffNegDist & sky pixels & REAL & -999 &Distance to matching source in negative image.\\ +diffPosSN & - & REAL & -999 &Signal to noise of matching source in positive image.\\ +diffNegSN & - & REAL & -999 &Signal to noise of matching source in negative image.\\ +Dsky & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Background sky level.\\ +DskyErr & $Jy/arcsec^2$ & REAL & -999 &Error in background sky level.\\ +DinfoFlag & - & BIGINT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. see DetectionFlags.\\ +DinfoFlag2 & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. see DetectionFlags2.\\ +DinfoFlag3 & - & INT & 0 &Information flag bitmask indicating details of the photometry. see DetectionFlags3.\\ +processingVersion & - & TINYINT & NA &Data release version.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:DiffDetection} +\end{table}% + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{DiffToImage: Contains the mapping of which input images were used to construct a particular difference image.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +diffImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique difference identifier.\\ +imageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique image identifier. Constructed as (100 * frameID + ccdID).\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:DiffToImage} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{DiffDetEffMeta: Contains the detection efficiency information for a given individual difference image. Provides the number of recovered sources out of 500 injected sources and statistics about the magnitudes of the recovered sources for a range of magnitude offsets.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lllll} +\hline +\hline +column name & units & data type & default & description\\ +\hline +diffImageID & - & BIGINT & NA &Unique difference image identifier.\\ +magref & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency reference magnitude.\\ +nInjected & - & INT & NA &Number of fake sources injected in each magnitude bin.\\ +offset01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 1.\\ +counts01 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 1.\\ +diffMean01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 1.\\ +diffStdev01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 1.\\ +errMean01 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 1.\\ +offset02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 2.\\ +counts02 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 2.\\ +diffMean02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 2.\\ +diffStdev02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 2.\\ +errMean02 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 2.\\ +offset03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 3.\\ +counts03 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 3.\\ +diffMean03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 3.\\ +diffStdev03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 3.\\ +errMean03 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 3.\\ +offset04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 4.\\ +counts04 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 4.\\ +diffMean04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 4.\\ +diffStdev04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 4.\\ +errMean04 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 4.\\ +offset05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 5.\\ +counts05 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 5.\\ +diffMean05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 5.\\ +diffStdev05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 5.\\ +errMean05 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 5.\\ +offset06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 6.\\ +counts06 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 6.\\ +diffMean06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 6.\\ +diffStdev06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 6.\\ +errMean06 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 6.\\ +offset07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 7.\\ +counts07 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 7.\\ +diffMean07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 7.\\ +diffStdev07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 7.\\ +errMean07 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 7.\\ +offset08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 8.\\ +counts08 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 8.\\ +diffMean08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 8.\\ +diffStdev08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 8.\\ +errMean08 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 8.\\ +offset09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 9.\\ +counts09 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 9.\\ +diffMean09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 9.\\ +diffStdev09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 9.\\ +errMean09 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 9.\\ +offset10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 10.\\ +counts10 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 10.\\ +diffMean10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 10.\\ +diffStdev10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 10.\\ +errMean10 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 10.\\ +offset11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 11.\\ +counts11 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 11.\\ +diffMean11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 11.\\ +diffStdev11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 11.\\ +errMean11 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 11.\\ +offset12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 12.\\ +counts12 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 12.\\ +diffMean12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 12.\\ +diffStdev12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 12.\\ +errMean12 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 12.\\ +offset13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency magnitude offset for bin 13.\\ +counts13 & - & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency count of recovered sources in bin 13.\\ +diffMean13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude difference in bin 13.\\ +diffStdev13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency standard deviation of magnitude differences in bin 13.\\ +errMean13 & magnitudes & REAL & NA &Detection efficiency mean magnitude error in bin 13.\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:DiffDetEffMeta} +\end{table}% + +\section{IppToPsps translation tables} + + +%{\color{red} Something is fishy in this next paragraph! I cannot get it to compile! GH} + + + +%{\color{red} Allright, more of these tables. These are specifically showing what each column is from (ie, DVO, smf/cmf, which columns from those files, etc), including additional translations (some formulas are required in {\em IppToPsps}). I think this needs to be in here, but I would like verification before I add in more tables (it's a bit intensive). I intend to put in the tables for DR1 and add as I can. It's a bit of work, but it's mindless work. These tables are intended for power users. see Table~\ref{table:ipptopspsObjectThin} and Table~\ref{table:ipptopspsMeanObject} } + + + +\begin{table} +\caption{ObjectThin: This describes the sources for each of the columns within {\em ObjectThin} as well the formula to generate the data within the column, if it is not just copying directly. For this table, DVO cpt NAME shows that this comes from the cpt files in the DVO database, and has a column of NAME. The sources for this table include: the DVO cpt files, {\em IppToPsps}, PSPS, as well as a few columns that are not currently being used.} +\begin{center} +%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lll} +\hline +\hline +column name & source & notes \\ +\hline +objName & DVO cpt IAUNAME /{\em IppToPsps} & \\ +objPSOName & DVO cpt PSO\_NAME & \\ +objAltName1 & not set & \\ +objAltName2 & not set & \\ +objAltName3 & not set & \\ +objPopularName & not set & \\ +objID & DVO cpt EXT\_ID & \\ +uniquePspsOBid &{\em IppToPsps}& uniquePspsOBid = (batchID*1000000000) + row number) \\ +ippObjID & DVO cpt OBJ\_ID and CAT\_ID & OBJ\_ID + (CAT\_ID $<<$ 32) \\ +surveyID &{\em IppToPsps}& set to 0 for 3$\pi$ \\ +htmID & PSPS & calculated and filled in PSPS \citep{Szalay2007} \\ +% Szalay, A.S., Gray,J., Fekete, G., Kunszt,P., Kukol, P., Thakar, A.: Indexing the Sphere with the Hierarchical Triangular Mesh, MSR-TR-2005-123 (2005). +% https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/indexing-the-sphere-with-the-hierarchical-triangular-mesh/ +% it's a microsoft paper +% all the calculated in PSPS (ref) are this reference +zoneID & PSPS & calculated and filled in PSPS\\ +tessID & DVO cpt TESS\_ID & \\ +projectionID & DVO cpt PROJECTION\_ID & \\ +skyCellID & DVO cpt SKYCELL\_ID & \\ +randomID &{\em IppToPsps}& random is seeded with RAND(batchID) \\ +batchID &{\em IppToPsps}& sequentially ncreases as batches are made \\ +dvoRegionID & DVO cpt CAT\_ID & \\ +processingVersion &{\em IppToPsps}& set to 3 for this data release, for PV3 \\ +objInfoFlag & DVO cpt FLAGS & \\ +qualityFlag & DVO cpt FLAGS & FLAGS $>>$ 23 \& 0xFF \\ +raStack & DVO cpt RA\_STK & \\ +decStack & DVO cpt DEC\_STK & \\ +raStackErr & DVO cpt RA\_STK\_ERR & \\ +decStackErr & DVO cpt DEC\_STK\_ERR & \\ +raMean & DVO cpt RA\_MEAN & \\ +decMean & DVO cpt DEC\_MEAN & \\ +raMeanErr & DVO cpt RA\_ERR & \\ +decMeanErr & DVO cpt DEC\_ERR & \\ +epochMean & DVO cpt EPOCH\_MEAN & \\ +posMeanChisq & DVO cpt CHISQ\_POS & \\ +cx & PSPS & set to 0; calculated and filled by PSPS \\ +cy & PSPS & set to 0; calculated and filled by PSPS \\ +cz & PSPS & set to 0; calculated and filled by PSPS \\ +lambda & PSPS set to 0; calculated and filled by PSPS\\ +beta & PSPS set to 0; calculated and filled by PSPS\\ +l & PSPS &set to 0; calculated and filled by PSPS\\ +b & PSPS &set to 0; calculated and filled by PSPS\\ +nStackObjectRows &{\em IppToPsps}& set to -999 for 3$\pi$ \\ +nStackDetections & DVO cpt NSTACK\_DET & sum of NSTACK\_DET for all 5 filters \\ +nDetections &{\em IppToPsps}& sum of non-null ng + nr + ni + nz + ny \\ +ng & DVO cpt NCODE & \\ +nr & DVO cpt NCODE & \\ +ni & DVO cpt NCODE & \\ +nz & DVO cpt NCODE & \\ +ny & DVO cpt NCODE & \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ipptopspsObjectThin} +\end{table}% + +\begin{table} +\caption{MeanObject: This describes the sources for each of the columns within MeanObject as well the formula to generate the data within the column, if it is not just copying directly. For this table, DVO cps NAME shows that this comes from the cps files in the DVO database, and has a column of NAME. The sources for this table include: the DVO cps files and {\em IppToPsps}.} +\begin{center} +%%\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{lll} +\hline +\hline +column name & source & notes \\ +\hline +objID & {\em IppToPsps}objectThin.objID & \\ +uniquePspsOBid &{\em IppToPsps}objectThin.uniquePspsOBid & \\ +gQfPerfect & DVO cps PSF\_QF\_PERF\_MAX & \\ +gMeanPSFMag & DVO cps MAG & \\ +gMeanPSFMagErr & DVO cps MAG\_ERR & \\ +gMeanPSFMagStd & DVO cps MAG\_STDEV & \\ +gMeanPSFMagNpt & DVO cps NUSED & \\ +gMeanPSFMagMin & DVO cps MAG\_MIN & \\ +gMeanPSFMagMax & DVO cps MAG\_MAX & \\ +gMeanKronMag & DVO cps MAG\_KRON & \\ +gMeanKronMagErr & DVO cps MAG\_KRON\_ERR & \\ +gMeanKronMagStd & DVO cps MAG\_KRON\_STDEV & \\ +gMeanKronMagNpt & DVO cps NUSED\_KRON & \\ +gMeanApMag & DVO cps MAG\_AP & \\ +gMeanApMagErr & DVO cps MAG\_AP\_ERR & \\ +gMeanApMagStd & DVO cps MAG\_AP\_STDEV & \\ +gMeanApMagNpt & DVO cps NUSED\_AP & \\ +gFlags & DVO cps FLAGS & \\ +rQfPerfect \\ +... & & same entries repeated for r, i, z, and y filters \\ +%rQfPerfect & dvo cps PSF\_QF\_PERF\_MAX & \\ +%rMeanPSFMag & dvo cps MAG & \\ +%rMeanPSFMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_ERR & \\ +%rMeanPSFMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_STDEV & \\ +%rMeanPSFMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED & \\ +%rMeanPSFMagMin & dvo cps MAG\_MIN & \\ +%rMeanPSFMagMax & dvo cps MAG\_MAX & \\ +%rMeanKronMag & dvo cps MAG\_KRON & \\ +%rMeanKronMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_KRON\_ERR & \\ +%rMeanKronMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_KRON\_STDEV & \\ +%rMeanKronMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED\_KRON & \\ +%rMeanApMag & dvo cps MAG\_AP & \\ +%rMeanApMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_AP\_ERR & \\ +%rMeanApMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_AP\_STDEV & \\ +%rMeanApMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED\_AP & \\ +%rFlags & dvo cps FLAGS & \\ +%iQfPerfect & dvo cps PSF\_QF\_PERF\_MAX & \\ +%iMeanPSFMag & dvo cps MAG & \\ +%iMeanPSFMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_ERR & \\ +%iMeanPSFMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_STDEV & \\ +%iMeanPSFMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED & \\ +%iMeanPSFMagMin & dvo cps MAG\_MIN & \\ +%iMeanPSFMagMax & dvo cps MAG\_MAX & \\ +%iMeanKronMag & dvo cps MAG\_KRON & \\ +%iMeanKronMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_KRON\_ERR & \\ +%iMeanKronMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_KRON\_STDEV & \\ +%iMeanKronMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED\_KRON & \\ +%iMeanApMag & dvo cps MAG\_AP & \\ +%iMeanApMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_AP\_ERR & \\ +%iMeanApMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_AP\_STDEV & \\ +%iMeanApMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED\_AP & \\ +%iFlags & dvo cps FLAGS & \\ +%zQfPerfect & dvo cps PSF\_QF\_PERF\_MAX & \\ +%zMeanPSFMag & dvo cps MAG & \\ +%zMeanPSFMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_ERR & \\ +%zMeanPSFMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_STDEV & \\ +%zMeanPSFMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED & \\ +%zMeanPSFMagMin & dvo cps MAG\_MIN & \\ +%zMeanPSFMagMax & dvo cps MAG\_MAX & \\ +%zMeanKronMag & dvo cps MAG\_KRON & \\ +%zMeanKronMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_KRON\_ERR & \\ +%zMeanKronMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_KRON\_STDEV & \\ +%zMeanKronMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED\_KRON & \\ +%zMeanApMag & dvo cps MAG\_AP & \\ +%zMeanApMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_AP\_ERR & \\ +%zMeanApMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_AP\_STDEV & \\ +%zMeanApMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED\_AP & \\ +%zFlags & dvo cps FLAGS & \\ +%yQfPerfect & dvo cps PSF\_QF\_PERF\_MAX & \\ +%yMeanPSFMag & dvo cps MAG & \\ +%yMeanPSFMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_ERR & \\ +%yMeanPSFMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_STDEV & \\ +%yMeanPSFMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED & \\ +%yMeanPSFMagMin & dvo cps MAG\_MIN & \\ +%yMeanPSFMagMax & dvo cps MAG\_MAX & \\ +%yMeanKronMag & dvo cps MAG\_KRON & \\ +%yMeanKronMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_KRON\_ERR & \\ +%yMeanKronMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_KRON\_STDEV & \\ +%yMeanKronMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED\_KRON & \\ +%yMeanApMag & dvo cps MAG\_AP & \\ +%yMeanApMagErr & dvo cps MAG\_AP\_ERR & \\ +%yMeanApMagStd & dvo cps MAG\_AP\_STDEV & \\ +%yMeanApMagNpt & dvo cps NUSED\_AP & \\ +%yFlags & dvo cps FLAGS & \\ +yFlags \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\label{table:ipptopspsMeanObject} +\end{table}% + +\end{document} Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.datasystem/Makefile =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.datasystem/Makefile (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.datasystem/Makefile (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# $Id: Makefile,v 1.16 2006-01-16 01:11:40 eugene Exp $ + +DO_PDFLATEX = 1 +DO_BIBTEX = 0 + +help: + @echo "USAGE: make (target)" + @echo " targets: all tgz pdf" + +all: pdf tgz +tgz: datasystem.tgz +pdf: datasystem.pdf + +FILES = \ +../inputs/astro.sty \ +../inputs/code.sty \ +../inputs/apj.bst \ +../inputs/lib.bib \ +datasystem.tex + +datasystem.pdf: $(FILES) +datasystem.tgz: $(FILES) + +include ../Makefile.Common Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.datasystem/arxiv.metadata =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.datasystem/arxiv.metadata (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.datasystem/arxiv.metadata (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Authors: Eugene A. Magnier (1), +K.~C. Chambers (1), +H.~A. Flewelling (1), +J.~C. Hoblitt (2), +M. E. Huber (1), +P.~A. Price (3), +W.~E. Sweeney (1), +C. Z. Waters (1), +L. Denneau (1), +P. Draper (4), +K. W. Hodapp (1), +R. Jedicke (1), +R.-P. Kudritzki (1), +N. Metcalfe (4), +C.~W. Stubbs (5) +((1) UH Institute for Astronomy, +(2) LSST Project Management Office, +(3) Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton University, +(4) Department of Physics Durham University, +(5) Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.datasystem/datasystem.tex =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.datasystem/datasystem.tex (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.datasystem/datasystem.tex (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,1090 @@ +\documentclass[iop,floatfix]{emulateapj} +% \documentclass[iop,floatfix,onecolumn]{emulateapj} +% \documentclass[12pt,preprint]{aastex} +% \pdfoutput=1 + +\RequirePackage{color} +\RequirePackage{code} +\input{astro.sty} + +% online version may use color, but print version needs b/w +\def\plotmode{col} +%\def\plotmode{bw} + +%\def\plotext{pdf} +\def\plotext{ps} + +%\def\picdir{/home/eugene/chipresid.20140404} +\def\picdir{/data/pikake.2/eugene/chipresid.20140404} + +% Pick a terse version of the title here; +\shorttitle{PS1 Data Processing System} +\shortauthors{E.A. Magnier et al} +\begin{document} +\title{The Pan-STARRS Data Processing System} + +% this is a crude trick to get the order of affiliations right. These +% names are used in the affiliations below. The user needs to (1) set +% the order and numbers to have the correct sequence in the author +% list and (2) re-order the list at the bottom (and comment-out as needed) +\def\IfA{1} +\def\LSST{2} +\def\Princeton{3} +\def\DUR{4} +\def\CfA{5} + +% This example has a first author from UH: +\author{ +Eugene A. Magnier,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +K.~C. Chambers,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +H.~A. Flewelling,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +J.~C. Hoblitt,\altaffilmark{\LSST} +M. E. Huber,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +% R. H. Lupton,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} +P.~A. Price,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} +W.~E. Sweeney,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +C. Z. Waters,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +%PS Builder List +L. Denneau,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +P. Draper,\altaffilmark{\DUR} +K. W. Hodapp,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +R. Jedicke,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +N. Kaiser,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +R.-P. Kudritzki,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +N. Metcalfe,\altaffilmark{\DUR} +C.~W. Stubbs,\altaffilmark{\CfA} +% W.~S. Burgett,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +% T. Grav,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +% J. N. Heasley,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +% G. A. Luppino,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +% D. G. Monet,\altaffilmark{\USNO} +% J.~S. Morgan,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +% P. M. Onaka,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +% J.~L. Tonry, \altaffilmark{\IfA} +R. J. Wainscoat\altaffilmark{\IfA} +} % this bracket terminates author list + +% The ordering here should be sequential, matching the sequence in the list of authors: +\altaffiltext{\IfA}{Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu HI 96822} +\altaffiltext{\LSST}{LSST Project Management Office, Tucson, AZ, U.S.A} +\altaffiltext{\Princeton}{Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA} +\altaffiltext{\DUR}{Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK} +\altaffiltext{\CfA}{Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138} +% \altaffiltext{\Princeton}{Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA} +% \altaffiltext{\USNO}{US Naval Observatory, Flagstaff Station, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA} +% \altaffiltext{\JHU}{Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA} +% \altaffiltext{\MPIA}{Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K\"onigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany} +\begin{abstract} + +The Pan-STARRS Image Processing Pipeline performs the processing +needed to downloaded, archive, and process all images obtained by the +Pan-STARRS telescopes. This article describes the overall data +analysis system. + +\end{abstract} + +% insert additional keywords as appropriate: +\keywords{Surveys:\PSONE } + +\section{INTRODUCTION}\label{sec:intro} + +This is the second in a series of seven papers describing the +Pan-STARRS1 Surveys, the data reduction techiques and the resulting +data products. This paper (Paper II) describes how the various data +processing stages are organised and implemented in the Imaging +Processing Pipeline (IPP), including details of the the processing +database which is a critical element in the IPP infrastructure . + +%Chambers et al. 2017 (Paper I) +%The Pan-STARRS\,1 Surveys +\citet[][Paper I]{chambers2017} +provides an overview of the Pan-STARRS System, the design and +execution of the Surveys, the resulting image and catalog data +products, a discussion of the overall data quality and basic +characteristics, and a brief summary of important results. + +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper II) +%Pan-STARRS Data Processing Stages +%\citet[][Paper II]{magnier2017c} +%describes how the various data processing stages are organised and implemented +%in the Imaging Processing Pipeline (IPP), including details of the +%the processing database which is a critical element in the IPP infrastructure . + +%Waters et al. 2017 (Paper III) +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Processing : Detrending, Warping, Stacking +\citet[][Paper III]{waters2017} +describes the details of the pixel processing algorithms, including detrending, warping, and adding (to create stacked images) and subtracting (to create difference images) and resulting image products and their properties. + + +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper IV) +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection +\citet[][Paper IV]{magnier2017a} +describes the details of the source detection and photometry, including point-spread-function and extended source fitting models, and the techniques for ``forced" photometry measurements. + +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper V) +%Pan-STARRS Photometric and Astrometric Calibration +\citet[][Paper V]{magnier2017b} +describes the final calibration process, and the resulting photometric and astrometric quality. + + +%Flewelling et al. 2017 (Paper VI) +%Pan-STARRS 1 Database and Data Products +\citet[][Paper VI]{flewelling2017} +describes the details of the resulting catalog data and its organization in the Pan-STARRS database. +% +% +\citet[][Paper VII]{huber2017} +%Huber et al. 2017 (Paper VII) +describes the Medium Deep Survey in detail, including the unique issues and data products specific to that survey. The Medium Deep Survey is not part of Data Release 1. (DR1) + +% +The Pan-STARRS1 filters and photometric system have already been +described in detail in \cite{2012ApJ...750...99T}. + +{\color{red} {\em Note: These papers are being placed on arXiv.org to + provide crucial support information at the time of the public + release of Data Release 1 (DR1). We expect the arXiv versions to + be updated prior to submission to the Astrophysical Journal in + January 2017. Feedback and suggestions for additional information + from early users of the data products are welcome during the + submission and refereeing process.}} + +\section{IPP Software Subsystems} + +\subsection{Processing Database} + +A critical element in the Pan-STARRS IPP infrastructure is the +processing database. This database, using the mysql database engine, +tracks information about each of the processing stages. It is used as +the point of mediation of all IPP operations. Processing stages +within the IPP perform queries of the database to identify the data to +be processed at a given stage. As the processing for a particular +stage is completed, summary information about the stage is written +back to the database. In this way, the database records this history +of the processing, and also provides the information needed to +successive processing stages to begin their own tasks. + +The processing database is colloquially referred to as the `gpc1' +database, since a single instance of the database is used to track the +processing of images and data products related to the PS1 GPC1 camera. +This same database engine also has instances for other cameras +processed by the IPP, e.g., GPC2, the test cameras TC1, TC3, the +Imaging Sky Probe (ISP), etc. + +Within the processing database, the various processing stages are +represented as a set of tables. In general, there is a top level +table which defines the conceptual list of processing items either to +be done, in progress, or completed. An associated table lists the +details of elements which have been processed. For example, one +critical stage is the Chip processing stage, discussed below, in which +the individual chips from an exposure are detrended and sources are +detected. Within the gpc1 database, there is a top-level table called +`chipRun' in which each exposure has a single entry. Associated with +this table is the `chipProcessedImfile' table, which contains one row +for each of the (up to 60) chips associated with the exposure. The +top-level tables, such as chipRun, are populated once the system has +decided that a specific item (e.g., an exposure) should be processed +at that stage. Initially, the entry is given a state of `run', +denoting that the exposure is ready to be processed. The low-level +table entries, such as the chipProcessedImfile entries, are only +populated once the element (e.g., the chip) has been processed by the +analysis system. Once all elements for a given stage, e.g., chips in +this case, are completed, then the status of the top-level table entry +(chipRun) are switched from `run' to `done'. + +If the analysis of an element (e.g., chip) completed successfully, +then the corresponding table row (e.g., chipProcessedImfile) is listed +with a fault of 0. If the analysis failed, then a non-zero fault is +recorded. An analysis which results in a fault is one in which the +failure is thought to be temporary. For example, if a computer had a +network glitch and was unable to write out some of the output files, +this would be an ephemeral failure which was not a failing of the +data, but merely the processing system. On the other hand, if the +analysis failed because of a problem with the input data, this is +noted by setting a non-zero value in a different table field, +`quality'. For example, if the chip analysis failed to discover any +stars because the image was completely saturated, the analysis can +complete successfully (fault = 0), but the `quality' field will be set +to a non-zero value. The various processing stages are able to select +only the good (quality = 0) elements of a prior stage when choosing +items for processing. For example, the Camera calibration stage will +only use data from chips with good quality data, dropping the failed +chips from the rest of the analysis. On the other hand, a fault in +one of the elements for a given stage will block any dependent stages +from processing that item. In this way, if a glitch occurs and a chip +from an exposure failed to be written to disk in the Chip stage, the +system will not partially process the exposure with the rest of the +chips. Since many of the faults which occur are ephemeral, the +processing stages are set up to occasional clear and re-try the +faulted entries. Thus, automatic processing is able to keep the data +flowing even in the face of occasional network glitches or hardware +crashes. + +\subsection{Nebulous} + +Storing the large volume of data that is generated by the GPC1 camera +was recognized early in the Pan-STARRS project as a major concern. +The \ippprog{Nebulous} system was designed to organize this data. The +main components of this system is a database storing the locations of +the files, with a Simple Object Access Protocol interface between the +database and the other IPP programs. The actual files are stored on +NFS mounted partitions on a series of storage nodes in the IPP +cluster. + +The original design of \ippprog{Nebulous} intended to aid in the +targetted processing of data, by having specific image data (such as +all the images from one OTA device) located on a single storage node. +This would allow any jobs involving that data to be assigned to the +storage node, eliminating network IO. Important data could be +duplicated to a further data nodes, with the alternate locations +stored in the database. In practice, however, hardware failures and +increases in hard drive storage volumes and network bandwidth have +reduced the amount that the IPP processing is targeted. + +When a program creates a new file in \ippprog{Nebulous}, it supplies +an URI of the form \texttt{neb://HOST.VOLUME/PATH/FILENAME}. The host +and volume specifiers are optional, and allow a file to be created on +a specific node. The path and filename appear as a standard full file +location, and are used internally as the ``external id''. A +storage\_object is then created in the database for this id, and an +instance of the file created on the specified node (or at random from +available nodes if left empty). + + +\subsection{Pantasks \& Parallel Processing} + +\subsection{DVO} + +The Pan-STARRS IPP uses an internal database system, distinct from the +publically visible database system, to determine the association +between multiple detections of the same astronomical object and as +part of the astrometric and photometric calibration process. This +database system, called the ``Desktop Virtual Observatory'' (DVO) was +developed originally for the LONEOS project, and used as part of the +CFHT Elixir system (Magnier \& Cuillandre REF). The capabilities of +this databasing system have been somewhat expanded for the Pan-STARRS +context. + +One of the main purposes of the DVO system is to define the +relationship between individual detections of an astronomical object +and the definition of that object. Before describing the database +schema, we will discuss the process by which detections are associated +with objects. New detections are generally added to the database in a +group associated with, for example, an image from the GPC1 camera. As +new detections are loaded, they are compared to the objects already +stored in the database. If an object is already found in the database +within the match radius, the new detection is associated to that +object. If more than one object exists within the database, the +detection is associated with the closest object. + +Detections in DVO have a special piece of metadata called the +\code{photcode} which identifies the source of the measurement. A +\code{photcode} has a name which in general consists of the name of +the camera or telescope (e.g., GPC1 or 2MASS), the name (or short-hand +name) of the filter used for the measurement (e.g., $g$), and an +identifier for the detector, if not unique (e.g., XY01 for GPC1). +Along with each name, there is a numerical value for the photcode. A +table within the DVO system, \code{Photcode}, lists the photcoes and +defines a number of additional pieces of information for each +photcode. These include the nominal zero point and airmass slope, as +well as color trends to transform a measurement in the specific +photcode to a common system. There are 3 classes of photcodes defined +within the DVO system. Those photcodes associated with detections +from an image loaded into the database system are called \code{DEP} +photcodes. There are also photcodes associated with the average +photometry values, called SEC photcodes. There are also those +measurements which come from external data sources for which DVO does +not have any information to determine a calibration (e.g., +instrumental magnitudes and detector coordinates). These are +measurements are reference values and are assigned REF photcodes. + +In the implementation of DVO used for the PV3 calibration analysis, +the database tables are stored on disk using binary FITS tables. Each +type of database table is stored as a separate file, or a collection +of files for table which are spatially partitioned. The binary FITS +tables may be optionally compressed using the (to date) experimental +FITS binary table compression strategy outlined by REF. In this +compression scheme, using a strategy similar to that used for FITS +image compression (REF), the data stored in the binary table is +compressed and stored in the 'HEAP' section of the FITS table. In +brief, each column in the FITS table is compressed as one (or more) +blocks. The standard fields which describe the data column format +(e.g., TFORM1) are replaced with columns which describe the location +and size of the compressed data in the HEAP section; the information +about the uncompressed data is moved to a field with 'Z' prepended +(e.g., ZFORM1) and an additional field is added to define the +compression algorithm (e.g., ZCTYP1). The column names (e.g., TTYPE1) +and units (e.g., TUNIT1) are retained in their original form. The +compression algorithm can treat the entire column as a single block of +data, or it may be broken into a number of chunks, each compressed in +turn (this must be the same for all columns). Additional header +information is added to describe the block sizes and infomation needed +to describe the HEAP data section. The compression algorithms +currently defined consist of the GZIP, RICE, PLIO, and HCOMPRESS +(REFS). For GZIP, the compression algorithm may transpose the byte +order before compression: for floating point data of a similiar +dynamic range, this choice may allow for better compression as each +byte in the 4 or 8 byte floating point value is more likely to be +similar to the same byte in other rows than to the other bytes of the +same row value. This option is called \code{GZIP_2} in the FITS +standard, as opposed to the standard order, \code{GZIP_1}. The DVO +system can be set to specify the compression options for each column +in the tables. In practice, we have chosen a default in which +floating point numbers used \code{GZIP_2}, character strings use +\code{GZIP_1}, integers use \code{RICE}. + +\subsubsection{Sky Partition} + +DVO includes two major classes of database tables: those containing +information directly about astronomical objects in the sky and those +containing other supporting information. The object-related tables +are partitioned on the basis of position in the sky: objects within a +region bounded by lines of constant RA,DEC are contained in a specific +file. The boundaries and the associated partition names are stored in +one of the supporting tables, \code{SkyTable}. This table contains +the definitions of the boundaries for each sky region (\code{R_MIN}, +\code{R_MAX}, \code{D_MIN}, \code{D_MAX}), the name of the sky region, +an ID (\code{INDEX}, equal to the sequence number of the region in the +table), and index entries to enable navigation within the table. The +regions are defined in a hierarchical sense, with a series of levels +each containing a finer mesh of regions covering the sky. + +In the default used by the PV3 DVO, the partitioning scheme is based +on the one used by the Hubble Space Telescope Guide Star Catalog +files. Level 0 is a single region covering the full sky. Level 1 +divides the sky in Declination into bands 7.5\degree\ high. Level 2 +subdivides these Declination bands in the RA direction, with spacing +related to the stellar density. Level 3 divides these RA chunks into +4 - 8 smaller partitions. This level exactly matches the HST GSC +layout, and uses the same naming convention to identify the +partitions: n0000/0000, etc. \note{more on the names?}. Level 4 +further divides these regions by a factor of 16. In the +\code{SkyTable}, a region at one level has a pointer to its parent +region (the one which contains it) and a sequence pointing to its +children (regions it contains). The \code{SkyTable} enables fast +lookups of the on-disk partitions which map to a specific coordinate +on the sky. In general, a single DVO will have the full sky +represented with tables at a single level, though it is possible for +mixed levels to be used, this mode is not well tested. For the PV3 +master database, the partitioning at the 5th level results in \approx +150,000 regions to cover the full sky, of which \approx 110,000 are +used for the PV3 $3\pi$ data. The densest portions of the bulge +contain at most \approx 300k astronomical objects in the database +files, with an associated maximum of 30M measurements in these files. +With the compression scheme described above, this makes the largest +database files \approx 3GB, which can be loaded into memory in 30 +seconds on our partition machines. + +The DVO software system allows the tables which are partitioned across +the sky to also be distributed across multiple computers, which we +call partition hosts. A single file defines the names of these +partition hosts and the location of the database partition on the +disks of that machine. The \code{SkyTable} contains elements to +define by ID the parition host to which a partitioned set of tables +has been assigned. Operations which query the database, or perform +other operations on the database, are aware of the partitioning scheme +and will launch their operations as remote processes on the machines +which contain the data they need. For example, a query for data from +a small region will launch sub-query operations on the machines which +contain the data overlapping the region of interest. These remote +query operations will select the database information which matches +the query request (i.e., applying restrictions as defined) and return +to the master process the results. The results from the various +partition hosts are then merged into a single result by the master +process. This parallelization is critical to querying and +manipulating the enormous database on a reasonable timescale. + +\subsection{Tables which describe objects} + +Two tables carry the most important information about the astronomical +objects in the database: Average and SecFilt. These two tables +specify the main average properties of the astronomical object. The +Average table includes the astrometric information ($\alpha, \delta, +\mu \alpha, \mu \delta, \pi$) and associated errors, data quality +flags for each object, links to the other tables, and a number of IDs, +with one row for each astronomical object. \note{go into complete + detail here on the IDs?}. The SecFilt table\footnote{The name + SecFilt is a bit of a historical misnomer: originally, DVO was + designed for a monochromatic survey and data for a single + photometric band was maintained in the Average table. Later, DVO + was adapted to a multifilter system and additional filters were + added to the SecFilt (Secondary Filter) table. Eventually, the + schema was normalized and all photometric data placed in SecFilt, + with the Primary filter concept being dropped, but the name has + since stuck.} contains average photometric information for a +collection of filters. A given DVO instance has a specified set of +filters for which average photometry is stored in the SecFilt table. +The number and choice of filters for the SecFilt may be modified by +the database administrator fairly easily, but the process of updating +the database is somewhat expensive (\approx 24 hours for the current +PV3 instance). Thus the choice is semi-static for a given DVO +instance. In the case of the PV3 DVO instance, 9 average bandpasses +are defined: {\it g, r, i, z, y, J, H, K, w}. The SecFilt table +contains one row for each filter for each object, thus the PV3 DVO +contains 9 times as many rows as the Average table. The order of the +table is fixed in relation to the Average table: row $i$ of Average +defines the object with photometry contained in rows $9i \rightarrow 9i + +8$ ($i$ is zero counting). + +The individual measurements of the astronomical objects are carried in +the table \code{Measure}. This table lists the values measured by +\code{psphot} for each chip, warp, or stack image. This includes the +instrumental magnitudes for the PSF, aperture, and Kron photometry; +raw position (Xccd, Yccd) and second moments (Mxx, Myy, Mxy), along +with shape parameters of the PSF model at the position of the object +(FWx, FWy, theta). This table also includes metadata such as the +exposure time, the date \& time of the observation, airmass, azimuth, +and information specifying the filter \note{describe the photcodes}. +The \code{Measure} table also carried the calibration magnitude offsts +($M_{\rm cal}$ and $M_{\rm flat}$ discussed below) and the +astrometrically calibrated position. Astrometric offsets for several +systematic corrections discussed below are also defined for each +measurement. Since stacks and forced warp photometry may have +non-significant values, the table is somewhat de-normalized in that it +also carried instrumental flux values for the PSF, aperture, and Kron +photometry. + +In the \code{Measure} table, there are three fields which provide two +independent links from the specific measurement to the associated +object: \code{Measure.catID} specifies the spatial partition to which +the measurement belongs; \code{Measure.objID} specifies to which entry +in the \code{Average} table the measurement belongs. These two 32 bit +fields can thus be combined into a single 64 bit unique ID for all +objects in the database. In addition, the field \code{Measure.averef} +specifies the row number in the \code{Average} table of the associated +object. The \code{Measure} table may be unsorted, in which case it is +slow to find the measurements associated with a specific object (a +full table scan is required). After the table is sorted, the +\code{Measure} rows for a given object are grouped together. In the +case, the fields \code{Average.measureOffset} and +\code{Average.Nmeasure} define an index for the code to jump to the +list of measurements for a single object. The field +\code{Measure.imageID} defines the link from the measurement to the +image which supplied the measurement. + +\note{some discussion of the db construction, addstar, dvomerge, etc?} + +For the warp images, we also measure the weak lensing KSB parameters +related to the shear and smear tensors. These measurements are stored +in the \code{Lensing} table, along with the radial aperture fluxes for +radii numbers 5, 6, \& 7 (XX, XX, XX arcsec). This table contains one +row for every warp row. Similarly to the \code{Measure} table, the fields +\code{objID}, \code{catID}, and \code{averef} define links from the +\code{Lensing} table to the \code{Average} table. In a similar +fashion, the fields \code{Average.lensingOffset} and +\code{Average.Nlensing} are the index into the sorted \code{Lensing} +table entries. \note{discuss failure of the Lensing to Measure + indexing} + +The values stored in the \code{Lensing} table are used to calculate +average values for each of these types of measurements in each +filter. The \code{Lensobj} table stores the averaged KSB and radial +aperture photometry for each of the 5 filters \grizy. This table +contains one entry per object per filter. The table is not generally +stored unsorted as it is calculated after the full database is +populated. The link from \code{Average} to \code{Lensobj} is defined +by the fields \code{Average.offsetLensobj} and +\code{Average.Nlensobj}. Each \code{Lensobj} row also includes the +photcode (filter) for which the average lensing (and radial aperture) +properties have been calculated. + +The \code{Galphot} table stores the results of the forced galaxy +fitting analysis for each object that has been measured. This table +contains one row per filter and model type (Sersic, Exponential, +DeVaucouleur) if forced galaxy models have been calculate for the +object. \note{need to expand on this somewhat} + +The \code{Starpar} table carries measurements provide by Greg Green \& +Eddie Schlafly from their analysis of the SED of objects in the PS1 +$3\pi$ data, using the \note{PV1?} version of the analysis (Green et +al REF). In this work, the goal was a 3D model of the dust in the +Galaxy based on Pan-STARRS (\note{and WISE \& 2MASS?}) photometry. As +part of this analysis, the authors fit the SEDs of all \note{stellar?} +sources with stellar models including free parameters of extinction, +distance modulus, metallicity, and absolute r-band magnitude. While +these photometric distance modulus measurements are not extremely +precise (see below), they provide a constraint on the distance is used +in our analysis of the astrometry (see Section~\ref{sec:astrometry}). + +\subsection{Other Tables} + +Data from GPC1 (and other cameras processed by the IPP) are loaded +into DVO in units \code{smf} files generated by the Camera calibration +stage. As described above, these files contain all measurements from +a complete exposure, with measurements from each chip grouped into +separate FITS tables. When these measurements are loaded into the +\code{Measure} and similar tables, a subset of the information from +the chip header is used to populated a row in the DVO \code{Image} +table. This table contains one row for each chip known to DVO, with +information such as the filter (\code{photcode}), the exposure time, +the airmass, the astrometric calibration terms, the photometric +zero point, etc. For GPC1 and other mosaic cameras, an additional row +is defined to carry the projection and camera distortion elements of +the astrometry model. As chips are loaded into this table, they are +assigned an internal ID (a running sequence in the table). Images may +also be assigned an external ID: in the case of the GPC1 images, this +ID is defined by the processing mysql database and is guaranteed to be +unique within the processing system. + +Other tables are used to track information used by the calibration +system. This includes the complete set of flat-field corrections +determined by the photometry calibration analysis (see +Section~\ref{sec:relphot}) and the astrometric flat-field corrections +determined by the astrometry calibration analysis (see Section~\ref{sec:relastro}) + +\section{IPP Data Processing Stages} + +\subsection{Download from Summit} + +As exposures are taken by the PS1 telescope \& camera system, the 60 +OTA CCDs are read out by the camera software system and each chip is +written to disk on computers at the summit in the PS1 facility. The +chip images are written to a collection of machines in the PS1 +facility called the `pixel servers'. After the images are written to +disk, a summary listing of the information about the exposure and the +chip images are written to an http server system called the +`datastore'. The datastore exposes, via http, a list of the exposures +obtained since the start of the PS1 operations. Requests to this +server may restrict to the latest by time. Each row in the listing +includes basic information about the exposure: an exposure identifier +(e.g., o5432g0123o; see~\ref{GPC1.names} for details), the date and +time of the exposure, \note{etc}. The row also provides a link to a +listing of the chips associated with that exposure. This listing +includes a link to the individual chip FITS files as well as an md5 +CHECKSUM. Systems which are allowed access may download chip FITS +files via http requests to the provided links. + +During night-time operations, while the telescope is observing the sky +and the camera subsystem is saving images to the pixel servers and +adding their information to the datastore list, the IPP subsystem +called `summitcopy' monitors the datastore in order to discover new +exposures ready for download. Once a new exposure has been listed on +the datastore, summitcopy adds an entry of the exposure to a table in +the processing database (summitExp). This tells the summitcopy to +look for the list of chips, which are then added to another table +(summitImfile). The summitcopy system then attempts to download the +chips from the summit pixel servers with an http request. As the chip +files are downloaded, their md5 checksum values are calculated and +compared with the value reported by the camera subsystem / datastore. +Download failures are rare and marked as a non-zero fault, allowing for a +manual recovery, rather than automatically rejecting the failed +chips. + +\subsection{Image Registration} + +Once chips for an exposure have all been downloaded, the exposure is +ready to be registered. In this context, `registration' refers to the +process of adding them to the database listing of known, raw exposures +(not to be confused with 'registration' in the sense of pixel +re-alignment). The result of the registration analysis is an entry +for each exposure in the rawExp table, and one for each chip in the +rawImfile table. These tables are critical for downstream processing +to identify what exposures are available for processing in any other +stage. In the registration stage, a large amount of descriptive +metadata for each chip is added to the rawImfile table, some of which +is extracted from the chip FITS file headers (e.g., RA, DEC, FILTER) +and some of which is determined by a quick analysis of the pixels +(e.g., mean pixel values, standard deviation). The chip-level +information is merged into a set of exposure-level metadata and added +to the rawExp table entry. The exposure-level metadata may be the +same as any one of the chip, in a case where the values are duplicated +across the chip files (e.g., the name of the telescope or the date \& +time of the exposure), or it may be a calculation based on the values +from each chip (e.g., average of the average pixel values). + +Unlike much of the rest of the IPP stage, the raw exposures may only +have a single entry in the registration tables of the processing +database tables (rawExp and rawImfile). + +\subsection{Chip Processing} + +The science analysis of an exposure begins with the processing of the +individual chips, the Chip Processing stage. This analysis step has +two main goals: the removal of the instrumental signature from the +pixel values (detrending) and the detection of the sources in the +objects. In the Chip stage, the individual chips are processed +independently in parallel within the data processing cluster. Within +the processing computer cluster, most of the data storage resources +are in the form of computers with large raids as well as substantial +processing capability. The processing system attempts to locate one +copy of specific raw chips on pre-defined computers for each chip. +The processing system is aware of this data localization and attempts +to target the processing of a particular chip to the machine on which +the data for that chip is stored. The output products are then +primarily saved back to the same machine. This `targetted' processing +was an early design choice to minimize the system wide network load +during processing. In practice, as computer disks filled up at +different rates, the data has not been localized to a very high +degree. The targeted processing has probably reduced the network load +somewhat but it has not been as critical of a requirement as +originally expected. + +The Chip processing stage consists of: reading the raw image into +memory, appyling the detrending steps \citep[see][]{waters2017}, +stiching the individual OTA cells into a single chip image, detection +and characterization of the sources in the image +\citep[see][]{magnier2017b}, and output of the various data products. +These include the detrended chip image, variance image, and mask +image, as well as the FITS catalog of detected sources. The PSF model +and background model are also saved, along with a processing log. A +selection of summary metadata describing the processing results are +saved and written to the processing database along with the completion +status of the process. Finally, binned chip images are generated (on +two scales, binned by 16 and 256 pixels) for use in the visualization +system of the processing monitor tool. + +\subsection{Camera Calibration} + +After sources have been detected and measured for each of the chip, +the next stage is to perform a basic calibration of the full exposure. +This stage starts with the collection of FITS tables containing the +instrumental measurements of the detected sources, primarily the +positions ($x_{\rm ccd}, y_{\rm ccd}$) and the instrumental PSF +magnitudes. The data for all chips of an exposure are loaded by the +analysis program. The header information is used to determine the +coordinates of the telescope boresite (RA, DEC, Position angle). +These three coordinates are used, along with a model of the camera +layout, to generate an initial guess for the astrometry of each chip. +Reference star coordinates and magnitudes are loaded from a reference +catalog for a region corresponding to the boundaries of the exposure, +padded by a large fraction of the exposure diameter in case of a +modest pointing error. The guess astrometry is used to match the +reference catalog to the observed stellar positions in the focal plane +coordinate system. Once an acceptable match is found, the astrometric +calibration of the individual chips is performed, including a a fit to +a single model for the distortion introduced by the camera optics. +After the astrometic analysis is completed, the photometric +calibration is determined using the final match to the reference +catalog. At this stage, pre-determined color terms may be included to +convert the reference photometry to an appropriate photometric +system. For PS1, this is used to generate synthetic w-band photometry +for areas where no PS1-based calibrated w-band photometry is +available. For more details, see \cite{magnier2017c}. + +In addition to the astrometric and photometric calibrations, the +Camera stage also generates the dynamic masks for the images. The dynamic +masks include masking for optical ghosts, glints, saturated stars, +diffraction spikes, and electronic crosstalk. The mask images +generated by the Chip stage are updated with these dynamic masks and a +new set of files are saved for the downstream analysis stages. + +The Camera stage also merges the binned chip images +(see~\ref{sec:chip}) into single jpeg images of the entire focal +plane. These jpeg images can then be displayed by the process +monitoring system to visualize the data processing. + +\subsection{Warp} + +Once astrometric and photometric calibrations have been performed, +images are geometrically transformed into a set of common pixel-grid +images with simple projections from the sky. These images, called +skycells, can then be used in subsequent stacking and difference image +analysis without concern about the astrometric transformation of an +exposure. This processing is called `warping'; the warp analysis +stage is run on all exposures before they are processed further. For +details on the warping algorithm, see \cite{waters2017}. + +The output products from the Warp stage consist of the skycell images +containing the signal, the variance, and the mask information. These +images have been shipped to STScI and \note{are available / will be + available} from the image extraction tools \note{in DR2}. + +\subsection{Stack} + +The skycell images generated by the Warp process are added together to +make deeper, higher signal-to-noise images in the Stack stage. The +stacks also fill in coverage gaps between different exposures, +resulting in an image of the sky with more uniform coverage than a +single exposure. See~\cite{waters2017} for details on the stack +combination algorithm. + +In the IPP processing, stacks may be made with various options for the +input images. During nightly science processing, the 8 exposures per +filter for each Medium Deep field are combined into a set of stacks +for that field. These so-called `nightly stacks' are used by the +transient survey projects to detect the faint supernovae, among other +transient events. For the PV3 $3\pi$ analysis, all filter images from +the $3\pi$ survey observation were stacked together to generate a +single set of images with $\sim 10 - 20\times$ the exposure of the +individual survey exposures. The signal, variance, and mask images +resulting from these deep stacks are part of the DR1 release and are +available from the image extraction tools. + +For the PV3 processing of the Medium Deep fields, stacks have been +generated for the nightly groups and for the full depth using all +exposures (deep stacks). In addition, a 'best seeing' set of stack +have been produced \note{using image quality cuts to be described}. +We have also generated out-of-season stacks for the Medium Deep +fields, in which all image not from a particular observing season for +a field are combined into a stack. These later stacks are useful as +deep templates when studying long-term transient events in the Medium +Deep fields as they are not (or less) contaminated by the flux of the +transients from a given season. + +\subsection{Stack Photometry} + +The stack images are generated in the Stack stage of the IPP, but the +source detection and extraction analysis of those images is deferred +until a separate stage, the Stack Photometry stage. This separation +is maintained because the stack photometry analysis is performed on +all 5 filter stack images at the same time. By deferring the +analysis, the processing system may decouple the generation of the +pixels from the source detection. This makes the sequencing of +analysis somewhat easier and less subject to blocks due to a failure +in the stacking analysis. + +The stack photometry algorithms are described in detail in +\cite{magnier2017b}. In short, sources are detected in all 5 filter +images down to the $5\sigma$ significance. The collection of detected +sources is merged into a single master list. If a source is detected +in at least two bands, or only in $y$-band, then a PSF model is fitted +to the pixels of the other bands in which the source was not detected. +This forced photometry results in lower significance measurements of +the flux at the positions of objects which are thought to be real +sources, by virtue of triggering a detection in at least two bands. +The relaxed limit for $y$-band is included to allow for searches of +$y$-dropout objects: it is known that faint, high-redshift quasars may +be detected in $y$-band only. The casual user of the PV3 dataset +should be wary of sources detected only in $y$-band as these are +likely to have a higher false-positive rate than the other stack +sources. + +The stack photometry output files consist of a set of FITS tables in a +single file, with one file for each filter. Within one of these +files, the tables include: the measurements of sources based on the +PSF model; aperture like parameters such as the Petrosian flux and +radius; the convolved Galaxy model fits; the radial aperture +measurements. \note{is this list complete?} + +The stack photometry output catalogs are re-calibrated for both +photometry and astrometry in a process very similar to the Camera +calibration stage. In the case of the stack calibration, however, +each skycell is processed independently. The same reference catalog +is used for the Camera and Stack calibration stages. + +\subsection{Forced Warp Photometry} + +Traditionally, projects which use multiple exposures to increase the +depth and sensitivity of the observations have generated something +equivalent to the stack images produced by the IPP analysis. In +theory, the photometry of the stack images produces the `best' +photometry catalog, with best sensitivity and the best data quality at +all magnitudes (c.f, CFHT Legacy survey, COSMOS, etc). In practice, +the stack images have some significant limitations due to the +difficulty of modelling the PSF variations. This difficulty is +particularly severe for the Pan-STARRS $3\pi$ survey stacks due to the +combination of the substantial mask fraction of the individual +exposures, the large instrinsic image quality variations within a +single exposure, and the wide range of image quality conditions under +which data were obtained and used to generate the $3\pi$ PV3 stacks. + +For any specific stack, the point spread function at a particular +location is the result of the combination of the point spread +functions for those individual exposures which went into the stack at +that point. Because of the high mask fraction, the exposures which +contributed to pixels at one location may be somewhat different just a +few tens of pixels away. Because of the intrinsic variations in the +PSF across an exposure and because of the variations from exposure to +exposure, the distribution of point spread functions of the images +used at one position may be quite different from those at a nearby +location. In the end, the stack images have a effective point spread +function which is not just variable, but changing significantly on +small scales in a highly textured fashion. + +Any measurement which relies on a good knowledge of the PSF at the +location of an object either needs to determine the PSF variations +present in the stack, or the measurement will be somewhat degraded. +The highly textured PSF variations make this a very challenging +problem: not would such a PSF model require an unusually fine-grained +PSF model, there would likely not be enough PSF stars in an given +stack to determine the model at the resolution required. The IPP +photometry analysis code uses a PSF model with 2D variations using a +grid of at most $6\times 6$ samples per skycell, a number reasonably +well-matched to the density of stars at most moderate Galactic +latitudes. This scale is far too large to track the fine-grained +changes apparent in the stack images. + +Thus PSF photometry as well as convolved Galaxy models in the stack +are degraded by the PSF variations. Aperture-like measurements are in +general not as affected by the PSF variations, as long as the aperture +in question is large compared to the FWHM of the PSF. + +%% The IPP team initially explored the option of convolving each input +%% warp to a single target PSF chosen to match the worst of the input +%% images for a given stack. + +The PV3 $3\pi$ analysis solves this problem by using the sources +detected in the Stack images and performing forced photometry on the +individual warp images used to generate the stack. This analysis is +performed on all warps for a single filter as a single job, though +this is more of a bookkeepping aid as it is not necessary for the +analysis of the different warps to know about the results of the other +warps. + +In the forced warp photometry, the positions of sources are loaded +from the stack outputs. PSF stars are pre-identified and a PSF model +generated for each warp based on those stars, using the same stars for +all warps to the extent possible (PSF stars which are excessively +masked on a particular image are not used to model the PSF). The PSF +model is fitted to all of the known source positions in the warp +images. Aperture magnitudes, Kron magnitudes, and moments are also +measured at this stage for each warp. Note that the flux measurement +for a faint, but significant, source from the stack image may be at a +low significance ($< 5\sigma$) in any individual warp image; the flux +may even be negative for specific warps. When combined together, +these low-significance measurements will result in a signficant +measurement as the signal-to-noise increases by $\sqrt{N}$. + +\subsection{Forced Galaxy Models} + +The convolved galaxy models are also re-measured on the warp images by +the forced photometry analysis stage. In this analysis, the galaxy +models determined by the stack photometry analysis are used to seed +the analysis in the individual warps. The purpose of this analysis is +the same as the forced PSF photometry: the PSF of the stack is poorly +determined due to the masking and PSF variations in the inputs. +Without a good PSF model, the PSF-convolved galaxy models are of +limited accuracy. + +In the forced galaxy model analysis, we assume that the galaxy +position and position angle, along with the Sersic index if +appropriate, have been sufficiently well determined in the stack +analysis. In this case, the goal is to determine the best values for +the major and minor axis of the elliptical contour and at the same +time the best normalization corresponding to the best elliptical shape +(and thus the best galaxy magnitude value). + +For each warp image, the Stack value for the major and minor axis are +used as the center of a $7\times 7$ grid search of the major and minor +axis parameter values. The grid spacing is defined as a function of +the signal-to-noise of the galaxy in the stack image so that bright +galaxies are measured with a much finer grid spacing that faint +galaxies \note{need to quantify this}. For each grid point, the major +and minor axis values at that point are determined for the model. The +model is then generated and convolved with the PSF model for the warp +image at that point. The resulting model is then compared to the warp +pixel data values and the best fit normalization value is defined. +The normalization and the $\chi^2$ value for each grid point is +recorded. + +For a given galaxy, the result is a collection of $\chi^2$ values for +each of the grid points spanning all warp images. A single $\chi^2$ +grid can then be made from all warps by combining each grid point +across the warps. The combined $\chi^2$ for a single grid point is +simply the sum of all $\chi^2$ values at that point. If, for a single +warp image, the galaxy model is excessively masked, then that image +will be dropped for all grid points for that galaxy. The reduced +$\chi^2$ values can be determined by tracking the total number of warp +pixels used across all warps to generate the combined $\chi^2$ values. +From the combined grid of $\chi^2$ values, the point in the grid with +the minimum $\chi^2$ is found. Quadratic interpolation is used to +determine the major, minor axis values for the interpolated minimum +$\chi^2$ value. The errors on these two parameters is then found by +determining the contour at which the \note{reduced?} $\chi^2$ +increases by 1. + +Thus the Forced Galaxy Model analysis uses the PSF information from +each warp to determine a best set of convovled galaxy models for each +object in the stack images. \note{discuss the subset of galaxy models + and objects}. + +\subsection{Difference Images} + +Two of the primary science drivers for the Pan-STARRS system are the +search hazardous asteroids and the search for Type Ia supernovae to +measure the history of the expansion of the universe. Both of these +projects require the discovery of faint, transient source in the +images. For the hazardous asteroids, and solar system studies in +general, the sources are transient because they are moving between +observations; supernovae are stationary but transient in brightness. +In both cases, the discovery of these sources can be enhanced by +subtracting a static reference image from the image taken at a certain +epoch. The quality of such a difference image can be enhanced by +convolving one or both of the images so that the PSFs in the two +images are matched. \note{discuss Alard-Lupton}. + +In the Difference Image stage, the IPP generates diffferece images for +specified pairs of images. It is possible for the difference image to +be generated from a pair of warp images, from a warp and a stack of +some variety, or from a pair of stacks. During the PS1 survey, pairs +of exposures, call TTI pairs (see~\note{Survey Strategy}), were +obtained for each pointing within a $\approx$ 1 hour period in the +same filter, and to the extent possible with the same orientation and +boresite position. The standard PS1 nightly processing generated +difference images from the resulting warp pairs (`warp-warp diffs'). + +The nightly stacks generated for the Medium Deep fields were combined +with a template reference stack image to generate `stack-stack diffs' +for these fields each night. + +For the PV3 processing, the entire collection of warps for the $3\pi$ +survey were combined with the $3\pi$ stacks to generate `warp-stack +diffs'. + +\subsection{Addstar : DVO Ingest} + +\subsection{Calibration Operations} + +\subsection{IPP to PSPS} + +\subsection{PSPS Load \& Merge} + +\section{IPP Hardware Systems} + +\subsection{Kihei Processing Cluster} + +\subsection{Los Alamos National Labs} + +In order to increase the processing rate for the $3\Pi$ PV3 data, we +partnered with Los Alamos National Lab to gain access to the Mustang +supercomputer. The supercomputer is comprised of 3088 processing +nodes, each with 12 cores and 64GB of RAM. The processing nodes do +not have significant local disks, but are connected to multiple +petabyte scale scratch disks. Job management is controlled by the +Moab HPC system\footnote{\url{http://www.adaptivecomputing.com/}}, +which schedules resource requests among users, allocating processing +nodes to satisfy jobs, and terminating those jobs if they exceed their +scheduled time limit. + +This system is part of the lab's ``Turquoise'' network, allowing it to +be used for research projects that do not handle sensitive data. It +is, however, subject to stricter access controls than are in place at +the main IPP processing cluster. Login sessions are terminated after +12 hours, requiring new sessions to be initiated regularly. Network +access is also filtered, with only SSH connections allowed between the +IPP cluster and Los Alamos. This restriction removes the ability for +the processing to contact the IPP processing database directly. + +To work around this, additional steps were needed to ensure efficient +use of the computing resources. A periodic poll of outstanding tasks +was done on the IPP cluster, using the information stored in the +database, and those tasks assigned to a processing bundle. Each +component task in the bundle was then checked to identify the set of +input files needed to complete the task, the commands necessary to +complete the task, and the set of output files that should be +generated if the task completed successfully. Once this information +had been generated for all tasks, the component lists were merged, and +the Moab job control file was constructed. + +The control file contains the resource requests for the job, as well +as the commands to be executed to complete it. The resource request +was calculated based on the number of tasks included in the job bundle +$N_\mathrm{tasks}$, and scaled by the expected execution time +($t_\mathrm{task}$) and computational intensity of the component tasks +($S_\mathrm{task}$). For a given job bundle, an initial estimate of +the number of compute nodes needed is simply $\mathrm{nodes} = +S_\mathrm{task} * N_\mathrm{tasks} / 12$. To ensure that jobs were +not prematurely terminated, we attempted to design the requested job +processing time to be 25\% longer than the expected time to complete +the component tasks. Based on the initial node count, we calculated +the request time as $t_\mathrm{request} = \lfloor 1.25 +\frac{\mathrm{nodes} * t_\mathrm{task}}{\mathrm{nodes}_\mathrm{max}} +\rfloor + 1$, where $\mathrm{nodes}_\mathrm{max}$ is the maximum +number of nodes that can be requested in a single job (1000 for +Mustang). Table \ref{tab:SC processing parameters} contains the cost +values used for the various IPP processing stages. + +\begin{deluxetable}{lcc} + \tablecolumns{3} + \tablewidth{0pc} + \tablecaption{Cost values for remote processing} + \tablehead{\colhead{IPP Stage}&\colhead{$t_\mathrm{task}$ (s)}&\colhead{$S_\mathrm{task}$}} + \startdata + \ippstage{chip} & 150 & 2 \\ + \ippstage{camera} & 1700 & 2 \\ + \ippstage{warp} & 110 & 2 \\ + \ippstage{stack} & 1500 & 6 \\ + \ippstage{staticsky} & 7200 & 6 \\ +% \ippstage{diff} & 300 & 2 \\ + \ippstage{fullforce} & 300 & 2 + \enddata + \label{tab:SC processing parameters} +\end{deluxetable} + +Once the preparation for the job is complete, the input and output +file lists, the task list, and the job control file are transferred +via SCP to the Mustang cluster. Local tasks are then initiated on the +user interface nodes to SCP the input files onto the scratch storage +disks if they do not already exist. Once all the input files have +been copied, the job is submitted to Moab for scheduling. The Moab +interface is periodically polled to determine the job status, and +after it has completed, the results are retrieved in a similar way. +Local tasks again SCP the output products, but to copy the results +back to the IPP cluster. + +In addition to the standard output products, ``dbinfo'' files are +constructed as part of the job execution. These files contain +database update commands to ensure that the IPP processing database +has the correct entries for the tasks that were remotely executed. +These commands are executed after confirming that all retrieved output +products are present. + +Approximately half of the chip through warp processing for the PV3 +reduction was performed on Mustang, with 201,040 / 375,573 of the +\ippstage{camera} stage products reduced there. Only processing +through the \ippstage{stack} stage was attempted, although with a +smaller fraction of the total compared to the \ippstage{camera} stage, +with 290,257 / 998,886 being produced at Los Alamos. One reason for +this decrease is that due to the memory constraints on the Mustang +processing nodes, we were unable to run stacks with more than 25 +inputs there. Stacks with this larger number of inputs overflow the +memory of the processing node, and as they do not have disk space +available for use as virtual memory, cause the machine to hang until +the job time limit is reached. These stacks were instead processed on +the regular IPP cluster, where hosts with sufficent memory were +available. + +\subsection{UH Cray Cluster} + +In December 2014, the University of Hawaii installed a 178-compute +node Cray supercomputer on the main Manoa campus. As part of the +initial commissioning of this computer, Pan-STARRS was invited to use +this resource in February 2015, roughly corresponding with the +completion of the initial processing of the \ippstage{chip} through +\ippstage{stack} processing. Although the number of nodes was much +smaller than that available on Mustang, the nodes were more robust, +with 20 cores and 128 GB of memory. The scratch data storage was +somewhat smaller than at Los Alamos, with only a single 600 TB volume. +We had the unique ability to rapidly deploy to the UH Cray, using +almost all nodes for IPP processing as other users at the university +were designing code. This rapid deployment was made possible by the +similarity of the Slurm\footnote{\url{https://slurm.schedmd.com/}} +scheduler and tools to those used by Moab (although the UH Cray has a +smaller $\mathrm{nodes}_\mathrm{max}$ of 10). + +The UH Cray was used to do processing for the \ippstage{staticsky} +stage, running approximately half of that photometry (101,528 / +200,720). We were also able to run part of the \ippstage{fullforce} +photometry there as well, although more had to be run on the IPP +cluster as other users started to utilize the system, with 168,685 / +994,890 runs processed there. + + +\acknowledgments + +The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) have been made possible through +contributions of the Institute for Astronomy, the University of +Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its +participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, +Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, +Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the +University of Edinburgh, Queen's University Belfast, the +Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres +Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National +Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, +the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant +No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the +NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation +under Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, and Eotvos +Lorand University (ELTE) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. + +\bibliographystyle{apj} +%\bibliography{lib}{} +\input{datasystem.bbl} + + +\end{document} + +Figures needed for this document: + +* Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/Makefile =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/Makefile (revision 39919) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/Makefile (revision 39920) @@ -1,4 +1,6 @@ # $Id: Makefile,v 1.16 2006-01-16 01:11:40 eugene Exp $ PDFLATEX = env TEXINPUTS=.:..:inputs:./inputs:LaTeX:$(TEXINPUTS): pdflatex +BIBTEX = env BIBINPUTS=.:..:inputs:../inputs BSTINPUTS=.:..:inputs:../inputs bibtex + help: @echo "USAGE: make (target)" @@ -13,6 +15,52 @@ detrend.pdf: $(DETREND) + rm -f detrend.aux detrend.bbl detrend.blg $(PDFLATEX) $< + $(BIBTEX) detrend + $(PDFLATEX) $< + $(PDFLATEX) $< + $(PDFLATEX) $< + #detrend.ps: $(DETREND) include ../Makefile.Common + +FILES = \ +../inputs/astro.sty \ +../inputs/apj.bst \ +../inputs/lib.bib \ +detrend.tex \ +detrend.bbl \ +images/o5677g0123o_XY11_bt_trail.png \ +images/o5677g0124o_XY11_bt_trail.png \ +images/o5677g0123o_XY11_nobt.png \ +images/o5677g0124o_XY11_nobt.png \ +images/o5677g0123o_XY11_bt.png \ +images/o5677g0124o_XY11_bt.png \ +images/linearity_XY27_xy16.png \ +images/o5677g0123o_M_OS_NL_XY23_b1.jpg \ +images/o5677g0123o_to_DARK_XY23_b1.jpg \ +images/B_profile_ex.png \ +images/o5677g0123o_VIDEODARK_VDim_Rdark_XY22_b1.jpg \ +images/o5677g0123o_VIDEODARK_VDim_VDdark_XY22_b1.jpg \ +images/pattern_row_edit.png \ +images/o5379g0103o_XY57_nopat.png \ +images/o5379g0103o_XY57_pat.png \ +images/o5220g0025o_XY53_nofringe.png \ +images/o5220g0025o_XY53_fringe.png \ +images/gpc1_mask_indexed.png \ +images/full_fpa_ghosts.jpg \ +images/glint_example_o5379g0103o.jpg \ +images/o6802g0338o_XY51_b1.jpg \ +images/warp_1046511_sci.jpg \ +images/warp_1046511_mask.jpg \ +images/warp_1046511_wt.jpg \ +images/stack_3775944_sci.jpg \ +images/stack_3775944_mask.jpg \ +images/stack_3775944_wt.jpg \ +images/stack_3775944_num.jpg \ +images/stack_3775944_exp.jpg \ +images/stack_3775944_expwt.jpg + +submission : + tar --transform 's%inputs/%%' -zcf waters2017.tgz $(FILES) Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/arxiv.metadata =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/arxiv.metadata (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/arxiv.metadata (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Pan-STARRS Pixel Processing: Detrending, Warping, Stacking + +C. Z. Waters, E. A. Magnier, P. A. Price, K. C. Chambers, P. Draper, H. A. Flewelling, K. W. Hodapp, M. E. Huber, R. Jedicke, N. Kaiser, R.-P. Kudritzki, R. H. Lupton, N. Metcalfe, A. Rest, W. E. Sweeney, J. L. Tonry, R. J. Wainscoat, W. M. Wood-Vasey, PS1 Builders + +The Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium have carried out a set of imaging surveys using the 1.4 giga-pixel GPC1 camera on the PS1 telescope. As this camera is composed of many individual electronic readouts, and covers a very large field of view, great care was taken to ensure that the many instrumental effects were corrected to produce the most uniform detector response possible. We present the image detrending steps used as part of the processing of the data contained within the public release of the Pan-STARRS1 Data Release 1 (DR1). In addition to the single image processing, the methods used to transform the 375,573 individual exposures into a common sky-oriented grid are discussed, as well as those used to produce both the image stack and difference combination products. + +58 pages, 22 figures, Paper III of Pan-STARRS DR1 public data release documentation. + +Astrophysics/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics + + + Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/detrend.bbl =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/detrend.bbl (revision 39920) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/detrend.bbl (revision 39920) @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +\begin{thebibliography}{13} +\expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi + +\bibitem[{{Alard} \& {Lupton}(1998)}]{1998ApJ...503..325A} +{Alard}, C. \& {Lupton}, R.~H. 1998, \apj, 503, 325 + +\bibitem[{{Chambers} 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{Hennessy}, G.~S., {Hindsley}, R.~B., {Holm}, S., + {Holmgren}, D.~J., {Huang}, C.-h., {Hull}, C., {Husby}, D., {Ichikawa}, + S.-I., {Ichikawa}, T., {Ivezi{\'c}}, {\v Z}., {Kent}, S., {Kim}, R.~S.~J., + {Kinney}, E., {Klaene}, M., {Kleinman}, A.~N., {Kleinman}, S., {Knapp}, + G.~R., {Korienek}, J., {Kron}, R.~G., {Kunszt}, P.~Z., {Lamb}, D.~Q., {Lee}, + B., {Leger}, R.~F., {Limmongkol}, S., {Lindenmeyer}, C., {Long}, D.~C., + {Loomis}, C., {Loveday}, J., {Lucinio}, R., {Lupton}, R.~H., {MacKinnon}, B., + {Mannery}, E.~J., {Mantsch}, P.~M., {Margon}, B., {McGehee}, P., {McKay}, + T.~A., {Meiksin}, A., {Merelli}, A., {Monet}, D.~G., {Munn}, J.~A., + {Narayanan}, V.~K., {Nash}, T., {Neilsen}, E., {Neswold}, R., {Newberg}, + H.~J., {Nichol}, R.~C., {Nicinski}, T., {Nonino}, M., {Okada}, N., {Okamura}, + S., {Ostriker}, J.~P., {Owen}, R., {Pauls}, A.~G., {Peoples}, J., {Peterson}, + R.~L., {Petravick}, D., {Pier}, J.~R., {Pope}, A., {Pordes}, R., {Prosapio}, + A., {Rechenmacher}, R., {Quinn}, T.~R., {Richards}, G.~T., {Richmond}, M.~W., + {Rivetta}, C.~H., {Rockosi}, C.~M., {Ruthmansdorfer}, K., {Sandford}, D., + {Schlegel}, D.~J., {Schneider}, D.~P., {Sekiguchi}, M., {Sergey}, G., + {Shimasaku}, K., {Siegmund}, W.~A., {Smee}, S., {Smith}, J.~A., {Snedden}, + S., {Stone}, R., {Stoughton}, C., {Strauss}, M.~A., {Stubbs}, C., {SubbaRao}, + M., {Szalay}, A.~S., {Szapudi}, I., {Szokoly}, G.~P., {Thakar}, A.~R., + {Tremonti}, C., {Tucker}, D.~L., {Uomoto}, A., {Vanden Berk}, D., {Vogeley}, + M.~S., {Waddell}, P., {Wang}, S.-i., {Watanabe}, M., {Weinberg}, D.~H., + {Yanny}, B., {Yasuda}, N., \& {SDSS Collaboration}. 2000, \aj, 120, 1579 + +\end{thebibliography} Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/detrend.tex =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/detrend.tex (revision 39919) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/ps1.detrend/detrend.tex (revision 39920) @@ -1,15 +1,17 @@ - +\documentclass[12pt,preprint]{aastex} %\documentclass[iop,floatfix]{emulateapj} -% \pdfoutput=1 +\pdfoutput=1 % see latex.readme.txt for notes on using the PS1 template -\documentclass[12pt,preprint]{aastex} + %\documentclass[manuscript]{aastex} %\documentclass[preprint2]{aastex} %\documentclass[preprint2,longabstract]{aastex} + \RequirePackage{color} \input{astro.sty} %\usepackage{subcaption} +%\usepackage{natbib} % online version may use color, but print version needs b/w @@ -33,8 +35,8 @@ } \newcommand{\erfcinv}{\mathop{\rm erfcinv}\nolimits} -\newcommand{\ippprog}[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} -\newcommand{\ippstage}[1]{\textsc{#1}} +% CZW Moved to global input file. +%\newcommand{\ippprog}[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +%\newcommand{\ippstage}[1]{\textsc{#1}} \newcommand{\asinh}{\mathop{\rm asinh}\nolimits} - % Pick a terse version of the title here; @@ -49,46 +51,55 @@ % list and (2) re-order the list at the bottom (and comment-out as needed) \def\IfA{1} -\def\CfA{2} -\def\MPIA{3} -\def\Princeton{3} -\def\USNO{4} -\def\JHU{1} +\def\Princeton{2} +\def\DUR{3} +\def\STSCI{4} +\def\Pitt{5} +%\def\CfA{2} +%\def\MPIA{3} +%\def\USNO{4} +%\def\JHU{1} % This example has a first author from UH: \author{ -C. Z. Waters,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -IPP Team, +C.~Z. Waters,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +E.~A. Magnier,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +P.~A. Price,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} +K.~C. Chambers,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +W.~S. Burgett,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +P. Draper,\altaffilmark{\DUR} +H.~A. Flewelling,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +K. W. Hodapp,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +M.~E. Huber,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +R. Jedicke,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +N. Kaiser,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +R.-P. Kudritzki,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +R.~H. Lupton,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} + N. Metcalfe,\altaffilmark{\DUR} +A. Rest,\altaffilmark{\STSCI} +W.~E. Sweeney,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +J.~L. Tonry, \altaffilmark{\IfA} +R.~J. Wainscoat,\altaffilmark{\IfA} +W.~M. Wood-Vasey\altaffilmark{\Pitt} +} +%PS1 Builders %PS Builder List -% W.~S. Burgett,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% K.~C. Chambers,\altaffilmark{\IfA} + % L. Denneau,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% P. Draper,\altaffilmark{\DUR} -% H.~A. Flewelling,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % T. Grav,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % J. N. Heasley,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% K. W. Hodapp,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% M. E. Huber,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R. Jedicke,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% N. Kaiser,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R.-P. Kudritzki,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % G. A. Luppino,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R. H. Lupton,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} -% E. A. Magnier,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% N. Metcalfe,\altaffilmark{\DUH} % D. G. Monet,\altaffilmark{\USNO} % J.~S. Morgan,\altaffilmark{\IfA} % P. M. Onaka,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% P.~A. Price,\altaffilmark{\Princeton} % C.~W. Stubbs,\altaffilmark{\CfA} -% W.~E. Sweeney,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -% J.~L. Tonry, \altaffilmark{\IfA} -% R. J. Wainscoat,\altaffilmark{\IfA} and -% C. Z. Waters,\altaffilmark{\IfA} -} % this bracket terminates author list + % this bracket terminates author list % The ordering here should be sequential, matching the sequence in the list of authors: \altaffiltext{\IfA}{Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu HI 96822} % \altaffiltext{\CfA}{Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138} -% \altaffiltext{\Princeton}{Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA} +\altaffiltext{\Princeton}{Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA} +\altaffiltext{\STSCI}{Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA} +\altaffiltext{\DUR}{Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK} +\altaffiltext{\Pitt}{Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA} % \altaffiltext{\USNO}{US Naval Observatory, Flagstaff Station, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA} % \altaffiltext{\JHU}{Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA} @@ -96,13 +107,16 @@ \begin{abstract} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum -bibendum nisi id tristique posuere. Duis eu mollis nulla. Maecenas est -turpis, mattis tempor urna vitae, placerat rhoncus sem. Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed quis velit -nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Cras lacinia, nisl tristique auctor -molestie, dolor nulla rhoncus purus, ac accumsan nunc nunc ac -nibh. Maecenas vitae mollis mauris. Ut sollicitudin pulvinar purus, -eget luctus lorem tincidunt vitae. Vestibulum eu mattis neque. Nulla -in tortor id urna dapibus gravida a vel leo. +The Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium have carried out a set of imaging +surveys using the 1.4 giga-pixel GPC1 camera on the PS1 telescope. As +this camera is composed of many individual electronic readouts, and +covers a very large field of view, great care was taken to ensure that +the many instrumental effects were corrected to produce the most +uniform detector response possible. We present the image detrending +steps used as part of the processing of the data contained within the +public release of the Pan-STARRS1 Data Release 1 (DR1). In addition +to the single image processing, the methods used to transform the +375,573 individual exposures into a common sky-oriented grid are +discussed, as well as those used to produce both the image stack and +difference combination products. \end{abstract} @@ -111,6 +125,53 @@ \keywords{Surveys:\PSONE } -%% http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?2007ASPC..364..153M&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf \section{Introduction and Survey Description} + +This is the third in a series of seven papers describing the Pan-STARRS1 +Surveys, +the data reduction techniques and the resulting data products. This paper (Paper III) +describes the details of the pixel processing algorithms, including +detrending, warping, and adding (to create stacked images) and subtracting +(to create difference images) and resulting image products and their +properties. +\citet[][Paper I]{chambers2017} provides an overview of the Pan-STARRS System, the +design and execution of the Surveys, the resulting image and catalog data +products, a discussion of the overall data quality and basic +characteristics, and a brief summary of important results. +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper II) +%Pan-STARRS Data Processing Stages +\citet[][Paper II]{magnier2017a} +describes how the various data processing stages are organized and +implemented +in the Imaging Processing Pipeline (IPP), including details of the +the processing database which is a critical element in the IPP +infrastructure. +%Waters et al. 2017 (Paper III) +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Processing : Detrending, Warping, Stacking +%\citet[][Paper III]{waters2017} +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper IV) +%Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection +\citet[][Paper IV]{magnier2017b} +describes the details of the source detection and photometry, including +point-spread-function and extended source fitting models, and the +techniques for ``forced'' photometry measurements. +%Magnier et al. 2017 (Paper V) +%Pan-STARRS Photometric and Astrometric Calibration +\citet[][Paper V]{magnier2017c} +describes the final calibration process, and the resulting photometric and +astrometric quality. +%Flewelling et al. 2017 (Paper VI) +%Pan-STARRS 1 Database and Data Products +\citet[][Paper VI]{flewelling2017} +describes the details of the resulting catalog data and its organization +in the Pan-STARRS database. +% +% +\citet[][Paper VII]{huber2017} +%Huber et al. 2017 (Paper VII) +describes the Medium Deep Survey in detail, including the unique issues and +data products specific to that survey. The Medium Deep Survey is not part +of Data Release 1. (DR1) +The Pan-STARRS1 filters and photometric system has already been described +in detail in \cite{2012ApJ...750...99T}. @@ -118,21 +179,20 @@ with the PS1 telescope on Haleakala Maui to image the sky north of $-30^\circ$ declination. The GPC1 camera is composed of 60 orthogonal -transfer array (OTA) devices, each of with is an $8\times{}8$ grid of +transfer array (OTA) devices, each of which is an $8\times{}8$ grid of readout cells. This parallelizes the readout process, reducing the overhead in each exposure. However, as a consequence of this large -number of individual detector readouts, there are a number of -calibrations that need to be included to ensure the response is -consistent across the entire field of view. - -The PV3 reduction represents the third full processing version of the -Pan-STARRS archival data. The first two reductions were used -internally for pipeline optimization and the development of the -initial photometric and astrometric reference catalog. The products -from these reductions were not publicly released, but have been used -to produce a wide range of scientific papers from the Pan-STARRS 1 -Science Consortium members. +number of individual detector readouts, many calibrations are needed +to ensure the response is consistent across the entire field of view. + +The Processing Version 3 (PV3) reduction represents the third full +reduction of the Pan-STARRS archival data. The first two reductions +were used internally for pipeline optimization and the development of +the initial photometric and astrometric reference catalog \citep{magnier2017c}. The +products from these reductions were not publicly released, but have +been used to produce a wide range of scientific papers from the +Pan-STARRS 1 Science Consortium members. The Pan-STARRS image processing pipeline (IPP) is described elsewhere -\citep{MagnierKaiserChambers2006}, but a short summary follows. The +\citep{magnier2017a}, but a short summary follows. The archive of raw exposures is stored on disk, with a database storing the metadata of exposure parameters. For the PV3 processing, large @@ -141,31 +201,31 @@ This stage performs the image detrending (described below in section \ref{sec:detrending}), as well as the single epoch photometry -\citep{MagnierXXY}, in parallel on the individual OTA device data. +\citep{magnier2017b}, in parallel on the individual OTA device data. Following the \ippstage{chip} stage is the \ippstage{camera} stage, in which the astrometry and photometry for the entire exposure is -calibrated against the reference catalog. This stage also performs -masking updates based on the now-known positions and brightnesses of -stars that create dynamic features (see Section -\ref{sec:dynamic_masks} below). The \ippstage{warp} stage is the next -to operate on the data, transforming the detector oriented -\ippstage{chip} stage images into sky oriented images that have common -tessellations and sky projections (Section \ref{sec:warping}). When -all \ippstage{warp} stage processing is done for the region of the -sky, \ippstage{stack} processing is performed (Section -\ref{sec:stacking}) to construct deeper, fully populated images from -the set of \ippstage{warp} images that cover that region of the sky. -Beyond the \ippstage{stack} stage, a series of additional stages are -done that are more fully described in other papers. Transient -features are identified in the \ippstage{diff} stage, which takes -input \ippstage{warp} and/or \ippstage{stack} data and performs image -differencing \citep{HuberXXX}. Further photometry is performed in the -\ippstage{staticsky} and \ippstage{skycal} stages, which add extended -source fitting to the point source photometry of objects detected in -the \ippstage{stack} images, and calibrate the results against the -reference catalog. The \ippstage{fullforce} stage takes the catalog -output of the \ippstage{skycal} stage, and uses the objects detected -in that to perform forced photometry on the individual \ippstage{warp} -stage images. The details of these stages are provided in -\citet{MagnierXXY}. +calibrated by matching the detections against the reference catalog. +This stage also performs masking updates based on the now-known +positions and brightnesses of stars that create dynamic features (see +Section \ref{sec:dynamic_masks} below). The \ippstage{warp} stage is +the next to operate on the data, transforming the detector oriented +\ippstage{chip} stage images onto common sky oriented images that have +fixed sky projections (Section \ref{sec:warping}). When all +\ippstage{warp} stage processing is done for the region of the sky, +\ippstage{stack} processing is performed (Section \ref{sec:stacking}) +to construct deeper, fully populated images from the set of +\ippstage{warp} images that cover that region of the sky. Beyond the +\ippstage{stack} stage, a series of additional stages are done that +are more fully described in other papers. Transient features are +identified in the \ippstage{diff} stage, which takes input +\ippstage{warp} and/or \ippstage{stack} data and performs image +differencing (Section \ref{sec:diffs}). Further photometry is +performed in the \ippstage{staticsky} and \ippstage{skycal} stages, +which add extended source fitting to the point source photometry of +objects detected in the \ippstage{stack} images, and calibrate the +results against the reference catalog. The \ippstage{fullforce} stage +takes the catalog output of the \ippstage{skycal} stage, and uses the +objects detected in that to perform forced photometry on the +individual \ippstage{warp} stage images. The details of these stages +are provided in \citet{magnier2017b}. The same reduction procedure described above is also performed in real @@ -178,57 +238,1196 @@ \ippstage{diff} stage. This allows the ongoing solar system moving object search to identify candidates for follow up observations within -24 hours of the initial set of observations \citep{WainscoatXXX}. - -\czwdraft{Should there be a discussion of any header keywords/OTA file formats?} - -Section \ref{sec:detrend construction} provides an overview of the -detrend creation process for GPC1, with details of the application of -those detrends to correct particular issues in Section -\ref{sec:detrending}. An analysis of the algorithms used to complete -the \ippstage{warp} (section \ref{sec:warping}) and \ippstage{stack} -(section \ref{sec:stacking}) stage transformations of the image data -to from the detector frame to a common sky frame, and the co-adding of +24 hours of the initial set of observations \citep{2015IAUGA..2251124W}. + +Section \ref{sec:detrending} provides an overview of the detrending +process that corrects the instrumental signatures of GPC1, with +details of the construction of those detrends in Section +\ref{sec:detrend construction}. An analysis of the algorithms used to +complete the \ippstage{warp} (section \ref{sec:warping}), +\ippstage{stack} (section \ref{sec:stacking}), and \ippstage{diff} +(section \ref{sec:diffs}) stage transformations of the image data to +from the detector frame to a common sky frame, and the co-adding of those common sky frame images continues after the list of detrend steps. Finally, a discussion of the remaining issues and possible future improvements is presented in section \ref{sec:discussion}. - -\czwdraft{Is this a sufficient explanation? Also, is this the right - place for it?} Image products presented in figures have been -mosaicked to arrange pixels in the following way. Single cell images -are arranged such that pixel $(1,1)$ is at the lower left corner. -Images mosaicked to the OTA level have cell xy00 in the lower left -corner, with cells xy10, xy20, etc. sequentially to the right, and -cells xy01, xy02, etc. sequentially to the top of this cell. Again, -pixel $(1,1)$ of cell xy00 is located in the lower left corner of the -image. For mosaics of the full field of view, the OTAs are arranged -as they see the sky. The lower left corner is the empty location -where OTA70 would exist. Toward the right, the OTA labels decrease in -$X$ label, with the empty OTA00 located in the lower right. The OTA -$Y$ labels increase upward in the mosaic. The OTAs to the left of the -midplane (OTA4Y-OTA7Y) are oriented with cell xy00 and pixel $(1,1)$ -to the lower left of their position. Due to the electronic -connections of the OTAs in the focal plane, the OTAs to the right of -the midplane (OTA0Y-OTA3Y) oriented with cell xy00 and pixel $(1,1)$ -to the top right of their position, and have a negative parity to the -mosaic in both x and y. - -% Discuss 2-phase/3-phase device differnces - -%\section{General Detrend Discussion} -%\label{sec:detrending} +Image products presented in figures have been +mosaicked to arrange pixels as follows. Single cell images are +arranged such that pixel $(1,1)$ is at the lower left corner. Images +mosaicked to the OTA level have cell xy00 in the lower left corner, +with cells xy10, xy20, etc. sequentially to the right, and cells xy01, +xy02, etc. sequentially to the top of this cell. Again, pixel $(1,1)$ +of cell xy00 is located in the lower left corner of the image. For +mosaicks of the full field of view, the OTAs are arranged as they see +the sky. The lower left corner is the empty location where OTA70 +would exist. Toward the right, the OTA labels decrease in $X$ label, +with the empty OTA00 located in the lower right. The OTA $Y$ labels +increase upward in the mosaic. The OTAs to the left of the midplane +(OTA4Y-OTA7Y) are oriented with cell xy00 and pixel $(1,1)$ to the +lower left of their position. Due to the electronic connections of +the OTAs in the focal plane, the OTAs to the right of the midplane +(OTA0Y-OTA3Y) are rotated 180 degrees, and are oriented with cell xy00 +and pixel $(1,1)$ to the top right of their position. + +\textit{Note: These papers are being placed on the arXiv.org to + provide crucial support information at the time of the public + release of Data Release 1 (DR1). We expect the arXiv versions to be + updated prior to submission to the Astrophysical Journal in January + 2017. Feedback and suggestions for additional information from early + users of the data products are welcome during the submission and + refereeing process.} + + +\section{GPC1 Detrend Details} +\label{sec:detrending} + +Ensuring a consistent and uniform detector response across the +three-degree diameter field of view of the GPC1 camera is essential to +a well calibrated survey. Many standard image detrending steps are +done for GPC1, with overscan subtraction removing the detector bias +level, dark frame subtraction to remove temperature and exposure time +dependent detector glows, and flat field correction to remove pixel to +pixel response functions. We also construct fringe correction for the +reddest data in the \yps{} filter, to remove the interference patterns that +arise in that filter due to the variations in the thickness of the +detector surface. + +These corrections, however, assume that the detector response is +linear across the full range of values. This is not universally the +case with GPC1, and this requires an additional set of detrending +steps to remove these non-linear responses. The first of these is the +\ippprog{burntool} correction, which removes the persistence trails +caused by the incomplete transfer of charge along the readout columns. +This bright-end nonlinearity is generally only evident for the +brightest stars, as only pixels that are at or beyond the saturation +point of the detector have this issue. More widespread is the +non-linearity at the faint end of the pixel range. Some readout cells +and some readout cell edge pixels experience a sag relative to linear +at low illumination, such that faint pixels appear fainter than +expected. The correction to this requires amplifying the pixel values +in these regions to match the expected model. + +The final non-linear response issue has no good option for correction. +Large regions of some OTA cells experience significant charge transfer +issues, making them unusable for science observations. These regions +are therefore masked in processing, with these CTE regions making up +the largest fraction of masked pixels on the detector. Other regions +are masked for other regions, such as static bad pixel features or +temporary readout masking caused by issues in the camera electronics +that make these regions unreliable. These all contribute to the +detector mask, which is augmented in each exposure for dynamic +features that are masked based on the astronomical features within the +field of view. + +For the PV3 processing, all detrending is done by the +\ippprog{ppImage} program. This program applies the detrends to the +individual cells, and then an OTA level mosaic is constructed for the +science image, the mask image, and the variance map image. The single +epoch photometry is done at this stage as well. The following +subsections (\ref{sec:burntool} - \ref{sec:background}) detail these +detrending steps, presented in the order in which they are applied to +the individual OTA image data. + +\subsection{Burntool / Persistence effect} +\label{sec:burntool} + +Pixels that approach the saturation point on GPC1, which varies by +readout with common values around 60000 DN, cause persistence problems +on that and subsequent images. During the read out process of an +image with such a bright pixel, some of the charge associated with it +is not fully shifted down the detector column toward the amplifier. +As a result, this charge remains in the starting cell, and is +partially collected in subsequent shifts, resulting in a ``burn +trail'' that extends from the center of the bright source away from +the amplifier (vertically along the pixel columns toward the top of +the cell). + +This incomplete charge shifting in nearly full wells continues as each +row is read out. This results in a remnant charge being deposited in +the pixels that the full well was shifted through. In following +exposures, this remnant charge leaks out, resulting in a trail that +extends from the initial location of the bright source on the previous +image towards the amplifier (vertically down along the pixel column). +This remnant charge can remain on the detector for up to thirty +minutes, requiring the locations of these ``burns'' be retained +between exposures. + +Both of these types of persistence trails are measured and optionally +repaired via the \ippprog{burntool} program. This program does an +initial scan of the images, and identifies objects with pixel values +brighter than a conservative threshold of 30000 DN. The trail from +the peak of that object is fit with a one-dimensional power law in +each pixel column above the threshold, based on empirical evidence +that this is the functional form of this persistence effect. This +also matches the expectation that a constant fraction of charge is +incompletely transferred at each shift beyond the persistence +threshold. Once this fit is done, the model can be subtracted from +the image, and the location of the star is stored in a table along +with the exposure PONTIME, which denotes the number of seconds since +the detector was last powered on, and provides an internally consistent +time scale. + +For subsequent exposures, the table associated with the previous image +is read in, and after correcting trails from the stars on the new +image, the positions of the bright stars from the table are used to +check for remnant trails on the image. These are fit and subtracted +using a one-dimensional exponential model, again based on empirical +studies. If a significant model is found, then this location is +retained in the image output table. If not, the old burn is allowed +to expire. + +The main concern with this method of correcting the persistence trails +is that it is based on fits to the raw image data, which may have +other signal sources not determined by the persistence effect. The +presence of other stars or artifacts along the path of the burn can +result in a poor model to be fit, resulting in either an over- or +under-subtraction of the persistence burn. For this reason, the image +mask is marked with a value indicating that this correction has been +applied. These pixels are not fully excluded, but they are marked as +suspect, which allows them to be excluded from consideration in +subsequent stages, such as image stacking. + +Another concern is that the cores of very bright stars are deformed by +this process, as the burntool fitting subtracts flux +from only one side of the star. As most stars that result in burns already +have saturated cores, they are already ignored for the purpose of +PSF determination and are flagged as saturated by the photometry +reduction. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_XY11_bt_trail.png} +% \caption{(a)} +% \end{subfigure}% +% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} + \end{minipage}% + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0124o_XY11_bt_trail.png} +% \caption{(b)} +% \end{subfigure} + \end{minipage} + + \caption{Example of a profile cut along the y-axis through a bright star on exposure o5677g0123o OTA11 in cell xy60 (left panel) and on the subsequent exposure o5677g0124o (right panel). In both figures, the green points show the image corrected with all appropriate detrending steps, but without burntool applied, illustrating the amplitude of the persistence trails. The red points show the same data after the burntool correction, which reduces the impact of these features. Both exposures are in the \gps{} filter with exposure times of 43s} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_XY11_nobt.png} +% \caption{(a)} +% \end{subfigure}% +% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} + \end{minipage}% + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0124o_XY11_nobt.png} +% \caption{(b)} +% \end{subfigure} + \end{minipage} + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_XY11_bt.png} +% \caption{(a)} +% \end{subfigure}% +% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} + \end{minipage}% + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0124o_XY11_bt.png} +% \caption{(b)} +% \end{subfigure} + \end{minipage} + \caption{Example of OTA11 cell xy60 on exposures o5677g0123o (left) and o5677g0124o (right). The top panels show the image with all appropriate detrending steps, but without burntool, and the bottom show the same with burntool applied. There is some slight over subtraction in fitting the initial trail, but the impact of the trail is greatly reduced in both exposures.} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Overscan} +\label{sec:overscan} + +Each cell on GPC1 has an overscan region that covers the first 34 +columns of each row, and the last 10 rows of each column. No light +lands on these pixels, so the image region is trimmed to exclude them. +Each row has an overscan value subtracted, calculated by finding the +median value of that row's overscan pixels and then smoothing between +rows with a three-row boxcar median. + +\subsection{Non-linearity Correction} +\label{sec:nonlinearity} + +The pixels of GPC1 are not uniformly linear at all flux levels. In +particular, at low flux levels, some pixels have a tendency to sag +relative to the expected linear value. This effect is most pronounced +along the edges of the detector cells, although some entire cells show +evidence of this effect. + +To correct this sag, we studied the flux behavior of a series of flat +frames for a ramp of exposure times with approximate logarithmically +equal spacing between 0.01s and 57.04s. As the exposure time +increases, the flux on each pixel also increases in what is expected +to be a linear manner. Each of these flat exposures in this ramp is +overscan corrected, and then the median is calculated for each cell, +as well as for the rows and columns within ten pixels of the edge of +the science region. From these median values at each exposure time +value, we can construct the expected trend by fitting a linear model, +$f_{region} = G * t_{exp} + B$, to determine the gain, $G$, and the +bias, $B$, for the region considered. This fitting was limited to only +the range of fluxes between 12000 and 38000 counts, as these ranges +were found to match the linear model well. This range avoids the +non-linearity at low fluxes, as well as the possibility of high-flux +non-linearity effects. + +We store the average flux measurement and deviation from the linear +fit for each exposure time for all regions on all detector cells in +the linearity detrend look up tables. When this is applied to science +data, these lookup tables are loaded, and a linear interpolation is +performed to determine the correction needed for the flux in that +pixel. This look up is performed for both the row and column of each +pixel, to allow the edge correction to be applied where applicable, +and the full cell correction elsewhere. The average of these two +values is then applied to the pixel value, reducing the effects of +pixel nonlinearity. + +This non-linearity effect appears to be stable in time for the +majority of the detector pixels, with little evident change over the +survey duration. However, as the non-linearity is most pronounced at +the edges of the detector cells, those are the regions where the +correction is most likely to be incomplete. Because of this fact, +most pixels in the static mask with either the DARKMASK or FLATMASK +bit set are found along these edges. As the non-linearity correction +is unable to reliably restore these pixels, they produce inconsistent +values after the dark and flat have been applied, and are therefore +rejected. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/linearity_XY27_xy16.png} + \caption{Example plot of the linearity correction as a fraction of observed flux for OTA27, cell xy16.} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Dark/Bias Subtraction} +\label{sec:dark} + +The dark model we make for GPC1 considers each pixel individually, +independent of any neighbors. To construct this model, we fit a +multi-dimensional model to the array of input pixels from a randomly +selected set of 100-150 overscan and non-linearity corrected dark +frames chosen from a given date range. The model fits each pixel as a +function of the exposure time $t_{exp}$ and the detector temperature +$T_{chip}$ of the input images such that $\mathrm{dark} = a_0 + a_1 +t_{exp} + a_2 T_{chip} t_{exp} + a_3 T_{chip}^2 t_{exp}$. This +fitting uses two iterations to produce a clipped fit, rejecting at the +$3\sigma$ level. The final coefficients $a_i$ for the dark model are +stored in the detrend image. The constant $a_0$ term includes the +residual bias signal after overscan subtraction, and as such, a +separate bias subtraction is not necessary. + +Applying the dark model is simply a matter of calculating the response +to the exposure time and detector temperature for the image to be +corrected, and subtracting the resulting dark signal from the image. + +\subsubsection{Time evolution} + +The dark model is not consistently stable over the full survey, with +significant drift over the course of multiple months. Some of the +changes in the dark can be attributed to changes in the voltage +settings of the GPC1 controller electronics, but the majority seem to +be the result of some unknown parameter. We can separate the dark +model history of GPC1 into three epochs. The first epoch covers all +data taken prior to 2010-01-23. This epoch used a different header +keyword for the detector temperature, making data from this epoch +incompatible with later dark models. + +The second epoch covers data between 2010-01-23 and 2011-05-01, and is +characterized by a largely stable but oscillatory dark solution. +There are two modes that the dark model switches between apparently at +random. No clear cause has been established for the switching, but +there are clear differences between the two modes that require the +observation dates to be split to use the model that is most +appropriate. + +The initial evidence of these two modes comes from the discovery of a +slight gradient along the rows of certain cells. This is a result of +a drift in the bias level of the detector as it is read out. An +appropriate dark model should remove this gradient entirely. For +these two modes, the direction of this bias drift is different, so a +single dark model generated from all dark images in the time range +over corrects the positive-gradient mode, and under corrects the +negative-gradient mode. Upon identifying this two-mode behavior, and +determining the dates each mode was dominant, two separate dark +models were constructed from appropriate ``A'' and ``B'' mode dark +frames. Using the appropriate dark minimizes the effect of this bias +gradient in the dark corrected data. + +The bias drift gradients of the mode switching can be visualized in +Figure \ref{fig:dark switching}. This figure shows the image profile +along the x-pixel axis binned along the full y-axis of the first row +of cells. The raw data is shown, illustrating the positional +dependence the dark signal has on the image values. In addition, +both the correct B-mode dark and incorrect A-mode dark have been +applied to this image, showing that although both correct the bulk of +the dark signal, using the incorrect mode creates larger intensity +gradients. + +After 2011-05-01, the two-mode behavior of the dark disappears, and is +replaced with a slow observation date dependent drift in the magnitude +of the gradient. This drift is sufficiently slow that we have modeled +it using three observation date independent dark model for different +date ranges. These darks cover the range from 2011-05-01 to +2011-08-01, 2011-08-01 to 2011-11-01, and 2011-11-01 and on. The +reason for this time evolution is unknown, but as it is correctable +with a small number of dark models, this does not significantly impact +detrending. + +\begin{figure} + \centering +% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_M_OS_NL_XY23_b1.jpg} +% \caption{(a)} +% \end{subfigure}% +% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} + \end{minipage}% + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_to_DARK_XY23_b1.jpg} +% \caption{(b)} +% \end{subfigure} + \end{minipage} + \caption{An example of the dark model application to exposure o5677g0123o, OTA23 (2011-04-26, 43s \gps{} filter). The left panel shows the image data mosaicked to the OTA level, and has had the static mask applied, the overscan subtracted, and the detector non-linearity corrected. The right panel, shows the same exposure with the dark applied in addition to the processing shown on the left.} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/B_profile_ex.png} + \caption{Example showing a profile cut across exposure o5676g0195, OTA67 (2011-04-25, 43s \gps{} filter). The entire first row of cells (xy00-xy07) have had a median calculated along each pixel column on the OTA mosaicked image. Arbitrary offsets have been applied to shift the curves to not overlap. The top curve (in purple) shows the initial raw profile, with no dark model applied. The next curve (in green) shows the smoother profile after applying the correct B-mode dark model. Applying the incorrect A-mode dark results in the blue curve, which shows a significant increase in gradients across the cells. The orange curve shows the result of the PATTERN.CONTINUITY correction. Although this creates a larger gradient across the mosaicked images, it decreases the cell-to-cell level changes. The final yellow curve shows the final image profile after all detrending and background subtraction, and has not had an offset applied. The bright source at the cell xy00 to xy01 transition is a result of a large optical ghost, which due to the area covered, increases the median level more than the field stars.} + \label{fig:dark switching} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Video Dark} +\label{sec:video_darks} + +The dark signal is stronger in cell corners due to glow from the +read-out amplifiers. The standard dark model corrects this for most +observations. However, as mentioned above, when a cell is repeatedly +read in video mode, the dark model for the OTA containing it changes. +Surprisingly, added reads for the video cell do not amplify the +amplifier glow, but rather decrease the dark signal in these regions. +As a result, using the standard dark model on the data for these OTAs +results in oversubtraction of the corner glow. + +Video darks have been constructed to eliminate the effect this +observational change has on the final image quality. This was done by +running the standard dark construction process on a series of dark +frames that have had the video signal enabled for some cells. GPC1 +can only run video signals on a subset of the OTAs at a given time. +This requires two passes to enable the video signal across the full +set of OTAs that support video cells. This is convenient for the +process of creating darks, as those OTAs that do not have video +signals enabled create standard dark models, while the video dark is +created for those that do. + +This simultaneous construction of video and standard dark models is +useful, as it provides the ability to isolate the response on the +standard dark from the video signals. Isolating this response is +essential for attempting to create archival video darks. We only have +raw video dark frame data after 2012-05-16, when this problem was +initially identified, so any data prior to that can not be directly +corrected for the video dark signal. Isolating the video signal +response allows linear corrections to the pre-existing standard dark +models for archival data. Testing this shows that constructing a +video dark for older data simply as $VD_{2009} = D_{2009} - D_{Modern} ++ VD_{Modern}$ produces a satisfactory result that does not +over subtract the amplifier glow. This is shown in figure +\ref{fig:video_darks}, which shows video cells from before 2012-05-16, +corrected with both the standard and video darks, with the early video +dark constructed in such a manner. + +\begin{figure} + \centering +% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_VIDEODARK_VDim_Rdark_XY22_b1.jpg} +% \caption{(a)} +% \end{subfigure}% +% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} + \end{minipage}% + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_VIDEODARK_VDim_VDdark_XY22_b1.jpg} +% \caption{(b)} +% \end{subfigure} + \end{minipage} + \caption{An example of the video dark model application to exposure o5677g0123o, OTA22 (2011-04-26, 43s \gps{} filter), which has a video cell located in cell xy16. The left panel shows the image data mosaicked to the OTA level, and has had the static mask applied, the overscan subtracted, the detector non-linearity corrected, and a regular dark applied. The right panel, shows the same exposure with a video dark applied instead of the standard dark. The main impact of this change is the improved correction of the corner glows, which are over subtracted with the standard dark.} + \label{fig:video_darks} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Noisemap} +\label{sec:noisemap} + +Based on a study of the positional dependence of all detected sources, +we have discovered that the cells in GPC1 do not have uniform noise +characteristics. Instead, there is a gradient along the pixel rows, +with the noise generally higher away from the read out amplifier +(higher cell x pixel positions). This is likely an effect of the +row-by-row bias issue discussed below. This gradient causes the read +noise to increase as the row is read out. As a result of this +increased noise, more sources are detected in the higher noise regions +when the read noise is assumed constant across the readout. Read noise is the + +To +mitigate this noise gradient, we constructed an initial set of +noisemap images by measuring the median variance on bias frames. The +variance is calculated in boxes of 20x20 pixels, and then linearly +interpolated to cover the full image. + +Unfortunately, due to correlations within this noise, the variance +measured from the bias images does not fully remove the positional +dependence of objects that are detected. This simple noisemap +underestimates the noise observed when the image is filtered during +the object detection process. This filtering convolves the background +noise with a PSF, which has the effect of amplifying the correlated +peaks in the noise. This amplification can therefore boost background +fluctuations above the threshold used to select real objects, +contaminating the final object catalogs. + +In the detection process, we expect false positives at a rate equal to +the one-tailed probability beyond the detection threshold. For these +tests, only detections measured at the $\sigma_{thresh} = 5\sigma$ +level are used, to match that used in the photometry on science data. +This probability can be converted into a number of false number by +considering a given area. As the detections must be isolated to not +be detected as an extended object, this area must be reduced by the +area a given PSF occupies. Combining this, we find that we expect a +probability $P = 1 - \Phi_{normal}(5) = \frac{1}{2} +\erfcinv\left(\frac{5}{\sqrt{2}}\right)$, and an area given $N$ +exposures of area $X\times Y$, $A = \frac{X \times Y \times + N}{A_{PSF}}$. For a typical $1"$ seeing, $A_{PSF}$ is approximately +16 pixels. Using this model for the false positives, we found that +the added read noise was insufficient to account for the observed +false positive rate. Inverting this relation, we can measure +$\sigma_{obs}$, the true threshold level based on the number of false +positives observed. This $\sigma_{obs}$ is the combined to form a +boost factor $B = \sigma_{thresh} / \sigma_{obs}$ that amplifies the + noisemap to match the observed false detection rate. + +The row-to-row variations that contribute to the extra noise are +related to the dark model, and because of this, as the dark model +changes, the effective noise also changes. To ensure that the +noisemap accurately matches the true noise level, we have created +different noisemap models for the three major time ranges of the dark +model. We do not see any strong evidence that the noisemaps have the +A/B modes visible in the dark, and so we do not generate different +models for each individual dark model. The additional pixel-to-pixel +variance from this noisemap is added to the Poissonian variance to +form the science variance image generated by the \ippstage{chip} +processing. + +\subsection{Flat} + +Determining a flat field correction for GPC1 is a challenging +endeavor, as the wide field of view makes it difficult to construct a +uniformly illuminated image. Using a dome screen is not possible, as +the variations in illumination and screen rigidity create large +scatter between different images that are not caused by the detector +response function. Because of this, we use sky flat images taken at +twilight, which are more consistently illuminated than screen flats. +We calculate the mean of these images to determine the initial flat +model. + +From this starting skyflat model, we construct a photometric +correction to remove the effect of the illumination differences over +the detector surface. This is done by dithering a series of science +exposures with a given pointing. By fully calibrating these exposures +with the initial flat model, and then comparing the measured fluxes +for the same star as a function of position on the detector, we can +determine position dependent scaling factors. From the set of scaling +factors for the full catalog of stars observed in the dithered +sequence, we can construct a model of the error in the initial flat +model as a function of detector position. Applying a correction that +reduces the amplitude of these errors produces a flat field model that +better represents the true detector response. + +In addition to this flat field applied to the individual images, the +ubercal process used to calibrate the database of all detections +\citep{2012ApJ...756..158S} constructs internal ``flat field'' corrections. +Although a single set of image flat fields was used for the entire PV3 +survey, five separate ``seasons'' of database flat fields were needed +to ensure proper calibration. This indicates that the flat field +response is not completely fixed in time. More details on this +process are contained in \citet{magnier2017c}. + +\subsection{Pattern correction} +\label{sec:pattern} + +Due to detector specific issues that are not cleanly removed by the +dark model, we have a set of ``pattern'' corrections that are applied +to some selection of the OTAs in the camera. This is done to reduce +the effect that detector differences have on the measured astronomical +signal that are not stable enough to be corrected with a static model. +Because of this, the pattern corrections attempt to identify and +correct the detector issues based on appropriate filtering the +individual science exposures. + +The PATTERN.ROW correction is used to remove any remaining row-by-row +bias variation, and the PATTERN.CONTINUITY correction attempts to +ensure that the cells of a given OTA are consistent with the other +cells on that OTA. + +\subsubsection{Pattern Row} +%% Statistics so I have them written down somewhere +%% chipProcessedImfile.bg/bg_stdev by filter for XY33 (a good chip) +%% filter bg_mean stdev median Qsig bg_stdev_mean stdev median Qsig +%% g 36.37422026669 64.64175104057 32.693 6.10284 14.696938349131 78.80460307171 8.8401 0.5417843 +%% r 200.96143304525 471.87743546238 117.105 94.55608 33.854672792146 79.01642728089 13.4564 5.3771355 +%% i 447.00504994458 938.38517801037 286.810 154.71397 57.298335510188 99.38392923935 20.0217 24.2254723 +%% z 317.54933679054 390.38930252748 241.014 114.13316 48.359069000176 94.44452756094 17.9404 9.1535209 +%% y 371.09019536218 293.57439970375 288.481 133.38769 43.724342221691 135.04286534327 19.9029 7.5396461 + +As discussed above in the dark and noisemap sections, certain +detectors have significant bias offsets between adjacent rows, caused +by noise in the camera control electronics. The magnitude of these +offsets increases as the distance from the readout amplifier +increases, resulting in horizontal streaks that are more pronounced +along the large x pixel edge of the cell. As the level of the offset +is apparently random between exposures, the dark correction cannot +fully remove this structure from the images, and the noisemap value +only indicates the level of the average variance added by these bias +offsets. Therefore, we apply the PATTERN.ROW correction in an attempt +to mitigate the offsets and correct the image values. To force the +rows to agree, a second order clipped polynomial is fit to each row in +the cell. Four fit iterations are run, and pixels $2.5\sigma$ deviant +are excluded from subsequent fits, to minimize the effect stars and +other astronomical signals have. This final trend is then subtracted +from that row. Simply doing this subtraction will also have the +effect of removing the background sky level. To prevent this, the +constant and linear terms for each row are stored, and linear fits are +made to these parameters as a function of row, perpendicular to the +initial fits. This produces a plane that is added back to the image +to restore the background offset and any linear ramp that exists in +the sky. + +These row-by-row variations have the largest impact on data taken in +the \gps{} filter, as the read noise is the dominant noise source in +that filter. At longer wavelengths, the noise from the Poissonian +variation in the sky level increases. Although the PATTERN.ROW correction is still applied to data taken in the other filters, + +This correction was required on all cells on all OTAs prior to +2009-12-01, at which point a modification of the camera electronics +reduced the scale of the row-by-row offsets for the majority of the +OTAs. As a result, we only apply this correction to the cells where +it is still necessary, as shown in Figure \ref{fig: pattern row + cells}. A list of these cells is listed in Table +\ref{tab:pattern_row_cells}. + +Although this correction does largely resolve the row-by-row offset +issue in a satisfactory way, large and bright astronomical objects can +bias the fit significantly. This results in an oversubtraction of the +offset near these objects. As the offsets are calculated on the pixel +rows, this oversubtraction is not uniform around the object, but is +preferentially along the horizontal x axis of the object. Most +astronomical objects are not significantly distorted by this, with +this only becoming on issue for only bright objects comparable to the +size of the cell (598 pixels = 150"). + +\begin{deluxetable}{lcccc} + \tablecolumns{3} + \tablewidth{0pc} + \tablecaption{Cells which have PATTERN.ROW correction applied} + \tablehead{\colhead{OTA} & \colhead{Cell columns} & \colhead{Additional cells}} + \startdata + OTA11 & & xy02, xy03, xy04, xy07 \\ + OTA14 & & xy23 \\ + OTA15 & 0 & \\ + OTA27 & 0, 1, 2, 3, 7 & \\ + OTA31 & 7 & \\ + OTA32 & 3, 7 & \\ + OTA45 & 3, 7 & \\ + OTA47 & 0, 3, 5, 7 & \\ + OTA57 & 0, 1, 2, 6, 7 & \\ + OTA60 & & xy55 \\ + OTA74 & 2, 7 & \\ + \enddata + \label{tab:pattern_row_cells} +\end{deluxetable} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/pattern_row_edit.png} + \caption{Diagram illustrating in red which cells on GPC1 require the PATTERN.ROW correction to be applied. The footprint of each OTA is outlined, and cell xy00 is marked with either a filled box or an outline. The labeling of the non-existent corner OTAs is provided to orient the focal plane.} + \label{fig: pattern row cells} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5379g0103o_XY57_nopat.png} +% \caption{(a)} +% \end{subfigure}% +% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} + \end{minipage}% + \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5379g0103o_XY57_pat.png} +% \caption{(b)} +% \end{subfigure} + \end{minipage} + \caption{Example of the PATTERN.ROW correction on exposure o5379g0103o OTA57 cell xy00 (\ips{} filter 45s). The left panel shows the cell with all appropriate detrending except the PATTERN.ROW, and the right shows the same cell with PATTERN.ROW applied. The correction reduces the correlated noise on the right side, which is most distant from the read out amplifier. There is a slight over subtraction along the rows near the bright star.} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Pattern Continuity} + +After previous attempts to ensure that adjacent cells on an OTA +matched background levels were insufficient in many situations, we +designed a replacement correction that would reduce the background +distortion for large objects. In addition, studies of the background +level illustrated that the row-by-row bias can introduce small +background gradient variations along the rows of the cells that is not +stable enough to be completely fit by the dark model. This common +feature across the columns of cells results in a ``saw tooth'' pattern +horizontally across an OTA, and as the background model fits a smooth +sky level, this induces over and under subtraction at the cell +boundaries. + +The PATTERN.CONTINUITY correction, attempts to match the edges of a +cell to those of its neighbors. For each cell, a thin box 10 pixels +wide on each edge is extracted and the median value of unmasked values +calculated for that box. These median values are then used to +construct a vector of differences $\Delta_i = \sum_{j} \mathrm{Edge}_{i} - +\mathrm{Edge}_{j}$, along with a matrix of associations $A_{i,i'} = \sum_{j} +\delta(i,j) \delta(j,i')$ denoting which cell boundaries are adjacent. +By solving the system $A x = \Delta$, we find the set of offsets $x_i$ +to be applied to each cell to ensure the minimum differences between +all cell edges and their neighbors. + +For OTAs that initially show the saw tooth pattern, the effect of this +correction is to align the cells into a single ramp, at the expense of +the absolute background level. However, as we subtract off a smooth +background model prior to doing photometry, these deviations from an +absolute sky level are unimportant. The fact that the final ramp is +smoother than it would be otherwise also allows for the background +subtracted image to more closely match the astronomical sky, without +significant errors at cell boundaries. An example of the effect of +this correction on an image profile is shown in Figure \ref{fig:dark switching}. + + +\subsection{Fringe correction} +\label{sec:fringe} +% det_id 296 is the fringe we use. + +Due to variations in the thickness of the detectors, we observe +interference patterns at the infrared end of the filter set, as the +wavelength of the light becomes comparable to the thickness of the +detectors. Visually inspecting the images shows that the fringing is +most prevalent in the \yps{} filter images, with negligible fringing in the +other bands. As a result of this, we only apply a fringe correction +to the \yps{} filter data. + +The fringe used for PV3 processing was constructed from a set of 20 +120s science exposures. These exposures are overscan subtracted, and +corrected for non-linearity, and have the dark and flat models +applied. These images are smoothed with a Gaussian kernel with +$\sigma = 2$ pixels to minimize pixel to pixel noise. The fringe +image data is then constructed by calculating the clipped mean of the +input images with two iteration of clipping at the $3\sigma$ level. + +A course background model for each cell is constructed by calculating +the median on a 3x3 grid (approximately 200x200 pixels each). A set +of 1000 randomly selected points are then selected on the fringe image +for each cell, and a median calculated for this position in a 10x10 +pixel box, with the background level subtracted. These sample +locations provide scale points to allow the amplitude of the measured +fringe to be compared to that found on science images. + +To apply the fringe, the same sample locations are measured on the +science image to determine the relative strength of the fringing in +that particular image. A least squares fit between the fringe +measurements and the corresponding measurements on the science image +provides the scale factor multiplied to the fringe before it is +subtracted from the science image. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=1.5\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5220g0025o_XY53_nofringe.png} + \end{minipage}% + \begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize} + \includegraphics[width=1.5\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5220g0025o_XY53_fringe.png} + \end{minipage} + \caption{Example of the \yps{} filter fringe pattern on exposure o5220g0025o OTA53 (\yps{} filter 30s). The left panel shows the OTA mosaic with all detrending except the fringe correction, while the right shows the same including the fringe correction. Both images have been smoothed with a Gaussian with $\sigma = 3$ pixels to highlight the faint and large scale fringe patterns. +} + \label{fig: fringe example} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Masking} +\label{sec:masking} + +\subsubsection{Static Masks} +\label{sec:static_masks} + +Due to the large size of the detector, it is expected that there +are a number of pixel defects that do not have the detection +sensitivity on par with their neighbors. To remove these pixels, we +have constructed a static mask that identifies the known defects. +This mask is constructed in three phases. + +First, a CTEMASK is constructed to mask out regions in which the +charge transfer efficiency is low compared to the rest of the +detector. Twenty-five of the sixty OTAs in GPC1 show some evidence of +CTE issues, with this pattern appearing (to varying degrees) in +roughly triangular patches on the OTA due to defects in the +semiconductor manufacturing. To generate the mask for these regions, +a sample set of 26 evenly illuminated flat field images were measured +to produce a map of the image variance in 20x20 pixel bins. As the +flat image is expected to illuminate the image uniformly, the expected +variances in each bin should be Poissonian distributed with the flux +level. However, in regions with CTE issues, adjacent pixels are not +independent, as the charge in those pixels is more free to spread. +This reduces the pixel-to-pixel differences, resulting in a lower than +expected variance. All regions with variance less than half the +average image level are added to the static CTEMASK. + +The next step of mask construction is to examine the flat and dark +models, and exclude pixels that appear to be poorly corrected by these +models. The DARKMASK process looks for pixels that are more than +$8\sigma$ discrepant in $10\%$ of the 100 input dark frame images +after those images have had the dark model applied to them. These +pixels are assumed to be unstable with respect to the dark model, and +have the DARK bit set in the static mask, indicating that they are +unreliable in scientific observing. Similarly, the FLATMASK process +looks for pixels that are $3\sigma$ discrepant in the same fraction of +16 input flat field images after both the dark and flat models have +been applied. Those pixels that do not follow the flat field model of +the rest of image are assigned the FLAT mask bit in the static mask, +removing the pixels that cannot be corrected to a linear response. + +The final step of mask construction is to examine the detector for +bright columns and other static pixel issues. This is first done by +processing a set of 100 \ips{} filter science images in the same fashion as +for the DARKMASK. A median image is constructed from these inputs +along with the per-pixel variance. These images are used to identify +pixels that have unexpectedly low variation between all inputs, as +well as those that significantly deviate from the global median value. +Once this initial set of bad pixels is identified, a $3\times{}3$ +pixel triangular kernel is convolved with the initial set, and any +convolved pixel with value greater than 1 is assigned to the static +mask. This does an excellent job of removing the majority of the +problem pixels. A subsequent manual inspection allows human +interaction to identify other inconsistent pixels including the +vignetted regions around the edge of the detector. + +Figure \ref{fig:static mask} shows an example of the static mask for +the full GPC1 field of view. Table \ref{tab:mask_values} lists the +bit mask values used for the different sources of masking. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/gpc1_mask_indexed.png} + \label{fig:static mask} + + \caption{Image map of the GPC1 static mask. The CTE regions are clearly visible as roughly triangular patches covering the corners of some OTAs. Some entire cells are masked, including an entire column of cells on OTA14. Calcite cells remove large areas from OTA17 AND OTA76.} +\end{figure} + +\begin{deluxetable}{ccl} + \tablecolumns{3} + \tablewidth{0pc} + \tablecaption{GPC1 Mask Values} + \tablehead{\colhead{Mask Name} & \colhead{Mask Value} & \colhead{Description}} + \startdata + DETECTOR & 0x0001 & A detector defect is present. \\ + FLAT & 0x0002 & The flat field model does not calibrate the pixel reliably. \\ + DARK & 0x0004 & The dark model does not calibrate the pixel reliably. \\ + BLANK & 0x0008 & The pixel does not contain valid data. \\ + CTE & 0x0010 & The pixel has poor charge transfer efficiency. \\ + SAT & 0x0020 & The pixel is saturated. \\ + LOW & 0x0040 & The pixel has a lower value than expected. \\ + SUSPECT & 0x0080 & The pixel is suspected of being bad. \\ + BURNTOOL & 0x0080 & The pixel contain an burntool repaired streak. \\ + CR & 0x0100 & A cosmic ray is present. \\ + SPIKE & 0x0200 & A diffraction spike is present. \\ + GHOST & 0x0400 & An optical ghost is present. \\ + STREAK & 0x0800 & A streak is present. \\ + STARCORE & 0x1000 & A bright star core is present. \\ + CONV.BAD & 0x2000 & The pixel is bad after convolution with a bad pixel. \\ + CONV.POOR& 0x4000 & The pixel is poor after convolution with a bad pixel. \\ + MARK & 0x8000 & An internal flag for temporarily marking a pixel. \\ + \enddata + \label{tab:mask_values} +\end{deluxetable} + +\subsubsection{Dynamic masks} +\label{sec:dynamic_masks} + +In addition to the static mask that removes the constant detector +defects, we also generate a set of dynamic masks that change with the +astronomical features in the image. These masks are advisory in +nature, and do not completely exclude the pixel from further +processing consideration. The first of these dynamic masks is the +burntool advisory mask mentioned above. These pixels are included for +photometry, but are rejected more readily in the stacking and +difference image construction, as they are more likely to have small +deviations due to imperfections in the burntool correction. + +The remaining dynamic masks are not generated until the IPP +\ippstage{camera} stage, at which point all object photometry is +complete, and an astrometric solution is known for the exposure. This +added information provides the positions of bright sources based on +the reference catalog, including those that fall slightly out of the +detector field of view or within the inter chip gaps, where internal +photometry may not identify them. These bright sources are the origin +for many of the image artifacts that the dynamic mask identifies and +excludes. + +\subsubsubsection{Electronic crosstalk ghosts} +\label{sec:crosstalk} + +Due to electrical crosstalk between the flex cables connecting the +individual detector OTA devices, ghost objects can be created by the +presence of a bright source at a different position on the camera. +Table \ref{tab:crosstalk_rules} summarizes the list of known crosstalk +rules, with an estimate of the magnitude difference between the source +and ghost. For all of the rules, any cell $v$ within the specified +column of cells on any of the OTAs in the specified column of OTAs $Y$ +creates the ghost in the same $v$ and $Y$ in the target column of +cells and OTAs. In each of these cases, a source object with an +instrumental magnitude brighter than -14.47 creates a ghost object +many orders of magnitude fainter at the target location. The cell +(x,y) pixel coordinate is identical between source and ghost, as a +result of the transfer occurring as the devices are read. A circular +mask is added to the ghost location with radius $R = 3.44 \left(-14.47 +- m_{source, instrumental}\right)$ pixels. Any objects in the +photometric catalog found at the location of the ghost mask have the +GHOST mask bit set, marking the object as a likely ghost. The +majority of the crosstalk rules are bi-directional, with a source in +either position creating a ghost at the corresponding crosstalk target +position. The two faintest rules are uni-directional, due to +differences in the electronic path for the crosstalk. + +For the very brightest sources ($m_{instrumental} < -15$), there can +be crosstalk ghosts between all columns of cells during the readout. +These ``bleed'' ghosts were originally identified as ghosts of the +saturation bleeds appearing in the neighboring cells, and as such, the +masking for these objects puts a rectangular mask down from top to +bottom of cells in all columns that are in the same row of cells as +the bright source. The width of this box is a function of the source +magnitude, with $W = 5 * \left(-15 - m_{source, instrumental}\right)$ +pixels. + +\begin{deluxetable}{lllc} + \tablecolumns{4} + \tablewidth{0pc} + \tablecaption{GPC1 Crosstalk Rules} + \tablehead{\colhead{Type}&\colhead{Source OTA/Cell}&\colhead{Ghost OTA/Cell}&\colhead{$\Delta m$}} + \startdata + Inter-OTA & OTA2Y XY3v & OTA3Y XY3v & 6.16 \\ + & OTA3Y XY3v & OTA2Y XY3v & \\ + & OTA4Y XY3v & OTA5Y XY3v & \\ + & OTA5Y XY3v & OTA4Y XY3v & \\ + Intra-OTA & OTA2Y XY5v & OTA2Y XY6v & 7.07 \\ + & OTA2Y XY6v & OTA2Y XY5v & \\ + & OTA5Y XY5v & OTA5Y XY6v & \\ + & OTA5Y XY6v & OTA5Y XY5v & \\ + One-way & OTA2Y XY7v & OTA3Y XY2v & 7.34 \\ + & OTA5Y XY7v & OTA4Y XY2v & \\ + \enddata + \label{tab:crosstalk_rules} +\end{deluxetable} + + +\subsubsubsection{Optical ghosts} +\label{sec:optical_ghosts} + +Due to imperfections in the anti-reflective coating on the optical +surfaces of GPC1, bright sources can also result in large out of focus +objects, particularly in the \gps{} filter data. These objects are the +result of light reflecting back off the surface of the detector, +reflecting again off the lower surfaces of the optics (particularly +the L1 corrector lens), and then back down onto the focal plane. Due +to the extra travel distance, the resulting source is out of focus and +elongated along the radial direction of the camera focal plane. These +optical ghosts can be modeled in the focal plane coordinates (L,M) +which has its origin at the center of the focal plane. In this +system, a bright object at location (L,M) on the focal plane creates a +reflection ghost on the opposite side of the optical axis at (-L,-M). +The exact location is fit as a third order polynomial in the focal +plane L and M directions (as listed in Table \ref{tab:ghost_centers}). +An elliptical annulus mask is constructed at the expected ghost +location, with the major and minor axes defined by linear functions of +the ghost distance from the optical axis, and oriented with the +ellipse major axis is along the radial direction (Table +\ref{tab:ghost_radii}). All stars brighter than a filter-dependent +threshold (listed in Table \ref{tab:ghost_magnitudes}) have such masks +constructed. + +\begin{deluxetable}{lcc} + \tablecolumns{3} + \tablewidth{0pc} + \tablecaption{Optical Ghost Center Transformations} + \tablehead{\colhead{Polynomial Term}&\colhead{L center}&\colhead{M center}} + \startdata + $x^0 y^0$ & -1.215661e+02 & 2.422174e+01 \\ + $x^1 y^0$ & 1.321875e-02 & 4.170486e-04 \\ + $x^2 y^0$ & -4.017026e-09 & -1.934260e-08 \\ + $x^3 y^0$ & 1.148288e-10 & -1.173657e-12 \\ + $x^0 y^1$ & -1.908074e-03 & 1.189352e-02 \\ + $x^1 y^1$ & 8.479150e-08 & -9.256748e-08 \\ + $x^2 y^1$ & 1.635732e-11 & 1.140772e-10 \\ + $x^0 y^2$ & 2.625405e-08 & 8.123932e-08 \\ + $x^1 y^2$ & 1.125586e-10 & 1.328378e-11 \\ + $x^0 y^3$ & 2.912432e-12 & 1.170865e-10 \\ + \enddata + \label{tab:ghost_centers} +\end{deluxetable} + +\begin{deluxetable}{lcccc} + \tablecolumns{5} + \tablewidth{0pc} + \tablecaption{Optical Ghost Annulus Axis Length} + \tablehead{\colhead{Radial Order}&\colhead{Inner Major Axis}&\colhead{Inner Minor Axis}& \colhead{Outer Major Axis}&\colhead{Outer Minor Axis}} + \startdata + $r^0$ & 3.926693e+01 & 5.287548e+01 & 7.928722e+01 & 1.314265e+02 \\ + $r^1$ & 5.325759e-03 &-2.191669e-03 & 1.722181e-02 & -2.627153e-03 \\ + \enddata + \label{tab:ghost_radii} +\end{deluxetable} + +\begin{deluxetable}{lc} + \tablecolumns{2} + \tablewidth{0pc} + \tablecaption{Optical Ghost Magnitude Limits} + \tablehead{\colhead{Filter}&\colhead{$m_{inst}$}} + \startdata + \gps{} & -16.5 \\ + \rps{} & -20.0 \\ + \ips{} & -25.0 \\ + \zps{} & -25.0 \\ + \yps{} & -25.0 \\ + \wps{} & -20.0 \\ + \enddata + \label{tab:ghost_magnitudes} +\end{deluxetable} + + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/full_fpa_ghosts.jpg} + \caption{Example of the full GPC1 field of view illustrating the sources and destinations of optical ghosts on exposure o5677g0123o (2011-04-26, 43s \gps{} filter). The bright stars on OTA33 and OTA44 result in nearly circular ghosts on the opposite OTA. In contrast, the trio of stars on OTA11 result in very elongated ghosts on OTA66.} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsubsection{Optical glints} +\label{sec:glints} + +Prior to 2010-08-24, a reflective surface at the edge of the camera +aperture was incompletely screened to light passing through the +telescope. Sources brighter than $m_{inst} = -21$ that fell on this +reflective surface resulted in light being scattered across the +detector surface in a long narrow glint. This surface was physically +masked on 2010-08-24, removing the possibility of glints in subsequent +data, but that taken prior have an advisory dynamic mask constructed +when a reference source falls on the focal plane within one degree of +the detector edge. This mask is 150 pixels wide, with length $L = +2500 \left(-20 - m_{inst}\right)$ pixels. These glint masks are +constructed by selecting sufficiently bright sources in the reference +catalog that fall within rectangular regions around each edge of the +GPC1 camera. These regions are separated from the edge of the camera +by 17 arcminutes, and extend outwards an additional degree. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/glint_example_o5379g0103o.jpg} + \caption{Example of a glint on exposure o5379g0103o (2010-07-02, 45s \ips{} filter). The source star out of the field of view creates a long reflection that extends through OTA73 and OTA63.} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsubsection{Diffraction Spikes and Saturated Stars} +\label{sec:diffraction_spikes} + +Bright sources also form diffraction spikes that are dynamically +masked. These are filter independent, and are modeled as rectangles +with length $L = 10^{0.096 * (7.35 - m_{instrumental})} - 200$ and +width $W = 8 + (L - 200) * 0.01$, with negative values indicating no +mask is constructed, as the source is likely too faint to produce the +feature. These spikes are dependent on the camera rotation, and are +oriented at $\theta = n * \frac{\pi}{2} - \mathrm{ROTANGLE} + 0.798$, +based on the header keyword. + +The cores of stars that are saturated are masked as well, with a +circular mask radius $r = 10.15 * (-15 - m_{instrumental})$. An +example of a saturated star, with the masked regions for the +diffraction spikes and core saturation highlighted, is shown in Figure +\ref{fig:saturated star}. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o6802g0338o_XY51_b1.jpg} + \caption{Example of saturated star, with diffraction spikes extending from the core on exposure o6802g0338o, OTA51 (2014-05-25, 45s \gps{} filter).} + \label{fig:saturated star} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Masking Fraction} +\label{sec:masking_fraction} + +For the full field of view that falls on the sixty OTAs, 14.7\% of all +pixels are masked. The large fraction of this masking is due to +regions that fall within the vignetted region. Defining the diameter +of the unvignetted region to have be 3 degrees, and excluding pixels +that fall beyond this point reduces the static masking fraction to +9.7\%. + +Unfortunately, due to the design of the OTAs and readout cells, a +non-negligible fraction of the field of view falls onto an area that +does not have a detector pixel. For a given OTA mosaicked to a +$4846\times{}4868$ pixel image, the 64 $590\times{}598$ pixel readout +cells cover 95.7\% of the OTA area, providing an additional 4.3\% +masking in the unvignetted field of view due to the absence of a +detector pixel. + +For the inter-chip gap area loss, we use two field of view +calculations to estimate the masking fraction. The reference field of +view of GPC1 is 3 degrees, which at the nominal plate scale of 0.258 +arcseconds per pixel, translates to a 20930 FPA pixel radius. Summing +mask fractions from these three contributions within the unvignetted +field of view results in an average of $\sim 20\%$ masking fraction +across the field of view. Dynamic masking adds an additional $2-3\%$ +on average, with advisory burntool masking contributing the largest +single component. Table \ref{tab:mask fraction} contains estimates of +the mask fraction in the GPC1 detector footprint by the sources of the +masking for the 3 degree field of view, as well as for a larger 3.25 +degree field of view that allows addition unvignetted regions in the +corners to contribute. + +\begin{deluxetable}{lcc} + \tablecolumns{3} + \tablewidth{0pc} + \tablecaption{Mask Fraction by Mask Source} + \tablehead{\colhead{Mask Source}&\colhead{3 Degree FOV}&\colhead{3.25 Degree FOV}} + \startdata + No pixel & 4.44\% & 9.47\% \\ + Detector defect & 6.37\% & 7.91\% \\ + CTE issue & 2.62\% & 3.13\% \\ + \enddata + \label{tab:mask fraction} +\end{deluxetable} + +\subsection{Background subtraction} +\label{sec:background} + +Once all other detrending is done, the pixels from each cell are +mosaicked into the full $4846\times{}4868$ pixel OTA image. A +background model for the full OTA is then determined prior to the +photometric analysis. The mosaicked image is subdivided into +$800\times{}800$ pixel segments that define each pixel of the +background model, with the segments centered on the image center, and +overlapping adjacent subdivisions by 400 pixels. These overlaps help +smooth the background model, as adjacent model pixels share input +pixels. + +From each subdivision, 10000 random unmasked pixels are drawn. In the +case where the mask fraction is large (such as on OTAs near the edge +of the field of view), and there are insufficient unmasked pixels to +meet this criterion, all possible unmasked pixels are used instead. +If this number is still small (less than 100 good pixels), the +subdivision does not have a background model calculated, and instead, +the value assigned to that model pixel is set as the average of the +adjacent model pixels. This allows up to eight neighboring background +values to be used to patch these bad pixels. + +For the remaining subdivisions that have sufficient unmasked pixels +for the background to be measured, the pixel values are used to +calculate a set of robust statistics for the initial background guess. +The minimum and maximum of the values are found, and checked to ensure +that these are not the same value, which would indicate some problem +with the input values. The values are then inserted into a histogram +with 1000 bins between the minimum and maximum values, and again +checked for issues with the inputs by ensuring that the bin with the +most input pixels does not contain more than half of the input values. +In this case, the minimum and maximum do not constrain the true +distribution of the input values well, and any values outside of the +20 bins closest to the bin with the peak are masked for future +consideration. A cumulative distribution is then constructed from the +histogram, which saves the computational cost of sorting all the input +values. The bins containing the 50-percentile point, as well as the +15.8\%, 84.1\% ($\pm 1 \sigma$), 30.8\%, 69.1\% ($\pm 0.5 \sigma$), +2.2\%, and 97.7\% ($\pm 2 \sigma$) points are identified in this +cumulative histogram. These bins, and the two bins to either side are +then linearly interpolated to identify the pixel value corresponding +to these points in the distribution. The 50\% point is set as the +median of the pixel distribution, with the standard deviation of the +distribution set as the median of the $\sigma$ values calculated from +the $0.5 * (\sigma_{+1} - \sigma_{-1})$, $\sigma_{+0.5} - +\sigma_{-0.5}$, and $0.25 * (\sigma_{+2} - \sigma_{-2})$ differences. +If this measured standard deviation is smaller than 3 times the bin +size, then all points more than 25 bins away from the calculated +median are masked, and the process is repeated until the bin size is +sufficiently small to ensure that the distribution width is well +sampled. Once this iterative process converges, or 20 iterations are +run, the 25- and 75-percentile values are found by interpolating the 5 +bins around the expected bin as well, and the count of the number of +input values within this inner 50-percentile region, $N_{50}$ is +calculated. + +These initial statistics are then used as the starting guesses for a +second calculation of the background level that attempts to fit the +distribution with a Gaussian. All pixels that were masked in the +initial calculation are unmasked, and a histogram is again constructed +of the values, with a bin size set to $\sigma_{guess} / \left( N_{50} / +500 \right)$. With this bin size, we expect that a bin at $\pm 2 +\sigma$ will have approximately 50 input points, which gives a +Poissonian signal to noise estimate around 7. In the case where +$N_{50}$ is small (due to a poorly populated input image), this bin +size is fixed to be no larger than the guess of the standard +deviation. The endpoints of the histogram are clipped based on the +input guesses, such that any input point with a value more than $5 +\sigma_{guess}$ away from the input mean are excluded from +consideration. + +Two second order polynomial fits are then performed to the logarithm +of the histogram counts set at the midpoint of each bin. The first +fit considers the ``lower half'' of the distribution, under the +assumption that deviations from a normal distribution are caused by +real astrophysical sources that will be brighter than the true +background level. From the bin with most pixel values, the lower +bound is set by searching for the first bin from the peak that has +fewer inputs than 25\% of the peak. A similar search is performed for +the upper bound, but with a criterion that the bin has fewer than 50\% +of the peak. On both sides of the peak, the bounds are adjusted to +ensure that at least seven bins, equally distributed around the peak, +are used. The second fit is symmetric, fitting both sides of the +distribution out to the point where the bin contains fewer than 15\% +of the peak value. The same seven-bin constraint is used for this +fit. The Gaussian mean and standard deviation are calculated from the +polynomial coefficients, and the symmetric fit results are accepted +unless the lower-half fit results in a smaller mean. This process is +repeated again if the calculated standard deviation is not larger than +75\% of the initial guess (suggesting an issue with the initial bin +size). + +With this two-stage calculation performed across all subdivisions of +the mosaicked OTA image, and missing model pixels filled with the +average of their neighbors, the final background model is stored on +disk as a $13\times{}13$ image with header entries listing the binning +used. The full scale background image is then constructed by +bilinearly interpolating this binned model, and this is subtracted +from the science image. Each object in the photometric catalog has a +SKY and SKY\_SIGMA value that is the evaluation of this model at the +location of that object. + +Although this background modeling process works well for most of the +sky, astronomical sources that are large compared to the +$800\times{}800$ pixel subdivisions can bias the calculated background +level high, resulting in an oversubtraction near that object. The +most common source that can cause this issue are large galaxies, which +can have their own features modeled as being part of the background. +For the specialized processing of M31, which covers an entire pointing +of GPC1, the measured background was added back to the \ippstage{chip} +stage images, but this special processing was not used for the large +scale $3\Pi$ PV3 reduction. \section{GPC1 Detrend Construction} \label{sec:detrend construction} -The detrends for GPC1 are all constructed in similar ways. A series -of appropriate exposures is selected from the database, and processed -with the \ippprog{ppImage} program. This program is used for the -\ippstage{chip} stage processing as well, and is designed to do image -processing. The extent of this processing is dependent on the order -in which the detrend is applied to science data. In general, the -input exposures to the detrend have all prior stages of detrend -processing applied. Table \ref{tab:detrend ppImage} summarizes stages -applied for the detrends we construct. +The various detrends for GPC1 are constructed in similar ways. A +series of appropriate exposures is selected from the database, and +processed with the \ippprog{ppImage} program. This program is used +for the \ippstage{chip} stage processing as well, and is designed to +do multiple image processing operations. The extent of this +processing is dependent on the order in which the detrend to be +constructed is applied to science data. In general, the input +exposures to the detrend have all prior stages of detrend processing +applied. Table \ref{tab:detrend ppImage} summarizes stages applied +for the detrends we construct. Once the input data has been prepared, the \ippprog{ppMerge} program @@ -241,15 +1440,15 @@ format of the detrend under construction, and after construction, are applied to the processed input data. This creates a set of residual -files that can be checked to determine if the newly created detrend -works correctly. - -The process of detrend construction and testing can be iterated, with +files that are checked to determine if the newly created detrend +correctly removes the detector dependent signal. + +This process of detrend construction and testing can be iterated, with individual exposures excluded if they are found to be contaminating -the output. If the final detrend is considered sufficient, then the -iterations are stopped and the detrend is finalized by selecting the -date range to which it applies. This allows subsequent science -processing to select the detrends needed based on the observation -date. Table \ref{tab:detrend list} lists the set of detrends used in -the PV3 processing. +the output. If the final detrend has sufficiently small residuals, +then the iterations are stopped and the detrend is finalized by +selecting the date range to which it applies. This allows subsequent +science processing to select the detrends needed based on the +observation date. Table \ref{tab:detrend list} lists the set of +detrends used in the PV3 processing. \begin{deluxetable}{lcccc} @@ -321,9 +1520,10 @@ & 964 & 2010-09-01 00:00:00 & 2011-05-01 00:00:00 & \\ & 965 & 2011-05-01 00:00:00 & & \\ - FLAT & 300 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & g filter \\ - & 301 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & r filter \\ - & 302 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & i filter \\ - & 303 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & z filter \\ - & 304 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & y filter \\ + FLAT & 300 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & \gps{} filter \\ + & 301 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & \rps{} filter \\ + & 302 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & \ips{} filter \\ + & 303 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & \zps{} filter \\ + & 304 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & \yps{} filter \\ + & 305 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & \wps{} filter \\ FRINGE & 296 & 2009-12-09 00:00:00 & & \\ ASTROM & 1064 & 2008-05-06 00:00:00 & & \\ @@ -333,1170 +1533,4 @@ \end{deluxetable} -\section{GPC1 Detrend Details} -\label{sec:detrending} - -Ensuring a consistent and uniform detector response across the -three-degree diameter field of view of the GPC1 camera is essential to -a well calibrated survey. Many standard image detrending steps are -done for GPC1, with overscan subtraction removing the detector bias -level, dark frame subtraction to remove temperature and exposure time -dependent detector glows, and flat field correction to remove pixel to -pixel response functions. We also construct fringe correction for the -reddest data in the y filter, to remove the interference patterns that -arise in that filter due to the variations in the thickness of the -detector surface. - -These corrections, however, assume that the detector response is -linear across the full range of values. This is not universally the -case with GPC1, and this requires an additional set of detrending -steps to remove these non-linear responses. The first of these is the -\ippprog{burntool} correction, which removes the persistence trails -caused by the incomplete transfer of charge along the readout columns. -This bright-end nonlinearity is generally only evident for the -brightest stars, as only pixels that are at or beyond the saturation -point of the detector have this issue. More widespread is the -non-linearity at the faint end of the pixel range. Some readout cells -and some readout cell edge pixels experience a sag relative to linear -at low illumination, such that faint pixels appear fainter than -expected. The correction to this requires amplifying the pixel values -in these regions to match the expected model. - -The final non-linear response issue has no good option for correction. -Large regions of some OTA cells experience charge transfer issues, -making them unusable to be used for science observations. These -regions are therefore masked in processing, with these CTE regions -making up the largest fraction of masked pixels on the detector. -Other regions are masked for other regions, such as static bad pixel -features or temporary readout masking caused by issues in the camera -electronics that make these regions unreliable. These all contribute -to the detector mask, which is augmented in each exposure for dynamic -features that are masked based on the astronomical features within the -field of view. - -For the PV3 processing, all detrending is done by the -\ippprog{ppImage} program. This program applies the detrends to the -individual cells, and then an OTA level mosaic is constructed for the -science image, the mask image, and the variance map image. The single -epoch photometry is done at this stage as well. The following -subsections (\ref{sec:burntool} - \ref{sec:background}) detail these -detrending steps, presented in the order in which they are applied to -the individual OTA image data. - -\subsection{Burntool / Persistence effect} -\label{sec:burntool} - -Pixels that approach the saturation point on GPC1, which varies by -readout with common values around 60000 DN, cause persistence problems -on that and subsequent images. During the read out process of an -image with such a bright pixel, some of the charge associated with it -is not fully shifted down the detector column toward the amplifier. -As a result, this charge remains in the starting cell, and is -partially collected in subsequent shifts, resulting in a ``burn -trail'' that extends from the center of the bright source away from -the amplifier (vertically along the pixel columns toward the top of -the cell). - -This incomplete charge shifting in nearly full wells continues as each -row is read out. This results in a remnant charge being deposited in -the pixels that the full well was shifted through. In following -exposures, this remnant charge leaks out, resulting in a trail that -extends from the initial location of the bright source on the previous -image towards the amplifier (vertically down along the pixel column). -This remnant charge can remain on the detector for up to thirty -minutes, requiring the locations of these ``burns'' be retained -between exposures. - -Both of these types of persistence trails are detected and optionally -repaired via the \ippprog{burntool} program. This program does an -initial scan of the images, and identifies objects with pixel values -brighter than a threshold of 30000 DN. The trail from that star is -fit with a one-dimensional power law in each pixel column above that -threshold, based on empirical evidence that this is the functional -form of this persistence effect. This also matches the expectation -that a constant fraction of charge is incompletely transferred at each -shift beyond the persistence threshold. Once this fit is done, the -model can subtracted from the image, and the location of the star is -stored in a table along with the exposure PONTIME, which denotes the -number of seconds since the detector was last powered on and provides -an internally consistent time scale. - -For subsequent exposures, the table associated with the previous image -is read in, and after correcting trails from the stars on the new -image, the positions of the bright stars from the table are used to -check for remnant trails on the image. These are fit and subtracted -using a one-dimensional exponential model, again based on empirical -studies. If a significant model with is determined, then this -location is retained in the image output table. If not, the old burn -is allowed to expire. - -An issue with this method of correcting the persistence trails is that -it is based on fits to the raw image data, which may have other signal -sources not determined by the persistence effect. The presence of -other stars or artifacts along the path of the burn can result in a -poor model to be determined, resulting in either an over- or -under-subtraction of the persistence burn. For this reason, the image -mask is marked with a value indicating that this correction has been -applied. These pixels are not fully excluded, but they are marked as -suspect, which allows them to be excluded from consideration in -subsequent stages, such as image stacking. - -Another concern is that the cores of very bright stars are deformed by -this process, as the burntool fitting subtracts flux -from only one side of the star. As most stars that result in burns already -have saturated cores, they are already ignored for the purpose of -PSF determination and are flagged as saturated by the photometry -reduction. - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_XY11_bt_trail.png} -% \caption{(a)} -% \end{subfigure}% -% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0124o_XY11_bt_trail.png} -% \caption{(b)} -% \end{subfigure} - \end{minipage} - - \caption{Example of a profile cut along the y-axis through a bright star on exposure o5677g0123o OTA11 in cell xy60 (left panel) and on the subsequent exposure o5677g0124o (right panel). In both figures, the green points show the image corrected with all appropriate detrending steps, but without burntool applied, illustrating the amplitude of the persistence trails. The red points show the same data after the burntool correction, which reduce the impact of these features. Both exposures are in the g-filter with exposure times of 43s} -\end{figure} - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_XY11_nobt.png} -% \caption{(a)} -% \end{subfigure}% -% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0124o_XY11_nobt.png} -% \caption{(b)} -% \end{subfigure} - \end{minipage} - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_XY11_bt.png} -% \caption{(a)} -% \end{subfigure}% -% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0124o_XY11_bt.png} -% \caption{(b)} -% \end{subfigure} - \end{minipage} - \caption{Example of OTA11 cell xy60 on exposures o5677g0123o (left) and o5677g0124o (right). The top panels show the image with all appropriate detrending steps, but with burntool, and the bottom show the same with burntool applied. There is some slight over subtraction in fitting the initial trail, but the impact of the trail is greatly reduced in both exposures.} -\end{figure} - -\subsection{Masking} -\label{sec:masking} - -\subsubsection{Static Masks} -\label{sec:static_masks} - -Due to the large size of the detector, it is expected that there -are a number of pixel defects that do not have the detection -sensitivity on par with their neighbors. To remove these pixels, we -have constructed a static mask that identifies the known defects. -This mask is constructed in three phases. - -First, a CTEMASK is constructed to mask out regions in which the -charge transfer efficiency is low compared to the rest of the -detector. Twenty-five of the sixty OTAs in GPC1 show some evidence of -CTE issues, with this pattern showing up (to varying degrees) in -roughly triangular patches on the OTA due to defects in the -semiconductor manufacturing. To generate the mask for these regions, -a sample set of 26 evenly illuminated flat field images were measured -to produce a map of the image variance in 20x20 pixel bins. As the -flat image is expected to illuminate the image uniformly, the expected -variances in each bin should be Poissonian distributed with the flux -level. However, in regions with CTE issues, adjacent pixels are not -independent, as the charge in those pixels is more free to spread. -This reduces the pixel-to-pixel differences, resulting in a lower than -expected variance. All regions with variance less than half the -average image level are added to the static CTEMASK. - -The next step of mask construction is to examine the flat and dark -models, and exclude pixels that appear to be poorly corrected by these -models. The DARKMASK process looks for pixels that are more than -$8\sigma$ discrepant in $10\%$ of the 100 input dark frame images -after those images have had the dark model applied to them. These -pixels are assumed to be unstable with respect to the dark model, and -have the DARK bit set in the static mask, indicating that they are -unreliable in scientific observing. Similarly, the FLATMASK process -looks for pixels that are $3\sigma$ discrepant in the same fraction of -16 input flat field images after both the dark and flat models have -been applied. Those pixels that do not follow the flat field model of -the rest of image are assigned the FLAT mask bit in the static mask, -removing the pixels that cannot be corrected to a linear response. - -The final step of mask construction is to examine the detector for -bright columns and other static pixel issues. This is first done by -processing a set of 100 i filter science images in the same fashion as -for the DARKMASK. A median image is constructed from these inputs -along with the per-pixel variance. These images are used to identify -pixels that have unexpectedly low variation between all inputs, as -well as those that significantly deviate from the global median value. -Once this initial set of bad pixels is identified, a $3\times{}3$ -pixel triangular kernel is convolved with the initial set, and any -convolved pixel with value greater than 1 is assigned to the static -mask. This does an excellent job of removing the majority of the -problem pixels. A subsequent manual inspection allows human -interaction to identify other inconsistent pixels including the -vignetted regions around the edge of the detector. - -Figure \ref{fig:static mask} shows an example of the static mask for -the full GPC1 field of view. Table \ref{tab:mask_values} lists the -bit mask values used for the different sources of masking. - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/gpc1_mask_indexed.png} - \label{fig:static mask} - - \caption{Image map of static mask. color coded based on mask reason? It won't be visible at true pixel scale.} -\end{figure} - -\begin{deluxetable}{ccl} - \tablecolumns{3} - \tablewidth{0pc} - \tablecaption{GPC1 Mask Values} - \tablehead{\colhead{Mask Name} & \colhead{Mask Value} & \colhead{Description}} - \startdata - DETECTOR & 0x0001 & A detector defect is present. \\ - FLAT & 0x0002 & The flat field model does not calibrate the pixel reliably. \\ - DARK & 0x0004 & The dark model does not calibrate the pixel reliably. \\ - BLANK & 0x0008 & The pixel does not contain valid data. \\ - CTE & 0x0010 & The pixel has poor charge transfer efficiency. \\ - SAT & 0x0020 & The pixel is saturated. \\ - LOW & 0x0040 & The pixel has a lower value than expected. \\ - SUSPECT & 0x0080 & The pixel is suspected of being bad. \\ - BURNTOOL & 0x0080 & The pixel contain an burntool repaired streak. \\ - CR & 0x0100 & A cosmic ray is present. \\ - SPIKE & 0x0200 & A diffraction spike is present. \\ - GHOST & 0x0400 & An optical ghost is present. \\ - STREAK & 0x0800 & A streak is present. \\ - STARCORE & 0x1000 & A bright star core is present. \\ - CONV.BAD & 0x2000 & The pixel is bad after convolution with a bad pixel. \\ - CONV.POOR& 0x4000 & The pixel is poor after convolution with a bad pixel. \\ - MARK & 0x8000 & An internal flag for temporarily marking a pixel. \\ - \enddata - \label{tab:mask_values} -\end{deluxetable} - -\subsubsection{Dynamic masks} -\label{sec:dynamic_masks} - -In addition to the static mask that removes the constant detector -level defects, we also generate a set of dynamic masks that change -with the astronomical features in the image. These masks are advisory -in nature, and do not completely exclude the pixel from further -processing consideration. The first of these dynamic masks is the -burntool advisory mask mentioned above. These pixels are included for -photometry, but are rejected more readily in the stacking and -difference image construction, as they are more likely to have small -deviations due to imperfections in the burntool correction. - -The remaining dynamic masks are not generated until the IPP \ippstage{camera} -stage, at which point all object photometry is complete, and an -astrometric solution is known for the exposure. This added -information provides the positions of bright sources based on the -reference catalog, including those that fall slightly out of the -detector field of view or within the inter chip gaps, where internal -photometry may not have identified them. These bright sources are the -origin for many of the image artifacts that the dynamic mask -identifies and excludes. - -\subsubsection{Electronic crosstalk ghosts} -\label{sec:crosstalk} - -Due to electrical crosstalk between the flex cables connecting the -individual detector OTA devices, ghost objects can be created due to -the presence of a bright source at a different position on the camera. -Table \ref{tab:crosstalk_rules} summarizes the list of known crosstalk -rules, with an estimate of the magnitude difference between the source -and ghost. For all of the rules, any cell $v$ within the specified -column of cells on any of the OTAs in the specified column of OTAs $Y$ -creates the ghost in the same $v$ and $Y$ in the target column of -cells and OTAs. In each of these cases, a source object brighter than --14.47 instrumental magnitude creates a ghost object many orders of -magnitude fainter at the target location. The cell (x,y) pixel -coordinate is identical between source and ghost, as a result of the -transfer occurring as the devices are read. A circular mask is added -to the ghost location with radius $R = 3.44 \left(-14.47 - m_{source, - instrumental}\right)$ pixels. Any objects in the photometric -catalog found at the location of the ghost mask have the GHOST mask -bit set, marking the object as a likely ghost. The majority of the -crosstalk rules are bi-directional, with a source in either position -creating a ghost at the corresponding crosstalk target position. The -two faintest rules are uni-directional, due to differences in the -electronic path for the crosstalk. - -For the very brightest sources ($m_{instrumental} < -15$), there can -be crosstalk ghosts between all columns of cells during the readout. -These ``bleed'' ghosts were originally identified as ghosts of the -saturation bleeds appearing in the neighboring cells, and as such, the -masking for these objects puts a rectangular mask down from top to -bottom of cells in all columns that are in the same row of cells as -the bright source. The width of this box is a function of the source -magnitude, with $W = 5 * \left(-15 - m_{source, instrumental}\right)$ -pixels. - -\begin{deluxetable}{lllc} - \tablecolumns{4} - \tablewidth{0pc} - \tablecaption{GPC1 Crosstalk Rules} - \tablehead{\colhead{Type}&\colhead{Source OTA/Cell}&\colhead{Ghost OTA/Cell}&\colhead{$\Delta m$}} - \startdata - Inter-OTA & OTA2Y XY3v & OTA3Y XY3v & 6.16 \\ - & OTA3Y XY3v & OTA2Y XY3v & \\ - & OTA4Y XY3v & OTA5Y XY3v & \\ - & OTA5Y XY3v & OTA4Y XY3v & \\ - Intra-OTA & OTA2Y XY5v & OTA2Y XY6v & 7.07 \\ - & OTA2Y XY6v & OTA2Y XY5v & \\ - & OTA5Y XY5v & OTA5Y XY6v & \\ - & OTA5Y XY6v & OTA5Y XY5v & \\ - One-way & OTA2Y XY7v & OTA3Y XY2v & 7.34 \\ - & OTA5Y XY7v & OTA4Y XY2v & \\ - \enddata - \label{tab:crosstalk_rules} -\end{deluxetable} - -%% \begin{figure} -%% \centering -%% \caption{Figure of crosstalk ghost and bright star source. Plot of cut across ghost to illustrate the flat-top shape.} -%% \end{figure} - -\subsubsection{Optical ghosts} -\label{sec:optical_ghosts} -% http://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.2513v1.pdf - -Due to imperfections in the anti-reflective coating on the optical -surfaces of GPC1, bright sources can also result in large out of focus -objects, particularly in the g-filter data. These objects are the -result of light reflecting back off the surface of the detector, -reflecting again off the lower surfaces of the optics (particularly -the L1 corrector lens), and then back down onto the focal plane. Due -to the extra travel distance, the resulting source is out of focus and -elongated along the radial direction of the camera focal plane. These -optical ghosts can be modeled in the focal plane coordinates (L,M) -which has its origin at the center of the focal plane. In this -system, a bright object at location (L,M) on the focal plane creates a -reflection ghost on the opposite side of the optical axis at (-L,-M). -The exact location is fit as a third order polynomial in the focal -plane L and M directions (as listed in Table \ref{tab:ghost_centers}). -An elliptical annulus mask is constructed at the expected ghost -location, with the major and minor axes defined by linear functions of -the ghost distance from the optical axis, and oriented with the -ellipse major axis is along the radial direction (Table -\ref{tab:ghost_radii}). All stars brighter than a filter-dependent -threshold (listed in Table \ref{tab:ghost_magnitudes}) have such masks -constructed. - -\begin{deluxetable}{lcc} - \tablecolumns{3} - \tablewidth{0pc} - \tablecaption{Optical Ghost Center Transformations} - \tablehead{\colhead{Polynomial Term}&\colhead{L center}&\colhead{M center}} - \startdata - $x^0 y^0$ & -1.215661e+02 & 2.422174e+01 \\ - $x^1 y^0$ & 1.321875e-02 & 4.170486e-04 \\ - $x^2 y^0$ & -4.017026e-09 & -1.934260e-08 \\ - $x^3 y^0$ & 1.148288e-10 & -1.173657e-12 \\ - $x^0 y^1$ & -1.908074e-03 & 1.189352e-02 \\ - $x^1 y^1$ & 8.479150e-08 & -9.256748e-08 \\ - $x^2 y^1$ & 1.635732e-11 & 1.140772e-10 \\ - $x^0 y^2$ & 2.625405e-08 & 8.123932e-08 \\ - $x^1 y^2$ & 1.125586e-10 & 1.328378e-11 \\ - $x^0 y^3$ & 2.912432e-12 & 1.170865e-10 \\ - \enddata - \label{tab:ghost_centers} -\end{deluxetable} - -\begin{deluxetable}{lcccc} - \tablecolumns{5} - \tablewidth{0pc} - \tablecaption{Optical Ghost Annulus Axis Length} - \tablehead{\colhead{Radial Order}&\colhead{Inner Major Axis}&\colhead{Inner Minor Axis}& \colhead{Outer Major Axis}&\colhead{Outer Minor Axis}} - \startdata - $r^0$ & 3.926693e+01 & 5.287548e+01 & 7.928722e+01 & 1.314265e+02 \\ - $r^1$ & 5.325759e-03 &-2.191669e-03 & 1.722181e-02 & -2.627153e-03 \\ - \enddata - \label{tab:ghost_radii} -\end{deluxetable} - -\begin{deluxetable}{lc} - \tablecolumns{2} - \tablewidth{0pc} - \tablecaption{Optical Ghost Magnitude Limits} - \tablehead{\colhead{Filter}&\colhead{$m_{inst}$}} - \startdata - g & -16.5 \\ - r & -20.0 \\ - i & -25.0 \\ - z & -25.0 \\ - y & -25.0 \\ - w & -20.0 \\ - \enddata - \label{tab:ghost_magnitudes} -\end{deluxetable} - - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/full_fpa_ghosts.jpg} - \caption{Example of the full GPC1 field of view illustrating the sources and destinations of optical ghosts on exposure o5677g0123o (2011-04-26, 43s g-filter). The bright stars on OTA33 and OTA44 result in nearly circular ghosts on the opposite OTA. In contrast, the trio of stars on OTA11 result in very elongated ghosts on OTA66.} -\end{figure} - -\subsubsection{Optical glints} -\label{sec:glints} -Prior to \czwdraft{DATE}, a reflective surface at the edge of the -camera aperture was incompletely screened to light passing through the -telescope. Sources brighter than $m = -20$ that fell on this -reflective surface resulted in light being scattered across the -detector surface in a long narrow glint. This surface was physically -masked on \czwdraft{DATE}, removing the possibility of glints in -subsequent data, but that taken prior have a dynamic mask constructed -when a reference source falls on the focal plane within one degree of -the detector edge. This mask is 150 pixels wide, with length $L = -2500 \left(-20 - m_{inst}\right)$ pixels. \czwdraft{Am I correct that - this is basically a one-degree edge around the detector?} - -%% -%% GLINT_MAX_MAG F32 -21.0 -%% GLINT.REGION MULTI - -%% GLINT.REGION METADATA -%% REGION STR [-38000:-24000,-20000:+20000] -%% GLINT.TYPE STR LEFT -%% END - -%% GLINT.REGION METADATA -%% REGION STR [+24000:+38000,-20000:+20000] -%% GLINT.TYPE STR RIGHT -%% END - -%% GLINT.REGION METADATA -%% REGION STR [-20000:+20000,+24000:+38000:] -%% GLINT.TYPE STR TOP -%% END - -%% GLINT.REGION METADATA -%% REGION STR [-20000:+20000,-38000:-24000] -%% GLINT.TYPE STR BOTTOM -%% END - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/glint_example_o5379g0103o.jpg} - \caption{Example of a glint on exposure o5379g0103o (2010-07-02, 45s i-filter). The source star out of the field of view creates a long reflection that extends through OTA73 and OTA63.} -\end{figure} - -\subsubsection{Diffraction Spikes and Saturated Stars} -\label{sec:diffraction_spikes} - -Bright sources also form diffraction spikes that are dynamically -masked. These are filter independent, and are modeled as rectangles -with length $L = 10^{0.096 * (7.35 - m_{instrumental})} - 200$ and -width $W = 8 + (L - 200) * 0.01$, with negative values indicating no -mask is constructed, as the source is likely too faint to produce the -feature. These spikes are dependent on the camera rotation, and are -oriented at $\theta = n * \frac{\pi}{2} - \mathrm{ROTANGLE} + 0.798$, -based on the header keyword. - -%\subsubsection{Saturated stars} -%\label{sec:saturated_stars} - -The cores of stars that are saturated are masked as well, with a -circular mask radius $r = 10.15 * (-15 - m_{instrumental})$. An -example of a saturated star, with the masked regions for the -diffraction spikes and core saturation highlighted, is shown in Figure -\ref{fig:saturated star}. - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o6802g0338o_XY51_b1.jpg} - \caption{Example of saturated star, with diffraction spikes extending from the core on exposure o6802g0338o, OTA51 (2014-05-25, 45s g-filter).} - \label{fig:saturated star} -\end{figure} - -\subsubsection{Video Mask} -\label{sec:video_masks} - -One aspect of the OTAs on GPC1 is that an individual cell can be read -repeatedly while the other cells integrate, resulting in a video -signal from that cell. This data is used for telescope guiding -purposes, and a single exposure is likely to have a number of these -video cells active on different OTAs. For the 3PI survey, the median -exposure has 14 video cells being read, although this number ranges -from less than five to more than thirty, depending on the stellar -density and field pointing. Reading these cells while integrating on -the others changes the characteristic dark model (see Section -\ref{sec:video_darks} below) experienced by the other cells on the -OTA. The observed effect of this is that the glow associated with the -amplifiers in the corners of the cells is suppressed during the video -readout, relative to the nominal glow. The standard dark model -oversubtracts this glow, resulting in dark regions in the corners of -the cells on an OTA taking video data. Before the nature of this -issue was fully understood, these poorly constrained corners were -masked with 25-pixel radius quarter circles, centered on the (0,0) -pixel nearest the cell amplifier. The other corners of the cell were -masked with a 15-pixel radius quarter circle, as the amplifier -creating the glow is associated with another cell, separated by the -inter-cell spacing, diminishing the area affected. Due to the large -area that this masking would cover, the PV3 processing used a more -robust video dark model to correct this problem, as described in -section \ref{sec:video_darks} below. - - -\subsubsection{Masking Fraction} -\label{sec:masking_fraction} - -For the full field of view that falls on the sixty OTAs, 14.7\% of all -pixels are masked. The large fraction of this masking is due to -regions that fall within the vignetted region. Defining the diameter -of the unvignetted region to be 3 degrees, and excluding pixels that -fall beyond this point reduces the static masking fraction to 9.7\%. - -Unfortunately, due to the design of the OTAs and readout cells, a -non-negligible fraction of the field of view falls onto an area that -does not have a detector pixel. For a given OTA mosaicked to a -$4846\times{}4868$ pixel image, the 64 $590\times{}598$ pixel readout -cells cover 95.7\% of the OTA area, providing an additional 4.3\% -masking in the unvignetted field of view due to the absence of a -detector pixel. - -For the inter-chip gap area loss, we use two field of view -calculations to estimate the masking fraction. The reference field of -view of GPC1 is 3 degrees, which at the nominal plate scale of 0.258 -arcseconds per pixel, translates to a 20930 FPA pixel radius. - -%% mysql> select filter,AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_ref_static), AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_ref_dynamic), AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_ref_advisory), AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_max_static),AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_max_dynamic),AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_max_advisory) from camRun join camProcessedExp USING(cam_id) JOIN chipRun USING(chip_id) JOIN rawExp USING(exp_id) WHERE camRun.label = 'LAP.PV3.20140730.final' GROUP BY filter; -%% +---------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ -%% | filter | AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_ref_static) | AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_ref_dynamic) | AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_ref_advisory) | AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_max_static) | AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_max_dynamic) | AVG(camProcessedExp.maskfrac_max_advisory) | -%% +---------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ -%% static dynamic advisory -%% | g.00000 | 0.19642137972007 | 0.00010322263512709 | 0.026838445469766 -%% | 0.20949461794863 | 9.89200027293e-05 | 0.026431927734548 | -%% | r.00000 | 0.19675996201399 | 0.00025214447869606 | 0.032641054600788 -%% | 0.20989768279138 | 0.00023994155711801 | 0.032178525485201 | -%% | i.00000 | 0.19677587604327 | 0.00057470697316504 | 0.038096251937072 -%% | 0.21003570722292 | 0.00053987093278142 | 0.037471018638997 | -%% | z.00000 | 0.1974290315691 | 0.00024758901226967 | 0.03064123748973 -%% | 0.21055007930696 | 0.00023452690039757 | 0.030144453360769 | -%% | y.00000 | 0.19828990634315 | 0.00014523787521897 | 0.021984846417987 -%% | 0.21130344126869 | 0.00013634812877977 | 0.02163070300815 | - -Summing mask fractions from these three contributions within the -unvignetted field of view results in an average of $\sim 20\%$ masking -fraction across the field of view. Dynamic masking adds an additional -$2-3\%$, with advisory burntool masking contributing the largest -single component. - -\subsection{Overscan} -\label{sec:overscan} - -Each cell on GPC1 has an overscan region that covers the first 34 -columns of each row, and the last 10 rows of each column. No light -lands on these pixels, so the image region is trimmed to exclude them. -Each row has an overscan value subtracted, calculated by finding the -median value of that row's overscan pixels and then smoothing between -rows with a three-row boxcar median. - -\subsection{Non-linearity Correction} -\label{sec:nonlinearity} -% check notebook, 2010-07/08 - -The pixels of GPC1 are not uniformly linear at all flux levels. In -particular, at low flux levels, some pixels have a tendency to sag -relative to the expected linear value. This effect is most pronounced -along the edges of the detector cells, although some entire cells show -evidence of this effect. - -To correct this sag, we studied the flux behavior of a series of flat -frames for a ramp of exposure times with approximate logarithmically -equal spacing between 0.01s and 57.04s. As the exposure time -increases, the flux on each pixel also increases in what is expected -to be a linear manner. Each of these flat exposures in this ramp is -overscan corrected, and then the median is calculated for each cell, -as well as for the rows and columns within ten pixels of the edge of -the science region. From these median values at each exposure time -value, we can construct the expected trend by fitting a linear model, -$f_{region} = G * t_{exp} + B$, to determine the gain, $G$, and the -bias, $B$, for the region considered. This fitting was limited to only -the range of fluxes between 12000 and 38000 counts, as these ranges -were found to match the linear model well. This range avoids the -non-linearity at low fluxes, as well as the possibility of high-flux -non-linearity effects. - -We store the average flux measurement and deviation from the linear -fit for each exposure time for all regions on all detector cells in -the linearity detrend look up tables. When this is applied to science -data, these lookup tables are loaded, and a linear interpolation is -performed to determine the correction needed for the flux in that -pixel. This look up is performed for both the row and column of each -pixel, to allow the edge correction to be applied where applicable, -and the full cell correction elsewhere. The average of these two -values is then applied to the pixel value, reducing the effects of -pixel nonlinearity. - -This non-linearity effect appears to be stable in time for the -majority of the detector pixels, with little evident change over the -survey duration. However, as the non-linearity is most pronounced at -the edges of the detector cells, those are the regions where the -correction is most likely to be incomplete. Because of this fact, -most pixels in the static mask with either the DARKMASK or FLATMASK -bit set are found along these edges. As the non-linearity correction -is unable to reliably restore these pixels, they produce inconsistent -values after the dark and flat have been applied, and are therefore -rejected. - -%% exptime n_included/det_id = 372 -%% clearly this isn't the one used, as 3-12 spans three data points, poorly.x -%% 0.01 2 -%% 0.14 2 -%% 0.27 2 -%% 0.49 2 -%% 0.72 2 -%% 1.06 2 -%% 1.41 2 -%% 2.02 2 -%% 2.63 2 -%% 3.94 2 -%% 5.25 2 -%% 8.74 2 -%% 13.09 2 -%% 17.4 2 -%% 20.86 2 -%% 24.3 2 -%% 27.78 2 -%% 31.24 2 -%% 34.65 2 -%% 38.12 2 -%% 42.41 2 -%% 46.69 2 -%% 51.89 2 -%% 57.04 2 - - -%http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/DetectorLinearity_AllEdges -%http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/DetectorLinearityArchive - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/linearity_XY27_xy16.png} - \caption{Example plot of the linearity correction as a fraction of observed flux for OTA27, cell xy16.} -\end{figure} - -\subsection{Dark/Bias Subtraction} -\label{sec:dark} -% http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/Background_Dark_Model - -The dark model we make for GPC1 considers each pixel individually, -independent of any neighbors. To create the dark model, we fit an -multi-dimensional model to the array of input pixels from a randomly -selected set of 100-150 overscan and non-linearity corrected dark -frames chosen from a given date range. The model fits each pixel as a -function of the exposure time $t_{exp}$ and the detector temperature -$T_{chip}$ of the input images such that $\mathrm{dark} = a_0 + a_1 -t_{exp} + a_2 T_{chip} t_{exp} + a_3 T_{chip}^2 t_{exp}$. This -fitting uses two iterations to produce a clipped fit, rejecting at the -$3\sigma$ level. The final coefficients $a_i$ for the dark model are -stored in the detrend image. The constant $a_0$ term includes the -residual bias signal after overscan subtraction, and as such, a -separate bias subtraction is not necessary. - -Applying the dark model is simply a matter of calculating the response -to the exposure time and detector temperature for the image to be -corrected, and subtracting the resulting dark signal from the image. - -\subsubsection{Time evolution} - -The dark model is not consistently stable over the full survey, with -significant drift over the course of multiple months. Some of the -changes in the dark can be attributed to changes in the voltage -settings of the GPC1 controller electronics, but the majority seem to -be the result of some unknown parameter. We can separate the dark -model history of GPC1 into three epochs. The first epoch covers all -data taken prior to 2010-01-23. This epoch used a different header -keyword for the detector temperature, making data from this epoch -incompatible with later dark models. - -The second epoch covers data between 2010-01-23 and 2011-05-01, and is -characterized by a largely stable but oscillatory dark solution. -There are two modes that the dark model switches between apparently at -random. No clear cause has been established for the switching, but -there are clear differences between the two modes that require the -observation dates to be split to use the model that is most -appropriate. - -The initial evidence of these two modes comes from the discovery of a -slight gradient along the rows of certain cells. This is a result of -a drift in the bias level of the detector as it is read out. An -appropriate dark model should remove this gradient entirely. For -these two modes, the direction of this bias drift is different, so a -single dark model generated from all dark images in the time range -over corrects the positive-gradient mode, and under corrects the -negative-gradient mode. Upon identifying this two-mode behavior, and -determining the dates each mode was dominant, two separate dark -models were constructed from appropriate ``A'' and ``B'' mode dark -frames. Using the appropriate dark minimizes the effect of this bias -gradient in the dark corrected data. - -The bias drift gradients of the mode switching can be visualized in -Figure \ref{fig:dark switching}. This figure shows image profile -along the x-pixel axis binned along the full y-axis of dark corrected -images for OTA67. These images are from sequential days, and have -been corrected with a dark model constructed from the full set of dark -data within the second epoch. The opposite sign of the slopes of -these profiles indicates that the average dark model does not correct -these dates sufficiently, due to the contradictory dark signals -between the two modes. \czwdraft{this paragraph dependent on that figure.} - -After 2011-05-01, the two-mode behavior of the dark disappears, and is -replaced with a slow observation date dependent drift in the magnitude -of the gradient. This drift is sufficiently slow that we have modeled -it using three observation date independent dark model for different -date ranges. These darks cover the range from 2011-05-01 to -2011-08-01, 2011-08-01 to 2011-11-01, and 2011-11-01 and on. The -reason for this time evolution is unknown, but as it is correctable -with a small number of dark models, this does not significantly impact -detrending. - -\begin{figure} - \centering -% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_M_OS_NL_XY23_b1.jpg} -% \caption{(a)} -% \end{subfigure}% -% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_to_DARK_XY23_b1.jpg} -% \caption{(b)} -% \end{subfigure} - \end{minipage} - \caption{An example of the dark model application to exposure o5677g0123o, OTA23 (2011-04-26, 43s g-filter). The left panel shows the image data mosaicked to the OTA level, and has had the static mask applied, the overscan subtracted, and the detector non-linearity corrected. The right panel, shows the same exposure with the dark applied in addition to the processing shown on the left.} -\end{figure} - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/B_profile_ex.png} - \caption{Example showing a profile cut across exposure o5676g0195, OTA67 (2011-04-25, 43s g-filter). The entire first row of cells (xy00-xy07) have had a median calculated along each pixel column on the OTA mosaicked image. Arbitrary offsets have been applied to shift the curves to not overlap. The top curve (in purple) shows the initial raw profile, without no dark model applied. The next curve (in green) shows the smoother profile after applying the correct B-mode dark model. Applying the incorrect A-mode dark results in the blue curve, which shows a significant increase in gradients across the cells. The orange curve shows the result of the PATTERN.CONTINUITY correction. Although this creates a larger gradient across the mosaicked images, it decreases the cell-to-cell level changes. The final yellow curve shows the final image profile after all detrending and background subtraction, and has not had an offset applied. The bright source at the cell xy00 to xy01 transition is a result of a large optical ghost, which due to the area covered, increases the median level more than the field stars.} - \label{fig:dark switching} -\end{figure} - -\subsubsection{Video Dark} -\label{sec:video_darks} - -The dark signal is stronger in cell corners due to glow from the -read-out amplifiers. The standard dark model corrects this for most -observations. However, as mentioned above, when a cell is repeatedly -read in video mode, the dark model for the OTA containing it changes. -Surprisingly, added reads for the video cell do not amplify the -amplifier glow, but rather decrease the dark signal in these regions. -As a result, using the standard dark model on the data for these OTAs -results in oversubtraction of the corner glow. - -Video darks have been constructed to eliminate the effect this -observational change has on the final image quality. This was done by -running the standard dark construction process on a series of dark -frames that have had the video signal enabled for some cells. GPC1 -can only run video signals on a subset of the OTAs at a given time. -This requires two passes to enable the video signal across the full -set of OTAs that support video cells. This is beneficial to the -process of creating darks, as those OTAs that do not have video -signals enabled create standard dark models, while the video dark is -created for the other devices. - -This simultaneous construction of video and standard dark models is -useful, as it provides the ability to isolate the response on the -standard dark from the video signals. Isolating this response is -essential for attempting to create archival video darks. We only have -raw video dark frame data after 2012-05-16, when this problem was -initially identified, so any data prior to that can not be directly -corrected for the video dark signal. Isolating the video signal -response allows linear corrections to the pre-existing standard dark -models for archival data. Testing this shows that constructing a -video dark for older data simply as $VD_{2009} = D_{2009} - D_{Modern} -+ VD_{Modern}$ produces a satisfactory result that does not -oversubtract the amplifier glow. This is shown in figure -\ref{fig:video_darks}, which shows video cells from before 2012-05-16, -corrected with both the standard and video darks, with the early video -dark constructed in such a manner. - -\begin{figure} - \centering -% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_VIDEODARK_VDim_Rdark_XY22_b1.jpg} -% \caption{(a)} -% \end{subfigure}% -% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5677g0123o_VIDEODARK_VDim_VDdark_XY22_b1.jpg} -% \caption{(b)} -% \end{subfigure} - \end{minipage} - \caption{An example of the video dark model application to exposure o5677g0123o, OTA22 (2011-04-26, 43s g-filter), which has a video cell located in cell xy16. The left panel shows the image data mosaicked to the OTA level, and has had the static mask applied, the overscan subtracted, the detector non-linearity corrected, and a regular dark applied. The right panel, shows the same exposure with a video dark applied instead of the standard dark. The main impact of this change is the improved correction of the corner glows, which are oversubtracted with the standard dark.} - \label{fig:video_darks} -\end{figure} - -\subsection{Noisemap} -\label{sec:noisemap} - -Based on a study of the positional dependence of all detected sources, -we have discovered that the cells in GPC1 do not have uniform noise -characteristics. Instead, there is a gradient along the pixel rows, -with the noise generally higher away from the read out amplifier -(higher cell x pixel positions). This is likely an effect of the -row-by-row bias issue discussed below. This gradient causes the read -noise to increase as the row is read out. As a result of this -increased noise, more sources are detected in the higher noise regions -when the read noise is assumed constant across the readout. To -mitigate this noise gradient, we constructed an initial set of -noisemap images by measuring the median variance on bias frames. The -variance is calculated in boxes of 20x20 pixels, and then linearly -interpolated to cover the full image. - -Unfortunately, due to correlations within this noise, the variance -measured from the bias images does not fully remove the positional -dependence of objects that are detected. The reason for this is that -this simple noisemap underestimates the noise observed when the image -is filtered during the object detection process. This filtering -convolves the background noise with a PSF, which has the effect of -amplifying the correlated peaks in the noise. This amplification can -therefore boost background fluctuations above the threshold used to -select real objects, contaminating the final object catalogs. - -In the detection process, we expect false positives at a rate equal to -the one-tailed probability beyond the detection threshold. For these -tests, only detections measured at the $\sigma_{thresh} = 5\sigma$ -level are used, to match that used in the photometry on science data. -This probability can be converted into a number of false number by -considering a given area. As the detections must be isolated to not -be detected as an extended object, this area must be reduced by the -area a given PSF occupies. Combining this, we find that we expect a -probability $P = 1 - \Phi_{normal}(5) = \frac{1}{2} -\erfcinv\left(\frac{5}{\sqrt{2}}\right)$, and an area given $N$ -exposures of area $X\times Y$, $A = \frac{X \times Y \times - N}{A_{PSF}}$. For a typical $1"$ seeing, $A_{PSF}$ is approximately -16 pixels. Using this model for the false positives, we found that -the added read noise was insufficient to account for the observed -false positive rate. Inverting this relation, we can measure -$\sigma_{obs}$, the true threshold level based on the number of false -positives observed. This $\sigma_{obs}$ is the combined to form a -boost factor $B = \sigma_{thresh} / \sigma_{obs}$ that amplifies the - noisemap to match the observed false detection rate. - -The row-to-row variations that contribute to the extra noise are -related to the dark model, and because of this, as the dark model -changes, the effective noise also changes. To ensure that the -noisemap accurately matches the true noise level, we have created -different noisemap models for the three major time ranges of the dark -model. We do not see any strong evidence that the noisemaps have the -A/B modes visible in the dark, and so we do not generate different -models for each individual dark model. The additional pixel-to-pixel -variance from this noisemap is added to the Poissonian variance to -form the science variance image generated by the \ippstage{chip} -processing. - -\subsection{Flat} - -Determining a flat field correction for GPC1 is a challenging -endeavor, as the wide field of view makes it difficult to construct a -uniformly illuminated image. Using a dome screen is not possible, as -the variations in illumination and screen rigidity create large -scatter between different images that are not caused by the detector -response function. Because of this, we use sky flat images taken at -twilight, which are more consistently illuminated than screen flats. -We calculate the mean of these images to determine the initial flat -model. - -From this starting model, we construct a correction to remove the -effect of the illumination differences over the detector surface. -This is done by dithering a series of science exposures with a given -pointing. By fully calibrating these exposures with the initial flat -model, and then comparing the measured fluxes for the same star as a -function of position on the detector, we can determine position -dependent scaling factors. From the set of scaling factors for the -full catalog of stars observed in the dithered sequence, we can -construct a model of the error in the initial flat model as a function -of detector position. Applying a correction that reduces the -amplitude of these errors produces a flat field model that better -represents the true detector response. - -The flat model appears stable with time, although directly measuring -this is as difficult as originally constructing the model. However, -due to the photometric consistency observed in the final catalog of -GPC1 measurements \citep{MagnierXXX}, we can be confident that the -flat model does not have a major time dependent component. - -\subsection{Pattern correction} -\label{sec:pattern} - -Due to detector specific issues that are not cleanly removed by the -dark model, we have a set of ``pattern'' corrections that are applied -to some selection of the OTAs in the camera. This is done to reduce -the effect that detector differences that are not stable enough to be -corrected with a global model have on the measured astronomical -signal. Because these are not stable features that can simply be -averaged over a large number of inputs, the pattern corrections -attempt to identify and correct the detector issues based on -appropriate filtering the individual science exposures. - -The PATTERN.ROW correction is used to remove any remaining row-by-row -bias variation, and the PATTERN.CELL and PATTERN.CONTINUITY -corrections attempt to ensure that the cells of a given OTA are -consistent with the other cells on that OTA. - -\subsubsection{Pattern Row} -% http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/GPC1_Bias_Pattern_Study -As discussed above in the dark and noisemap sections, certain -detectors have significant row-by-row bias offsets, caused by noise in -the camera control electronics. The magnitude of these offsets -increases as the distance from the readout amplifier increases, -resulting in horizontal streaks that are more pronounced along the -large x pixel edge of the cell. As the level of the offset is -apparently random between exposures, the dark correction cannot fully -remove this structure from the images, and the noisemap value only -indicates the level of the average variance added by these bias -offsets. Therefore, we apply the PATTERN.ROW correction in an attempt -to mitigate the offsets and correct the image values. To force the -rows to agree, a second order clipped polynomial is fit to each row in -the cell. Four fit iterations are run, and pixels $2.5\sigma$ deviant -are excluded from subsequent fits, to minimize the effect stars and -other astronomical signals have. The final trend is then subtracted -from the image. Simply doing this subtraction will also have the -effect of removing the background sky level. To prevent this, the -constant and linear terms for each row are stored, and linear fits are -made to these parameters as a function of row. This produces a plane -that is added back to the image to restore the background offset and -any linear ramp that exists in the sky. - - -This correction was required on all cells on all OTAs prior to -2009-12-01, at which point a modification of the camera electronics -reduced the scale of the row-by-row offsets for the majority of the -OTAs. As a result, we only apply this correction to the cells where -it is still necessary, as shown in Figure \ref{fig: pattern row - cells}. A list of these cells is listed in Table -\ref{tab:pattern_row_cells}. - -Although this correction does largely resolve the row-by-row offset -issue in a satisfactory way, large and bright astronomical objects can -bias the fit significantly. This results in an oversubtraction of the -offset near these objects. As the offsets are calculated on the pixel -rows, this oversubtraction is not uniform around the object, but is -preferentially along the horizontal x axis of the object. Most -astronomical objects are not significantly distorted by this, with -this only becoming on issue for only bright objects comparable to the -size of the cell (598 pixels = 150"). - -%% \czwdraft{keep this?} This row-by-row offset is visible in similar -%% camera designs, and has been removed by identifying the noise signal -%% in the pixel data stream. By taking the FFT of the pixels and a -%% reference signal, the frequency of this noise can be isolated and -%% removed, resulting in a much cleaner image. However, GPC1 does not -%% record the value of the reference signal, instead automatically -%% subtracting it from the data values. Without this comparison signal, -%% we have been unable to reproduce this method, as there is no obvious -%% FFT component visible. - -\begin{deluxetable}{lcccc} - \tablecolumns{3} - \tablewidth{0pc} - \tablecaption{Cells which have PATTERN.ROW correction applied} - \tablehead{\colhead{OTA} & \colhead{Cell columns} & \colhead{Additional cells}} - \startdata - OTA11 & & xy02, xy03, xy04, xy07 \\ - OTA14 & & xy23 \\ - OTA15 & 0 & \\ - OTA27 & 0, 1, 2, 3, 7 & \\ - OTA31 & 7 & \\ - OTA32 & 3, 7 & \\ - OTA45 & 3, 7 & \\ - OTA47 & 0, 3, 5, 7 & \\ - OTA57 & 0, 1, 2, 6, 7 & \\ - OTA60 & & xy55 \\ - OTA74 & 2, 7 & \\ - \enddata - \label{tab:pattern_row_cells} -\end{deluxetable} - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/pattern_row_edit.png} - \caption{Diagram illustrating in red which cells on GPC1 require the PATTERN.ROW correction to be applied. The footprint of each OTA is outlined, and cell xy00 is marked with either a filled box or an outline. The labeling of the non-existent corner OTAs is provided to orient the focal plane.} - \label{fig: pattern row cells} -\end{figure} - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5379g0103o_XY57_nopat.png} -% \caption{(a)} -% \end{subfigure}% -% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{0.45\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5379g0103o_XY57_pat.png} -% \caption{(b)} -% \end{subfigure} - \end{minipage} - \caption{Example of the PATTERN.ROW correction on exposure o5379g0103o OTA57 cell xy00 (i-filter 45s). The left panel shows the cell with all appropriate detrending except the PATTERN.ROW, and the right shows the same cell with PATTERN.ROW applied. The correction reduces the correlated noise on the right side, which is most distant from the read out amplifier. There is a slight over subtraction along the rows near the bright star. \czwdraft{which I can't seem to find proper ranges to highlight.}} -\end{figure} - -\subsubsection{Pattern Cell} - -As the measured background level of a given cell may not exactly match -that of its neighbors, fitting a smooth background model over the full -OTA can result in over and under-subtraction of the sky level at the -cell boundary discontinuities. The PATTERN.CELL correction was an -initial attempt to remove this effect on the worst cells, by forcing -all the cells of an OTA to the same level. Each cell had the median -value measured, and then each cell had an offset added that shifts the -cell to match the median of those medians. - -This correction is reasonable when the astronomical signal is smooth, -with no objects that are large relative to the size of an individual -cell. However, the presence of large galaxies (or even bright stars) -can bias the offsets for some cells from their neighbors. Because of -this issue, we no longer apply this correction to any data. - -\subsubsection{Pattern Continuity} - -As the PATTERN.CELL correction was insufficient in many situations, we -designed a replacement correction that would reduce the background -distortion for large objects. In addition, studies of the background -level illustrated that the row-by-row bias can introduce small -background gradient variations along the rows of the cells that is not -stable enough to be completely fit by the dark model. This common -feature across the columns of cells results in a ``saw tooth'' pattern -horizontally across an OTA, and as the background model fits a smooth -sky level, this induces over and under subtraction at the cell -boundaries. As the PATTERN.CELL was designed to correct changes only -in the median value between cells, it could not adequately resolve -this higher order issue. - -The replacement for PATTERN.CELL is the PATTERN.CONTINUITY correction, -which attempts to match the edges of a cell to those of its neighbors. -For each cell, a thin box 10 pixels wide on each edge is extracted and -the median value of unmasked values calculated for that box. These -median values are then used to construct a vector of differences -$\Delta_i = \sum_{j} Edge_{i} - Edge_{j}$, along with a matrix of -associations $A_{i,i'} = \sum_{j} \delta(i,j) \delta(j,i')$ denoting -which cell boundaries touch another. By solving the system $A x = -diff$, we find the set of offsets $x_i$ to be applied to each cell to -ensure the minimum differences between all cell edges and their -neighbors. - -For OTAs that initially show the saw tooth pattern, the effect of this -correction is to align the cells into a single ramp, at the expense of -the absolute background level. However, as we subtract off a smooth -background model prior to doing photometry, these deviations from an -absolute sky level are unimportant. The fact that the final ramp is -smoother than it would be otherwise also allows for the background -subtracted image to more closely match the astronomical sky, without -significant errors at cell boundaries. An example of the effect of -this correction on an image profile is shown in Figure \ref{fig:dark switching}. - -%% \begin{figure} -%% \centering -%% \caption{Continuity example, with background issue.} -%% \label{fig: continuity example} -%% \end{figure} - -\subsection{Fringe correction} -\label{sec:fringe} -% det_id 296 is the fringe we use. - -\czwdraft{This is still a mess} - -Due to variations in the thickness of the detectors, we observe -interference patterns at the infrared end of the filter set, as the -wavelength of the light becomes comparable to the thickness of these -variations. Visually inspecting the images shows that the fringing is -most prevalent in the y-filter images, with negligible fringing in -other bands. As a result of this, we only apply a fringe correction -to the y filter data. - -The fringe used for PV3 processing was constructed from a set of 20 -120s science exposures. These exposures are overscan subtracted, and -corrected for non-linearity, and have the dark and flat models -applied. These images are smoothed with a Gaussian of $\sigma = 2$ -pixels to minimize pixel to pixel noise. The fringe image data is -then constructed by calculating the clipped mean of the input images -with two iteration of clipping at the $3\sigma$ level. - -A course background model is constructed by calculating the median on -a 3x3 grid (200x200 pixels each). A set of 1000 randomly selected -points are selected on \czwdraft{the final image} in each cell, and -median calculated for this position in a 10x10 pixel box, and the -background level subtracted. These sample locations provide scale -points to allow the amplitude of the measured fringe to be compared to -that found on science images. - -To apply the fringe, the same sample locations are measured on science -image to determine the relative strength of the fringing in that -particular image. A least squares fit between the fringe measurements -and the corresponding measurements on the science provides the scale -factor multiplied by the fringe before it is subtracted from the -science image. - -\begin{figure} - \centering - \begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=1.0\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5220g0025o_XY53_nofringe.png} -% \caption{(a)} -% \end{subfigure}% -% \begin{subfigure}[]{.45\hsize} - \end{minipage}% - \begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize} - \includegraphics[width=1.0\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/o5220g0025o_XY53_fringe.png} -% \caption{(b)} -% \end{subfigure} - \end{minipage} - \caption{Example of the y-filter fringe pattern on exposure o5220g0025o OTA53 (y-filter 30s). The left panel shows the OTA mosaic with all detrending except the fringe correction, while the right shows the same including the fringe correction. Both images have been smoothed with a Gaussian with $\sigma = 3$ pixels to highlight the faint and large scale fringe patterns. \czwdraft{See if there's a way to have mana produce images larger than the screen size.}} - \label{fig: fringe example} -\end{figure} - -\subsection{Background subtraction} -\label{sec:background} - - -Once all other detrending is done, the pixels from each cell are -mosaicked into the full $4846\times{}4868$ pixel OTA image. A -background model for the full OTA is then determined prior to the -photometric analysis. The mosaicked image is binned into -$800\times{}800$ pixel bins, centered on the image center, and -overlapping by a factor of 2 in both axes. These bins have 10000 -random samples drawn, and a binned cumulative distribution function is -generated. These bins are interpolated to find the best mean value at -the $50\%$ level, as well as the distribution $\sigma$ by estimating -from the $32\%$ and $68\%$ levels. Repeating this across all bins -results in a $13\times{}13$ grid of background bins, which are -bilinearly interpolated to generate the background model to subtract. -Each object in the photometric catalog has a SKY and SKY\_SIGMA value -based on this model as well. - -%% * Magic -%% * Warping -%% * warping kernel -%% * linear-by-pieces -%% * Covariance -%% * def of skycells? -%% * Stacking -%% * pixel combination rules -%% * pixel rejections -%% * convolution for matching (success and failure) -%% * Difference Image analysis - - \section{Warping} \label{sec:warping} @@ -1505,8 +1539,8 @@ projected onto a common set of tangent plane projected regions called projection cells. These projection cells are $4\times{}4$ degree -fields spaced onto set of centers that fully cover the sky. They are +fields spaced onto a set of centers that fully cover the sky. They are arranged into rings of constant declination, and allowed to overlap as $|\delta|$ increases. Each projection cell is further subdivided into -$10\times{}10$ sky cells with fixed $0.25"$ resolution pixels, with +$10\times{}10$ sky cells with fixed $0.25"$ resolution pixels, and constant overlap regions between adjacent skycells of $60"$. These skycells are the main image unit used for processing image data beyond @@ -1565,25 +1599,55 @@ name, and the SEC keyword lists the image section corresponding to the locally linear grid box. The MPX and MPY contain the transformation -parameters for the locally linear grid. \czwdraft{Is this accurate?} - -% Read all images and astrometry -% Check which input images overlap with output image. => 8007 when the inputs don't overlap. -% Loop over each image. -% Append detections from input into output detection list. -% Determine transform back from warp pixels to source image. -%% 2nd order polynomial in both x and y for this transformation. and save to header -% Break warp image into 128x128pixel locally linear areas -% Mask non finite pixels as saturated. -% Define Lanczos-3 interpolation over the input image. -% Iterate over warp pixel space (on each locally linear grid) and map interpolated input pixel positions onto warp. -% Warp pixel space is defined as center based, so that's where the intpolation point comes from. -% Covariance calculated based on the interpolation kernel at the center of the ll grid. -% image = interp_image * jacobian -% var = interp_var * jacobian**2 -% mask = interp_mask -% jacobian = abs(mapXx * mapYy - mapYx * mapXy) -% I don't understand that jacobian. -% - +parameters for the locally linear grid. These parameters are stored +in a string listing the reference position in the chip coordinate +frame, the slope of the relation in the warp x axis, and the slope of +the relation in the warp y axis. From these keywords, any position in +the warp can be mapped back to the location in any of the input OTA +images. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/warp_1046511_sci.jpg} + \caption{Example of the warp image for skycell skycell.2047.005 + centered at ($\alpha,\delta$) = (179.763, 32.1899) for exposure + o4985g0073o, (2009-06-03, 30s \zps{} filter). The data from six + OTAs contribute to this image, although they are all truncated by + the skycell boundaries. This skycell image is aligned such that + north points to the top of the image, and east to the left. The + contributing OTAs are from the right half of the detector, with + OTA24 contributing the most pixels, and originally have the + positive y axis pointing to the southwest in this warped image, + with the positive x axis to the northwest.} + \label{fig:warp image} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/warp_1046511_wt.jpg} + \caption{Example of the warp variance image for skycell + skycell.2047.005 of exposure o4985g0073o, the same as in Figure + \ref{fig:warp image}. This variance map retains information about + the higher flux levels that were found in burntool corrected + persistence trails, which appear here as streaks along the + original OTA y axis. The amplifier glows that are corrected in + the dark model are also more visible in the corners of the cells + in OTA24. As both of these effects are corrected in the science + image, there are no significant features visible there.} + \label{fig:warp variance} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/warp_1046511_mask.jpg} + \caption{Example of the warp mask image for skycell skycell.2047.005 + of exposure o4985g0073o, the same as in Figure \ref{fig:warp + image}. This mask image shows the many small defects removed + from the image, along with larger advisory trails on corrected + burntool trails. The saturated cores of the bright stars are also + masked, along with the diffraction spikes found on these stars. + In addition OTA24 shows the precautionary crosstalk bleed masks + for the two brightest stars applied to all cells within the same + row.} +\end{figure} \section{Stacking} @@ -1592,11 +1656,11 @@ Once individual exposures have been warped onto a common projection system, they can then be combined pixel-by-pixel regardless of their -original orientation. Creating a stacked image by coadding the -individual warps increases the signal to noise which allows objects -fainter than can be found on the individual inputs to be detected. -Creating this stack also allows a complete image to be constructed -that does not have regions masked due to the gaps between cells and -OTAs. This provides a fully populated static sky image that can -be used for subtraction to find transient sources. +original orientation. Creating a stacked image by co-adding the +individual warps increases the signal to noise, allowing for the +detection of objects that would not be sufficiently significant to be measured from a single image. +Creating this stack also allows a complete image to be +constructed that does not have regions masked due to the gaps between +cells and OTAs. This fully populated static sky image can also be +used as a template for subtraction to find transient sources. The stacked image is comprised of all warp frames for a given skycell @@ -1607,97 +1671,73 @@ Once all files are ingested, the first step is to measure the size and shapes of the input image PSFs. We exclude images that have a PSF -FWHM greater than 10 pixels, as those images have the seeing far worse -than average, and would degrade the final output stack. For the PV3 -survey, this size represents a PSF larger than $97$th percentile in -all filters. A target PSF for the stack is constructed by finding the -maximum envelope of all input PSFs, which sets the target PSF to the -largest value among the input PSFs for a given position from the peak. -This PSF is then circularized to ensure azimuthal symmetry, which -prevents any of the input images from being deconvolved when matched -to the target. - -The input images also need to have their flux normalized to prevent +FWHM greater than 10 pixels (2.5 arcseconds), as those images have the +seeing far worse than average, and would degrade the final output +stack. For the PV3 $3\Pi$ survey, this size represents a PSF larger +than the $97$th percentile in all filters. A target PSF for the stack +is constructed by finding the maximum envelope of all input PSFs, +which sets the target PSF to the largest value among the input PSFs +for a given position from the peak. This PSF is then circularized to +ensure azimuthal symmetry, which prevents deconvolution of any of the +input images when matched to the target. + +The input images also need to have their fluxes normalized to prevent differences in seeing and sky transparency from causing discrepancies -during pixel rejection. From the calibrated input catalogs, we have -the instrumental magnitudes of all sources, along with the airmass, -image exposure time, and zeropoint. All output stacks are calibrated -to a zeropoint of 25.0 in all filters, and to have an airmass of 1.0. -The output exposure time is set to the sum of the input exposure -times. We can determine the relative transparency for each input -image by comparing the magnitudes of matched sources between the -different images. Each image then has a normalization factor defined, -equal to $norm_{i} = (ZP_{i} - ZP_{target}) - transparency_{i} - 2.5 * -\log_{10} (t_{target} / t_{i}) - airmassTerm * (airmass_{i} - -airmass_{target})$. \czwdraft{ZP.AIRMASS is zero for all filters. - Does this simply mean that we assume any airmass differences are - folded into the transparency differences? This would simplify this - discussion quite a bit if that's the case, as we can just say that - and skip all the extra airmass terms.} - -% PREPARE -% load sources -% load psfs -% determine target as envelope of input psfs -% FWHM clipping at 10 -% measure seeing -% - // M_app = m_inst + zp + c1 * airmass + 2.5log(t) - transparency -% // EAM : the discussion here was not quite right (or at least sloppy). Here is a replacement explanation: -% // For any star, the observed instrumental magnitude on an image and the apparent magnitude are related by: -% // M_app = m_inst + zp + c1 * airmass + 2.5log(t) - transparency -% // NOTE the sign of 'transparency' this must agree with the definition in pmSourceMatch.c. see, eg, line 457 where -% // transparency = m_inst + zp + c1 * airmass + 2.5log(t) - M_app -% // we want to adjust the input images to be in a consistent flux system so that the -% // final stack can be generated with a specific target zero point. Any adjustment to -% // the flux scale of the image must be made in coordination with the resulting -% // zeropoint, exposure time, and airmass such that the above relationship yields the -% // same apparent magnitude for a given star: -% // m_inst_i : instrumental mags on input image (in) -% // m_inst_o : instrumental mags on re-normalized image (out) -% // m_inst_o + zp_o + c1 * airmass_o + 2.5log(t_o) - trans_o = m_inst_i + zp_i + c1 * airmass_i + 2.5log(t_i) - trans_i -% // m_inst_o = m_inst_i + (zp_i - zp_o) + c1 * (airmass_i - airmass_o) + 2.5log(t_i) - 2.5log(t_o) - trans_i + trans_o -% // zp_i, airmass_i, t_i, trans_i : reported or measured for input image -% // zp_o = zpTarget (from recipe) -% // airmass_o = airmassTarget (from recipe) -% // t_o = sumExpTime [sum of input exposure times: once images are scale to this time, they can be avereaged] -% // trans_o = 0.0 [obviously!] -% // we have 2 cases: (a) all reported ZPs are good or (b) some are bad: -% // (a) FPA.ZP = zp_i + c1 * airmass_i -% // --> zp[i] = zp_i + c1 * airmass_i + 2.5log(exptime_i) -% // (b) zp[i] = c1 * airmass_i + 2.5log(exptime_i) -% // NOTE: in case (b), the current code is equating the TARGET zp with the NOMINAL zp, which is wrong. -% // m_inst_o - m_inst_i = zp[i] - zpTarget - c1 * airmassTarget - 2.5log(sumExpTime) - trans_i +during pixel rejection. From the reference catalog calibrated input +catalogs, we have the instrumental magnitudes of all sources, along +with the airmass, image exposure time, and zeropoint. All output +stacks are calibrated to a zeropoint of 25.0 in all filters, and to +have an airmass of 1.0. The output exposure time is set to the sum of +the input exposure times, regardless of if those inputs are rejected +later in the combination process. We can determine the relative +transparency for each input image by comparing the magnitudes of +matched sources between the different images. Each image then has a +normalization factor defined, equal to $\mathrm{norm}_{input} = (ZP_\mathrm{input} +- ZP_\mathrm{target}) - \mathrm{transparency}_\mathrm{input} - 2.5 * +\log_{10} (t_\mathrm{target} / t_\mathrm{input}) - +\mathrm{F}_\mathrm{airmass} * (\mathrm{airmass}_\mathrm{input} - +\mathrm{airmass}_\mathrm{target})$. For the PV3 processing, the +airmass factor $\mathrm{F}_\mathrm{airmass}$ was set to zero, such +that all flux differences from differing exposure airmasses are +assumed to be included in the zeropoint and transparency values. + +The zeropoint calibration performed here uses the calibration of the +individual input exposures against the reference catalog. Upon the +conclusion of the survey, the entire set of detection catalogs is +further re-calibrated in the ``ubercal'' process \citep{2012ApJ...756..158S}. +This produces a more consistent calibration of each exposure across +the entire region of the sky imaged. This further calibration is not +available at the time of stacking, and so there may be small residuals +in the transparency values as a result of this \citet{magnier2017c}. With the flux normalization factors and target PSF chosen, the convolution kernels can be calculated for each image. ISIS kernels -are used with FWHM values of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 pixels and polynomial -orders of 6, 4, and 2. \czwdraft{Skipping this bit because I'm not - completely sure I understand it.} The image is then scaled by the -normalization as $renorm = 10^{-0.4 * norm_{image}} / -norm_{convolution}$, and the variance by the square of that value. - - -% MATCH -% match to target PSF. -% use ISIS kernels to do matching/convolution -% Input sources used for psf matching. -% @ISIS.WIDTHS F32 1.5 3.0 6.0 # Gaussian kernel FWHM values -% @ISIS.ORDERS S32 6 4 2 # Polynomial orders for ISIS kernels +\citep{1998ApJ...503..325A} are used with FWHM values of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 +pixels and polynomial orders of 6, 4, and 2. Regions around the +sources identified in the input images are extracted, convolved with +the kernel, and the residual with the target PSF used to update the +parameters of the kernel via least squares optimization. Stamps that +significantly deviate are rejected, but as the squared residual +difference will increase with increasing source flux. To mitigate +this effect, a parabola is fit to the distribution of squared +residuals as a function of source flux. Stamps that deviate from this +fit by more than $2.5\sigma$ are rejected, and not used on further +kernel fit iterations. This process is repeated twice, and the final +convolution kernel is returned. + +This convolution may change the image flux scaling, so a normalization +factor is used to correct this. This normalization factor is equal to +the ratio of $10^{-0.4 \mathrm{norm}_{input}}$ to the sum of the +kernel. The image is multiplied by this factor, and the variance by +the square of it, scaling all inputs to the common zeropoint. Once the convolution kernels are defined for each image, they are used to convolve the image to match the target PSF. Any input image that -has a $\chi^2$ value greater than 4.0$\sigma$ larger than the median -value is rejected from the stack. Each image also has a weight -assigned, based on the image variance after convolution. For a given -image, the weight is equal to $W^{-1} = \langle Variance(x,y) \rangle -* f_{covariance}$, where the angle brackets denote a robust median of -the variance image, and the covariance factor $f_{covariance}$ is the -peak value of the covariance matrix of the convolution. - -% CONVOLVE -% Normalization to match target zeropoint/exptime -% Reject images with bad match chi^2 values. MATCH.REJ * rms + median threshold. -% Additional variance from the convolution chi^2 -% Calculate image weights based on variance: W_i = 1 / (ROBUST_MEDIAN(variance_image_i) * CovarianceFactor) -% CovarianceFactor = covariance->kernel[0][0] +has a kernel match $\chi^2$ value greater than 4.0$\sigma$ larger than +the median value is rejected from the stack. Each image also has a +weight assigned, based on the image variance after convolution. A +full image weight is then calculated for each input, with the weight, +$W_\mathrm{input}$ is equal to the inverse of the median of the image +variance multiplied by the peak of the image covariance (due to the +warping process). Following the convolution, an initial stack is constructed. For a @@ -1720,6 +1760,6 @@ \begin{eqnarray} - S_{value} &=& \sum_i\left(value_{i} * W_i\right) / \sum_i\left(W_i\right) \\ - S_{exp weight} &=& \sum_i \left(exptime_i * W_i\right) / \sum_i\left(W_i\right) \\ + \mathrm{Stack}_\mathrm{value} &=& \sum_i\left(\mathrm{value}_\mathrm{input} * W_\mathrm{input}\right) / \sum_\mathrm{inputs}\left(W_\mathrm{input}\right) \\ + \mathrm{Stack}_\mathrm{exp weight} &=& \sum_i \left(\mathrm{exptime}_\mathrm{input} * W_\mathrm{input}\right) / \sum_\mathrm{inputs}\left(W_\mathrm{input}\right) \\ \end{eqnarray} @@ -1727,59 +1767,9 @@ \begin{eqnarray} - S_{variance} &=& 1 / \sum_i \left( 1 / variance_i \right) + \mathrm{Stack}_\mathrm{variance} &=& 1 / \sum_i \left( 1 / \sigma^2_\mathrm{input} \right) \end{eqnarray} The output mask value is taken to be zero (no masked bits), unless there were no valid inputs, in which case the BLANK mask bit is set. - -% INITIAL COMBINE -% Calculate weighted mean of input images -% mu = sum_i(f_i * W_i) / sum_i(W_i) -% sigma = 1 / sum_i(1 / W_i) -% nu = sum_i(m_i) -% // We're not using the input pixel variances to generate a weighted average for the pixel flux (because -% // that introduces systematic biases), so the variance of the output pixel value should simply be: -% // simga^2 = sum(weight_i^2 * sigma_i^2) / (sum(weight_i))^2 -% // This reduces, when the weights are all identically unity, to: -% // variance_combination = sum(variance_i) / N^2 -% // and if the variances are all equal: -% // variance_combination = variance_individual / N -% // which makes sense --- the standard deviation of the combination is reduced by a factor of sqrt(N). -% sumValueWeight = sum_i(values * weights) -% sumWeight = sum_i(weights) -% sumVarianceWeight == sum( 1 / variances) -% sumExp = sum_i(exptimes) -% sumExpWeight = sum_i(exptims * weights) -% mean = sumValueWeight / sumWeight -% var = 1 / sumVarianceWeight -% exp = sumExp -% expWeight = sumExpWeight - -% EXCEPT: if N = 1, accept it. if N = 2, take average. - -% if (!pmStackCombine(outRO, NULL, stack, maskBad, maskSuspect, maskBlank, kernelSize, iter, -% combineRej, combineSys, combineDiscard, useVariance, safe, nminpix, false)) { -%bool pmStackCombine( -% pmReadout *combined, // output stacked readout -% pmReadout *expmaps, // output exposure map information -% psArray *input, // input exposures -% psImageMaskType badMaskBits, // treat these bits as 'bad' -% psImageMaskType suspectMaskBits, // treat these bits as 'suspect' -% psImageMaskType blankMaskBits, // use this mask value for pixels missing input data (distinguish between Ninput = 0 and Ngood = 0?) -% int kernelSize, -% float iter, 0.5 -% float rej, 4.0 -% float sys, 0.1 -% float olympic, 0.2 -% bool useVariance, -% bool safe, -% int nminpix, -% bool rejection) -%{ - -% combineExtract -%% pixels with mask values as suspect are appended to suspect pixel list. -% combinePixels -%% As described above. Due to the various non-astronomical ghosts that can occur on GPC1, and @@ -1794,5 +1784,5 @@ warp-warp difference images to be constructed to identify transient detections, higher pixel values that come from sources like optical -ghosts depend on the telescope pointing will come in pairs as well. +ghosts that depend on the telescope pointing will come in pairs as well. The higher pixel value contaminants are also potentially problematic as they may appear to be real sources, prompting photometry to be @@ -1801,12 +1791,14 @@ to reject higher pixel values than lower pixel values. -Following this initial combination, a ``testing'' loop iterates in an +Following the initial combination, a ``testing'' loop iterates in an attempt to identify outlier points. Again, if only one input is available, that input is accepted. If there are two inputs, $A$ and -$B$, then a check is made to see if $(0.5 * (value_A - value_B))^2 > -rej^2 * (variance_A + variance_B + (sys * value_A)^2 + (sys * -value_B)^2)$, where $rej$ is the number of sigma deviant a point needs -to be to be excluded, set to 4.0 for the PV3 processing, and $sys$ is -an estimate of the systematic error, taken to be 0.1. +$B$, then a check is made to see if $(0.5 * (\mathrm{value}_A - +\mathrm{value}_B))^2 > 16 * (\sigma^2_A + \sigma^2_B ++ (0.1 * \mathrm{value}_A)^2 + (0.1 * \mathrm{value}_B)^2)$, such that +the deviation of the inputs from their mean position is greater than +four times the sum of their measured uncertainties and a 10\% +systematic error term. If this is the case, neither input is trusted, +and both are flagged for rejection If the number of inputs is larger than 6, then a Gaussian mixture @@ -1822,12 +1814,13 @@ input values are passed to an Olympic weighted mean calculation. We reject $20\%$ of the number of inputs through this process. The -number of bad inputs is set to $N_{bad} = 0.2 * N_{input} + 0.5$, with -the 0.5 term ensuring at least one input is rejected. This number is -further separated into the number of low values to exclude $N_{low} = -N_{bad} / 2$, which will default to zero if there are few inputs, and -$N_{high} = N_{input} + N_{low} - N_{bad}$. After sorting the input -values to determine which values fall into the low and high groups, -the remaining input values are used in a weighted mean using the image -weights above. +number of bad inputs is set to $N_\mathrm{bad} = 0.2 * +N_\mathrm{input} + 0.5$, with the 0.5 term ensuring at least one input +is rejected. This number is further separated into the number of low +values to exclude $N_\mathrm{low} = N_\mathrm{bad} / 2$, which will +default to zero if there are few inputs, and $N_\mathrm{high} = +N_\mathrm{input} + N_\mathrm{low} - N_\mathrm{bad}$. After sorting +the input values to determine which values fall into the low and high +groups, the remaining input values are used in a weighted mean using +the image weights above. A systematic variance term is necessary to correctly scale how @@ -1839,91 +1832,38 @@ \begin{eqnarray} - limit_{mixture model} &=& 4^2 * (variance_i + \sigma_{MM}^2) \\ - limit_{default} &=& 4^2 * (variance_i + (0.1 * value_i)^2) + \mathrm{limit}_\mathrm{mixture\ model} &=& 4^2 * (\sigma^2_\mathrm{input} + \sigma_\mathrm{mixture\ model}^2) \\ + \mathrm{limit}_\mathrm{default} &=& 4^2 * (\sigma^2_\mathrm{input} + (0.1 * \mathrm{value}_\mathrm{input})^2) \end{eqnarray} Each input pixel is then compared against this limit, and the most -discrepant pixel that has $(value_i - mean)^2$ exceeding this limit is -identified. If there are suspect pixels in the set those pixels are -marked for rejection, otherwise this worst pixel is marked for -rejection. Following this, the combine and test loop is repeated for -until no more pixels are rejected, up to a maximum number of -iterations equal to $50\%$ of the number of inputs. - -% combineTest -%% if (Ninput > 6) { use KMM } -%% KMM: -%% Calculate KMMmu KMMsigma KMMpi KMMPunimodal -%% SumWeights = sum(pixelWeights) -%% SysVar = KMMSigma**2 OR (sys * pixelData[i])**2 -%% pixelLimts[i] = rej**2 * (pixelVariances[i] + sysVar) -% Iterate 0.5 * Ninput times (at least once) -%% Ninput = 1 => accept -%% Ninput = 2 => if (0.5 * (A - B))**2 > rej**2 * (pixelVariance[A] + pixelVariance[B] + (sys * A)**2 + (sys * B)**2) -%% then if (suspect) mark reject else mark inspect -%% Else => if (useKMM and Punimodal < 0.05) median = KMMmean -%% => else median = combinationWeightedOlympic{} -%% => if (pixelData - median)**2 > pixelLimits[i] then find single worst deviant pixel value -%% then => if suspect (mark reject) else (mark reject worst deviant pixel value) - - -%% combinationWeightedOlympic => -%% numBad = frac * Ninput + 0.5 -%% low = numBad / 2, high = low + numGood - numBad -%% sort(values) => -%% if (i > low && i <= high) { sumValues = sum_i(values * weights); sumWeight = sum_i(weights) -%% return (sumValues / sumWeight) - -% obtain lists of inspect and reject pixels. - -% normalize:? -% float normalise = powf(10.0, -0.4 * norm->data.F32[i]); // Normalisation -% psBinaryOp(ro->image, ro->image, ``*'', psScalarAlloc(normalise, PS_TYPE_F32)); -% psBinaryOp(ro->variance, ro->variance, ``*'', psScalarAlloc(PS_SQR(normalise), PS_TYPE_F32)); +discrepant pixel that has $(\mathrm{value}_\mathrm{input} - +\mathrm{mean})^2$ exceeding this limit is identified. If there are +suspect pixels in the set, those pixels are marked for rejection, +otherwise this worst pixel is marked for rejection. Following this, +the combine and test loop is repeated for until no more pixels are +rejected, up to a maximum number of iterations equal to $50\%$ of the +number of inputs. With the initial list of rejected pixels generated, a rejection mask -is made by constructing an empty image that has the rejected pixels -set to a value of 1.0. This image is then convolved with a 5 pixel -FWHM zeroth-order ISIS kernel. Any pixels that are above the threshold of -0.5 after this mask convolution are marked as bad and will be rejected in the final combination. -If more than 10\% of all pixels from an input image are rejected, then -that entire image is rejected as well. - -% PIXEL REJECTION -% Construct 15-pixel wide ISIS kernel with 5 pixel FWHM 0-order. -% Construct image of pixels to inspect and convolve with kernel (normalize out kernel power) -% Determine pixels are bad if they're larger than THRESHOLD.MASK = 0.5. -% If more than IMAGE.REJ = 0.1 fraction of pixels are rejected, the entire image is rejected. - - -\czwdraft{I'm not entirely sure why we do what appears to be a similar - operation twice. It also seems odd that this is in the CombineFinal - step, and not in the Reject step.} Finally, the rejected pixels are -allowed to grow to include pixels that are neighbors to many rejected -pixels. The ISIS kernel used in the previous step is used to +is made for the input warp by constructing an empty image that has the +rejected pixels from that input set to a value of 1.0. This image is +then convolved with a 5 pixel FWHM zeroth-order ISIS kernel. Any +pixels that are above the threshold of 0.5 after this mask convolution +are marked as bad and will be rejected in the final combination. If +more than 10\% of all pixels from an input image are rejected, then +the entire image is rejected as it likely has some systematic issue. + +Finally, a second pass at rejecting pixels is conducted, by growing the +current list to include pixels that are neighbors to many rejected +pixels. The ISIS kernel used in the previous step is again used to determine the largest square box that contains under the limit of -$0.25 * \sum_{x,y} kernel^2$. This box is then convolved with the -rejected pixel mask to reject their neighbors. This final list of -rejected pixels is passed to the final combination, which creates the -final stack values from the weighted mean of the non-rejected pixels. -Six total images are constructed for this final stack: the image, its -variance, a mask, a map of the exposure time per pixel, that exposure -time map weighted by the input image weight, and a map of the number -of inputs per pixel. - -% FINAL COMBINE -% Grow rejected pixels -%% set threshold of (POOR.FRACTION = 0.25) * sum(kernel)**2 -%% Choose the largest square box that contains just under that threshold. -%% Convolve that box with the rejected pixels to grow them. -% Run combination pass again, but without doing rejection, simply applying the rejection lists already calculated. -% :: -% if (!ppStackCombineFinal(stack, options->convCovars, options, config, false, true, true, true)) { -% iter = 0 -% combineRej = NAN -% combineSys = NAN -% combineDiscard = NAN -% if (!pmStackCombine(outRO, expRO, stack, maskBad, maskSuspect, maskBlank, 0, iter, combineRej, -% combineSys, combineDiscard, useVariance, safe, nminpix, rejected)) { +$0.25 * \sum_{x,y} kernel^2$. This square box is then convolved with +the rejected pixel mask to reject the neighboring pixels. This final +list of rejected pixels is passed to the final combination, which +creates the final stack values from the weighted mean of the +non-rejected pixels. Six total images are constructed for this final +stack: the image, its variance, a mask, a map of the exposure time per +pixel, that exposure time map weighted by the input image weight, and +a map of the number of inputs per pixel. These convolved stack products are not retained, as the convolution @@ -1935,10 +1875,4 @@ across the image, as the different PSF widths of the input images print through in the different regions to which they have contributed. - -% UNCONVOLVED IMAGE -% if (!ppStackCombineFinal(stack, options->origCovars, options, config, false, true, false, true)) { -% no grow - -% only retain unconvolved products. %% Asinh compression @@ -1958,5 +1892,5 @@ data values must first be made positive, which then sets the highest quantization sampling near the lowest values in the image. Following -techniques used by SDSS \citep{sdss}, we have instead opted to use the +techniques used by SDSS \citep{2000AJ....120.1579Y}, we have instead opted to use the inverse hyperbolic sine function to transform the data. The domain of this function allows any input value to be converted. In addition, @@ -1981,13 +1915,157 @@ / \alpha) - \exp(-C / \alpha)\right)$. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/stack_3775944_sci.jpg} + \caption{Example of the stack image for skycell skycell.2047.005 + centered at ($\alpha,\delta$) = (179.763, 32.1899) in the \zps{} + filter, stack\_id 3775944. This stack includes 25 input images, + including o4985g0073o the warp image in Figure \ref{fig:warp + image}, and has a combined exposure time of 870s. Combining + such a large number of input images removes the inter-cell and + inter-chip gaps, providing a fully populated image. In addition, + the combined signal allows many more faint objects to be found + than were visible on the single frame warp image.} + + \label{fig:stack image} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/stack_3775944_mask.jpg} + \caption{Example of the stack mask image for skycell + skycell.2047.005 centered at ($\alpha,\delta$) = (179.763, + 32.1899) in the \zps{} filter, stack\_id 3775944. The entire + frame is largely unmasked after combining inputs, with the only + remaining masks falling on the cores of bright stars, and in small + regions around the brightest objects where the overlapping of + diffraction spike masks have removed all inputs.} + + \label{fig:stack mask image} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/stack_3775944_wt.jpg} + \caption{Example of the stack variance image for skycell + skycell.2047.005 centered at ($\alpha,\delta$) = (179.763, + 32.1899) in the \zps{} filter, stack\_id 3775944. The variance + map for this stack is reasonably smooth, with the mottled pattern + from the inter-chip and inter-cell gaps printing through. Some + regions with higher variance are found where the number of inputs + is lower.} + + \label{fig:stack wt image} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/stack_3775944_num.jpg} + \caption{Example of the stack number image for skycell + skycell.2047.005 centered at ($\alpha,\delta$) = (179.763, + 32.1899) in the \zps{} filter, stack\_id 3775944. This map shows + the number of inputs contributing to each pixel of the output + stack. Again, the pattern of the inter-chip and inter-cell gaps + is visible, along with the mask pattern of regions with CTE + problems (visible in the upper right corner). } + + \label{fig:stack num image} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/stack_3775944_exp.jpg} + \caption{Example of the stack exposure time image for skycell + skycell.2047.005 centered at ($\alpha,\delta$) = (179.763, + 32.1899) in the \zps{} filter, stack\_id 3775944. As all input + warps had the same 30s exposure time, this map essentially + recreates the number map, with units of seconds of exposure + instead of number of inputs contributing to a given pixel.} + + \label{fig:stack exp image} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize,angle=0,clip]{images/stack_3775944_expwt.jpg} + \caption{Example of the stack weighted exposure image for skycell + skycell.2047.005 centered at ($\alpha,\delta$) = (179.763, + 32.1899) in the \zps{} filter, stack\_id 3775944. This map shows + the weighted average exposure time, as described in the text. It + is similar to the simple exposure time map, but shows how some + input exposures have their contributions weighted down due to the + observed larger image variances.} + + + \label{fig:stack exp wtimage} +\end{figure} + +\section{Difference Images} +\label{sec:diffs} + +Constructing difference images is essentially the same as that used in +the stacking process. An image is chosen as a template, another image +as the input, and after matching sources to determine the scaling and +transparency, convolution kernels are defined that are used to +convolve one or both of the images to a target PSF. The images are +then subtracted, and as they should now share a common PSF, static +sources are largely subtracted (completely in an ideal case), whereas +sources that are not static between the two images leave a significant +remnant. More information on the difference image construction is +contained in \citet{price2017}. The follow section contains a +overview of the difference image construction used for the data in +DR2. + +The images used to construct difference images can be either +individual warp skycell frames or stacked images, with support for +either to be used as the template or input. In general, for +differences using stacks, the deepest stack (or the only stack in the +case of a warp-stack difference) is used as the template. The PV3 +processing used warp-stack differences of all input warps against the +stack that was constructed from those inputs. The same ISIS kernels +as were used in the stack image combination were again used to match +the stack PSF to the input warp PSF. After convolution of the image +products, the difference is constructed for both the positive (warp +minus stack) and inverse (stack minus warp) to allow for the +photometry of the difference image to detect sources that both rise +and fall relative to the stack. Note that the convolution process +grows the mask fraction of pixels relative to the warp (the largest +source of masked pixels in these warp stack differences). Any pixel +that after convolution has any contribution from a masked pixel is +masked as well, ensuring only fully unmasked pixels are used. + +For warp-warp differences, such as those used for the ongoing Solar +System moving object search in nightly observations \citep{2013PASP..125..357D}, the +warp that was taken first is used as the template. As there is less +certainty in which of the two input images will have better seeing, a +``dual'' convolution method is used. Both inputs are convolved to a +target PSF that is not identical to either input. This intermediate +target is essential for the case in which the PSFs of the two inputs +have been distorted in orthogonal directions. Simply convolving one +to match the other would require some degree of deconvolution along +one axis. As this convolution method by necessity uses more free +parameters, the ISIS kernels used are chosen to be simpler than those +used in the warp-stack differences. The ISIS widths are kept the same +(1.5, 3.0, 6.0 pixel FWHMs), but each Gaussian kernel is constrained +to only use a second-order polynomial. As with the warp-stack +differences, the mask fraction grows between the input warp and the +final difference image due to the convolution. For the warp-warp +differences, each image mask grows based on the appropriate +convolution kernel, so the final usable image area is highly dependent +on ensuring that the telescope pointings are as close to identical as +possible. The observing strategy to enable this is discussed in more +detail in \citet{chambers2017}. + + + \section{Discussion} \label{sec:discussion} -\czwdraft{Although the detrending and image combination algorithms - work well to produce a consistent and calibrated images, having the - full PV3 data set allows issues to be identified and solutions - created for future improvements to the IPP pipeline. In addition, - the existence of the final calibrated catalog can be used to look - for issues that appear dependent on focal plane position.} +Although the detrending and image combination algorithms work well to +produce a consistent and calibrated images, having the full PV3 data +set allows issues to be identified and solutions created for future +improvements to the IPP pipeline. In addition, the existence of the +final calibrated catalog can be used to look for issues that appear +dependent on focal plane position. An obvious way to make use of the PV3 catalog is to do a statistical @@ -2003,6 +2081,5 @@ There is some evidence that we have not fully identified all of these crosstalk rules, based on a study of PV3 images. For example, -extremely bright stars \czwdraft{exp o5677g0123o has this rule, find a - magnitude} may be able to create crosstalk ghosts between the second +extremely bright stars may be able to create crosstalk ghosts between the second cell column of OTA01 and OTA21, with possibly fainter ghosts appearing on OTA11. Despite the symmetry observed in the main ghost rules, @@ -2036,12 +2113,10 @@ The fringe model used currently is based on only a limited number of -days of data \czwdraft{one, I believe}. This means that the model -calculated may not be fully sensitive to the exact spectrum of the -sky. This may make the model quality differ based on the date and -local time of observation. There is some evidence that the fringe -model does fit some dates better than others, and so improving this by -expanding the number of input exposures may improve a wider range of -dates. -% o5818g0349o is a good example of bad fringe correction. +days of data. This means that the model calculated may not be fully +sensitive to the exact spectrum of the sky. This may make the model +quality differ based on the date and local time of observation. There +is some evidence that the fringe model does fit some dates better than +others, and so improving this by expanding the number of input +exposures may improve a wider range of dates. Finally, a large number of issues arise due to the row-to-row bias @@ -2056,21 +2131,38 @@ -\czwdraft{I need a good concluding thing to say, so it doesn't end with, ``we should do better next time.''} - -The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) have been -made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the -University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck -Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for -Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial -Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, -the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the -Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las -Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the -National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the National -Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued -through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission -Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, -the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), -and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. +\section{Conclusion} + +The Pan-STARRS1 PV3 processing has reduced an unprecedented volume of +image data, and has produced a catalog for the $3\Pi$ Survey +containing hundreds of billions of individual measurements of +three billion astronomical objects. Accurately calibrating +and detrending is essential to ensuring the quality of these results. +The detrending process detailed here produces consistent data, despite +the many individual detectors and their individual response functions. + +From these individual exposures, we are able to construct images on +common projections and orientations, further removing the particulars +of any single exposure. Furthermore, by created stacked images, we +can determine an estimate of the true static sky, providing a deep +data set that is ideal for use as a template for image differences. + +The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) have been made possible through +contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of +Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its +participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, +Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, +Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the +University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the +Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres +Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National +Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, +and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant +No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the +NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation +Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand +University (ELTE), and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. + +\bibliography{lib}{} +\bibliographystyle{apj} @@ -2078,8 +2170,2 @@ -% http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/GPC1_Detrend_Documentation -% http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/GPC1_Detrend_Documentation#Currentdetrends -% http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/stacking_coverage.20130307 -% http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/staticsky.20120706_excess_detections -% http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/Stack_Rejection_Discussion -% http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/Stack_Algorithm Index: /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/systematics.20140411/systematics.tex =================================================================== --- /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/systematics.20140411/systematics.tex (revision 39919) +++ /branches/czw_branch/20160809/doc/release.2015/systematics.20140411/systematics.tex (revision 39920) @@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ \def\plotext{ps} -\def\picdir{/home/eugene/chipresid.20140404} -%\def\picdir{/data/pikake.2/eugene/chipresid.20140404} +%\def\picdir{/home/eugene/chipresid.20140404} +\def\picdir{/data/kukui.2/eugene/chipresid.20140404} % Pick a terse version of the title here;